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Bahmaei J, Bahrami MA, Asadollahi A, Bastani P, Ravangard R. Older people's health promotion policies challenges: Making an avenue for policy responses in a developing country. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2024; 12:428. [PMID: 38464659 PMCID: PMC10920687 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1785_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older people's health policies suffer from many challenges in Iran. The issue is more highlighted considering the increasing rate of the older population in the country. This study aimed to explore the challenges of older people's health policies in Iran as well as make an avenue for policy responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a qualitative study that was conducted using conventional content analysis in 2020-2021 in Iran. The purposive and snowball sampling methods were used for semi-structured interviews with 30 selected participants. Data were analyzed through the content analysis approach using Granheim and Landman's five-step thematic method. RESULTS The results of analyzing the data were categorized into four main themes, 16 sub-themes, and 70 final codes. The main themes were executive, policymaking, intra- and inter-sectoral, and environmental challenges. CONCLUSIONS Older people are facing challenges in receiving appropriate and timely care. In order to achieve a wide national policy dialogue for covering all older people's health needs in policy agendas and better formulation and implementation of the policies, it is necessary for Iranian health policymakers to address executive challenges and apply effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Bahmaei
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Bahrami
- Health Human Recourses Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolrahim Asadollahi
- Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peivand Bastani
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Alice Springs campus, NT, Australia
| | - Ramin Ravangard
- Health Human Recourses Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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Pourhaji F, Peyman N, Taraghdar MM, Jamali J, Tehrani H. Explaining the burden of psychosocial factors on the worsening symptoms of MS: a qualitative study of patients' experiences. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:98. [PMID: 36879228 PMCID: PMC9987086 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the burden of psychosocial factors on the worsening symptoms of multiple sclerosis. METHODS This as conducted with a qualitative approach and conventional content analysis among patients with Multiple sclerosis in Mashhad. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with patients with Multiple sclerosis. Twenty-one patients with Multiple sclerosis were selected through purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman method. Guba and Lincoln's criteria were used for evaluating research transferability. The data collection and management was performed by using the MAXQADA 10 software. RESULTS In explanation of the psychosocial factors of patients with Multiple sclerosis, one category (psychosocial tensions) and three subcategories of stress (physical symptoms, emotional symptoms, and behavioral symptoms), agitation (family disorder, treatment-related concerns, and social relationship concerns), and stigmatization (social stigma and internalized stigma) were extracted. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that patients with Multiple sclerosis are faced with concerns such as stress, agitation, and fear of stigma, and need support and understanding from the family and community to overcome these concerns. Society must base its health policies on addressing the challenges faced by patients. Accordingly, the authors argue that health policies, and consequently, healthcare systems, need to address patients' ongoing challenges as a priority in caring for patients with Multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Pourhaji
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Peyman
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mousa Mahdizadeh Taraghdar
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jamshid Jamali
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Tehrani
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ivsins A, Fleming T, Barker A, Mansoor M, Thakarar K, Sue K, McNeil R. The practice and embodiment of "goofballs": A qualitative study exploring the co-injection of methamphetamines and opioids. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 107:103791. [PMID: 35830749 PMCID: PMC10894463 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysubstance use is common among people who use drugs, including the co-use of stimulants and opioids. Research suggests the practice of simultaneous co-injection of methamphetamines and opioids, often referred to as "goofballs", is increasing. As a relatively unique drug use practice, little qualitative research currently exists on goofball injecting. This study explores the practice and embodied experiences of goofball injecting. METHODS This article draws on in-depth interviews conducted across two qualitative studies undertaken in Vancouver, Canada's Downtown Eastside neighbourhood examining changing dynamics in relation to stimulant use and experiences with an overdose prevention site-based safer supply intervention, respectively. Interviews containing discussions of goofball use (n=29) were extracted from each study and merged into a single qualitative dataset. Data were analysed thematically and focused on the practices and embodied experiences of goofball injection. RESULTS Our analysis uncovered how goofball injection represented a complex drug use practice driven by the desire to achieve particular embodied experiences not attainable by using either drug individually. We identified three distinct practices of goofball use: 1) to alter or enhance the effects of opioids; 2) to alter or enhance the effects of methamphetamines; and 3) to balance out the effects of both drugs. CONCLUSION Our study fills an important gap in the polysubstance use literature specifically exploring the co-injection of methamphetamines and opioids. Our findings highlight the need to implement and expand interventions and services attentive to polysubstance use and the role of pleasure in drug taking practices, including expanding non-medicalized opioid and stimulant safer supply initiatives across North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ivsins
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Taylor Fleming
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, 270-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Allison Barker
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Manal Mansoor
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kinna Thakarar
- Maine Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine. 41 Donald B Dean Drive, South Portland ME 04106, United States
| | - Kimberly Sue
- School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Ryan McNeil
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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Faghihi M, Farshad A, Abhari MB, Azadi N, Mansourian M. Determining the characteristics of a mental supportive workplace according to female hospital staff in one of Tehran hospitals: A qualitative study. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:114. [PMID: 35677269 PMCID: PMC9170223 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_701_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health-care workers are exposed to complex types of health and safety hazards. A high percentage of hospital staff in Iran are women, who in addition to heavy and stressful hospital work, also carry the burden of the family roles. It is in these circumstances that creating a supportive environment for women is of particular importance. Accordingly, this study is designed to determine the characteristics of a mental supporting work environment in the workplace from the perspective of female hospital staff. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed by a qualitative method and content analysis approach. Sampling was purposive and 26 women working in different wards of this hospital were included in the study. In this study, women with maximum diversity in terms of age, work experience, and employment ward were selected. The main method of data collection in this study was a semi-structured interview. Interview texts were extracted and divided into meaningful units. To validate and confirm the results plus accuracy of the research, the criterion of data validity or data credibility, admissibility, data accuracy, verifiability, reliability, and transferability were used. RESULTS Through the data analysis, 58 primary concepts with the same features were classified into 10 subcategories. Then, based on common features at a more abstract level, they were converted into four main categories including job stressors, women's stress management, providing women's psychological-job satisfaction, and women's work-life balance. CONCLUSION Creating supportive work environments for women, especially those operating in workplaces such as hospitals, which brings a lot of work pressure and workload for them, can be an important policy for organizations and hospital work environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Faghihi
- Ph.D Student in Health Education and Promotion, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Farshad
- Professor, Occupational health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Biglari Abhari
- Community medicine specialist Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Community and Family Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nammamali Azadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mansourian
- Associate Professor, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Udplong A, Apidechkul T, Srichan P, Mulikaburt T, Wongnuch P, Kitchanapaibul S, Upala P, Chomchoei C, Yeemard F, Tamornpark R, Singkhorn O. Drivers, facilitators, and sources of stigma among Akha and Lahu hill tribe people who used methamphetamine in Thailand: a qualitative approach. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:642. [PMID: 35366833 PMCID: PMC8976508 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stigma related to drug use has several impacts, including effects on users’ physical and mental health. Methamphetamine is a major drug that is used among hill tribes living in the border areas of Thailand and Myanmar. This study aimed to understand the drivers, facilitators, sources and outcomes of the stigma surrounding drug use, including the expectations among Akha and Lau hill tribe people who use methamphetamine in Thailand. Methods Qualitative data were used to elicit information from key informants and members of the hill tribes who used methamphetamine. The questionnaire was developed from a literature review and tested for validity before use. In-depth interviews were used to confidentially gather information from the participants in private rooms in villages. Each interview lasted 45 min, and a thematic analysis was conducted to examine the findings. Results A total of 46 participants were recruited to provide information; 95.7% were male, and 50.0% were aged 15–34 years. The majority were married (47.8%), 76.1% were Christian, and 45.7% graduated high school. Six drivers of stigma were detected: being poor, illiterate, unemployed, working aged, female, and married. Culture and tribe acted as facilitators of the stigma attached to methamphetamine use. Four sources of stigma were found: self, family members, peers, and community members. Three outcomes of stigma were determined: poor physical health, mental health, and relationships with others. There were four levels of expectations: no expectations, expectations for themselves, expectations for their family members, and expectations for their community members. Conclusions Many personal traits, people living nearby, and socioeconomic factors, including culture and tribes, act as drivers, facilitators, and sources of stigma among hill tribe people who use methamphetamine. A program to reduce methamphetamine use among hill tribes should be implemented, which could eventually minimize stigma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13094-z.
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Waumans RC, Muntingh ADT, Draisma S, Huijbregts KM, van Balkom AJLM, Batelaan NM. Barriers and facilitators for treatment-seeking in adults with a depressive or anxiety disorder in a Western-European health care setting: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:165. [PMID: 35247997 PMCID: PMC8898419 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on barriers and facilitators regarding treatment-seeking of adults with depressive and anxiety disorders has been primarily conducted in the Anglosphere. This study aims to gain insight into treatment-seeking behaviour of adults with depressive and anxiety disorders in a European healthcare system. METHODS In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 participants, aged ≥18 years and diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and/or depressive disorder according to DSM-IV. Participants were purposively sampled from an outpatient department for mental health care in the Netherlands. The seven steps of framework analysis were used to identify relevant themes emerging from the interviews. RESULTS Data analysis suggested an interplay between individual aspects, personal social system, healthcare system and sociocultural context influences. Amongst the most relevant themes were mental health illiteracy, stigma, a negative attitude toward professional help, the influence of significant others and general practitioner, and waiting time. Financial barriers were not of relevance. CONCLUSIONS Even in a country with a well-developed mental health care system and in absence of financial barriers, there are many barriers to treatment-seeking in adult patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. National campaigns to increase awareness and decrease stigma in the general population, and to empower the social environment might reduce the treatment gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C. Waumans
- grid.16872.3a0000 0004 0435 165XAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.420193.d0000 0004 0546 0540GGZ inGeest Specialised Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna D. T. Muntingh
- grid.16872.3a0000 0004 0435 165XAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.420193.d0000 0004 0546 0540GGZ inGeest Specialised Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stasja Draisma
- grid.16872.3a0000 0004 0435 165XAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.420193.d0000 0004 0546 0540GGZ inGeest Specialised Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas M. Huijbregts
- grid.491146.f0000 0004 0478 3153GGNet, Mental Health – RGC Winterswijk, Winterswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. L. M. van Balkom
- grid.16872.3a0000 0004 0435 165XAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.420193.d0000 0004 0546 0540GGZ inGeest Specialised Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje M. Batelaan
- grid.16872.3a0000 0004 0435 165XAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.420193.d0000 0004 0546 0540GGZ inGeest Specialised Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jafari A, Mahdizadeh M, Peyman N, Gholian-Aval M, Tehrani H. Exploration the role of social, cultural and environmental factors in tendency of female adolescents to smoking based on the qualitative content analysis. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:38. [PMID: 35148756 PMCID: PMC8832822 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explain the socio-cultural and environmental factors of smoking tendency in female adolescents. Methods This qualitative content analysis study was conducted among Iranian female adolescents in Mashhad, Iran. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 female smokers. The duration of each interview varies from 30 to 70 min. Data collection and management of data were done using MAXQADA software version 10. Results In exploration the effective socio-cultural and environmental factors in the tendency of female adolescents to smoking, six subcategories of role modeling of friends, membership in groups, parenting patterns, family modeling, the predisposing community, and the negative impact of the media were extracted. Conclusions The results obtained in this study indicated that there is a need to formulate policies and adopt environmental and social laws to reduce smoking. The results also showed the effective role of parents in improving personal skills, creating a stress-free environment in the family, and controlling adolescent behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to all social and cultural aspects in order to make the smoking prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mehrsadat Mahdizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Peyman
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholian-Aval
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Tehrani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Yoosefi Lebni J, Irandoost SF, Dehghan AA, Ziapour A, Khosravi B, Mehedi N. Exploring the reasons for women to engage in sex work in Tehran, Iran: A qualitative study. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08512. [PMID: 34926855 PMCID: PMC8649730 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sex work is a growing phenomenon triggered by a number of causes. The current study uses a qualitative method to investigate the reasons why women participate in sex work in Tehran. Methods The statistical population consisted of all female sex workers in Tehran, Iran, from which 22 individuals were chosen via snowball sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted for data gathering, and traditional content analysis was used for data analysis. Graneheim and Lundman's method was utilized to evaluate the data, and Guba and Lincoln's criteria were employed to determine the research's strength and transferability. Results The results of the data analysis were divided into five categories (or themes) and 19 subcategories. The categories were familial instability, societal pressure, consumerism, social insecurity, and a meek and inefficient personality. Conclusion Sex work may be avoided by raising women's social status, providing greater economic assistance, making society safer, particularly in workplaces, improving intra-family connections, boosting self-esteem and self-efficacy, and teaching them how to deal with life's issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Arash Ziapour
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bahar Khosravi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nafiul Mehedi
- Department of Social Work, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Fattahi E, Solhi M, Manzari ZS, Afkar A, Lebni JY, Rastegar A. Students' beliefs about smokeless tobacco use in Chabahar city: A qualitative study using focus groups. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:251. [PMID: 34485548 PMCID: PMC8395878 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1487_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem. This study explored students' beliefs about smokeless tobacco use in Chabahar, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS The qualitative study was conducted using three Focused Group Discussions among 24 students aged 12-14 years in Chabahar City. Focus Group Guide Morgan was used. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to explore and extract codes and themes. The data analysis process was carried out in accordance with the stages of proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used for evaluating research transferability. RESULTS Two main themes emerged from the analysis including; beliefs of being useful and harmful. Each of these themes is divided into subthemes with useful or harmful physical and psychological beliefs. Four subthemes included: beliefs of being useful physically, beliefs of being useful psychologically, harmful beliefs physically, and harmful beliefs psychologically. CONCLUSIONS One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that many students mentioned the benefits of using smokeless tobacco to reduce toothache, relieve headaches, and bad breath. This information can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at reducing smokeless tobacco consumption. However, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken before the association between kinds of beliefs and smokeless tobacco consumption is more clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Fattahi
- Department of Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Solhi
- Department of Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Manzari
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Afkar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Department of Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayoob Rastegar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:287. [PMID: 34362366 PMCID: PMC8348840 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer in females. The Pap smear is one of the most essential ways of diagnosing and screening for this malignancy, and any failure can be caused by a number of causes. The current study sought to investigate barriers to Pap smear in Iranian women. METHOD This qualitative content analysis study was conducted in Iran in 2019. Data was gathered through focus groups and individual semi-structured interviews with 32 women and health professionals. The interviewees were chosen using a combination of purposive and theoretical sampling. The data was then analyzed using the content analysis approach developed by Graneheim and Lundman. Guba and Lincoln's criteria for establishing trustworthiness were explored. RESULTS Data analysis resulted in the identification of four primary categories, seventeen subcategories, and 186 original concepts. The main categories include weakness of health system, difficult accessibility, low health literacy, and socio-cultural factors. CONCLUSION By informing women about the necessity and importance of Pap smear, providing the conditions, facilities, and equipment to facilitate the testing process, and paying more attention to cultural and social factors in cervical cancer and Pap smear planning, interventions, and policies, barriers to Pap testing can be eliminated.
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Yoosefi lebni J, Irandoost SF, Ziapour A, Mohammadi Gharehghani MA, Ebadi Fard Azar F, Soofizad G, Khosravi B, Solhi M. Experiences and challenges of Prostitute Women in Iran: A phenomenological qualitative study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05649. [PMID: 33319103 PMCID: PMC7724161 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostitutes in Iran are faced with many challenges and problems that pose risks to their health. Objective The present study is an attempt to identify and narrate the challenges and experiences of Iranian prostitutes based on a qualitative approach. Methods This qualitative study was conducted with a phenomenological approach in (2018) in Tehran, Iran. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 prostitutes who were selected using a snowball sampling method and analyzed with Colaizzi's method. In order to examine the quality of findings, Guba and Lincoln's measures were used. Results Data analysis results were classified into five main categories and 14 subcategories. The main issues are: The experience of violence, Heath risk, social ostracism, objectifying, and lack of social and legal supporting structures. Conclusion Prostitutes in Iran experience numerous problems at personal and social levels. By providing social, economic, and legal supports for them such as social services (e.g. educations on how to use contraceptives, how to have safe sexual intercourse, and free counseling services for mental support), we can improve their health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Yoosefi lebni
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Health Education and Health Promotion, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | | | - Goli Soofizad
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Khosravi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Solhi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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Noroozi M, Higgs P, Bayani A, Armoon B, Astaneh AN, Moghaddam LF, Askari M. Non -fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Tehran, Iran. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2020; 15:80. [PMID: 33054806 PMCID: PMC7559998 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-020-00323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing frequencies of non-fatal overdose in people who inject drugs (PWID), it is essential to improve our knowledge about associated risk factors for overdose to inform overdose prevention and assistance programs. The aim of present study was to determine the prevalence of non-fatal overdose and the associated risk factors among PWID in Tehran, Iran. METHODS Snowball sampling was used to collect data from 465 participants in Tehran using a cross-sectional survey. Consenting participants who reported drug injecting in the past month and were able to speak and comprehend Farsi enough to respond to survey questions were interviewed. The endpoint of interest was non-fatal overdose in the previous 6 months, or answering "Yes" to the question: "In the last six months, have you ever overdosed by accident? (at least once)". We used STATA v. 14 for this analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05 for all analyses. RESULTS Of 465 PWIDs who participated in this study, all were male, and about half had less than a high school education. The prevalence of self-reported non-fatal overdose in the past 6 months was 38% (CI95%: 34, 43%). Our findings indicate that characteristics and behaviors that were associated with an increased risk of experiencing an overdose in the past 6 months were drug use initiation under 22 years (AOR =2.2, P < 0.05), using methamphetamine (AOR =2.8, P < 0.05), and using multiple drugs at the same time (AOR =2.1, P < 0.05). Also, more recent initiates to injecting (< 2 years) had an increased risk of experiencing an overdose in the past 6 months. The odds of experiencing a non-fatal overdose among PWIDs who regularly attended NSP were 0.6 times less than for those who did not attend regularly (OR = 0.6,95% CI: 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSION Methamphetamine and alcohol use were the most significant association for non-fatal overdose among PWIDs. Our results indicate that intervention and prevention initiatives seeking to reduce overdoses among PWIDs should not only be focused on the primary drug used but also the use of alcohol and poly-drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Noroozi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Higgs
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Azadeh Bayani
- Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
| | - Ali Nazeri Astaneh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Fattah Moghaddam
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Mohammadi Gharehghani MA, Khosravi B, Irandoost SF, Soofizad G, Yoosefi Lebni J. Barriers to Condom Use Among Female Sex Workers in Tehran, Iran: A Qualitative Study. Int J Womens Health 2020; 12:681-689. [PMID: 32943942 PMCID: PMC7468524 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s260481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are many barriers for condom use, which was one of the most important methods to prevent the transmission of HIV among female sex workers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the barriers to condom use among female sex workers in Tehran, Iran. Methods This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and conventional content analysis among female sex workers in Tehran. Twenty-two female sex workers were selected through snowball sampling and purposive sampling. The data gathering method was a semi-structured interview and the data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman method. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used for evaluating research transferability. Results The results of data analysis were categorized in three categories and seven sub-categories included 1) individual factors (not knowing HIV/AIDS properly, anti-loyalty and love, and personality traits), 2) structural factors (partner’s desire, problems with condom availability), and 3) cultural factors (cultural taboos, following the models). Conclusion The results showed that lack of condom use is the consequence of different individual, structural, and cultural factors. So, it can be useful to take some initiatives at the individual level by raising awareness and understanding of female sex workers about HIV at the structural level by lowering the price of condoms and providing them extensively and at the societal level, by changing the beliefs and taboos about condoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahar Khosravi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Goli Soofizad
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Health Education and Health Promotion, Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yoosefi Lebni J, Mohammadi Gharehghani MA, Soofizad G, Khosravi B, Ziapour A, Irandoost SF. Challenges and opportunities confronting female-headed households in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2020; 20:183. [PMID: 32807144 PMCID: PMC7433139 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-01046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Female-headed households are one of the most vulnerable groups of society that confront many problems and challenges. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the challenges and opportunities confronting female-headed households in Iran. Methods This qualitative study was conducted among female-headed households in Kermanshah, West of Iran, in 2019. The data were collected through Semi-structured interviews with 26 female-headed households who were selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data analysis was done through conventional qualitative content analysis, and the software MAXQDA-12 was used for the management of data. The four criteria of Goba and Lincon, including credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability, were observed to evaluate the quality of research results. Results After analyzing the data, 4 main categories and 13 subcategories were obtained as follows: individual problems (role overload, role conflict, end of love, psychological problems), intra-family problems (declined independence, intra-family tension, poverty reproduction and family disability), social problems (stigma of being unattended, social insecurity, social isolation, social exclusion), positive outcomes (positive self-concept, social maturity). Conclusion Female-headed households face many challenges that can become a big threat or an opportunity. Therefore, their health improvement can be achieved through training and helping them to adapt to new and multifaceted roles, providing more economic support and helping them raise their social status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Goli Soofizad
- School of public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Khosravi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Health Education and Health Promotion, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Health Education and Health Promotion, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Salari N, Jalali A, Abdam B, Abdi A, Daryoushi H. Validation and psychometric properties of the community assessment inventory in Iranian persons who use drug. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2020; 15:46. [PMID: 32682438 PMCID: PMC7368702 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-020-00290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Social support is a key factor in the treatment and rehabilitation process of persons who use drug (PWUD). This highlights the need for a valid and reliable tool for assessing social support. The cultural and psychometric properties of community assessment inventory (CAI) in PWUDs under methadone therapy were examined in Iran in 2019. Methods The study was carried out as a validation and methodological study. At first, the original tool was translated into Farsi using forward-backward method. After ensuring face validity and content validity, construct reliability of the tool was supported using explorative and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA & CFA) using a sample group of 392 participants. The participants were selected through convenient-quota sampling from 24 drug clinics. Reliability of the questionnaire was supported using Pearson correlation coefficient and internal consistency based on Cronbach’s alpha. Results To determine content validity of the tool, CVI and CVR of it were obtained, which were on average equal to 0.79 and 0.59 respectively. The EFA supported correlation of the 37itmes of the tool (KMO = 0.975, Chi-square = 15,051.6, Pvalue=0.0001). The main indices of the model, based on CFA were higher than 0.9, which support goodness of fit of the model (χ2/DF = 2.98, CFI = 0.91, NFI, TLI = 0.905 GF = 0.92, REMSEA = 0.07, R2 = 0.99). Reliability of the tool based on internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) for the subscales were in 0.8–0.95 interval and equal to 0.85 for the whole tool. Conclusion As the results showed, CAI had acceptable indices for Iranian PWUDs under methadone therapy. The tool can be used for assessing social support level in the study population. It is a reliable and valid tool for studies in pertinent fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Salari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Jalali
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Behzad Abdam
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hooman Daryoushi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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