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Li KH, Yang H, Li ZG, Ma XL. The effect of annulus fibrosus incision and foraminoplasty on lumbar biomechanics in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a finite element analysis. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37861409 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2271602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of annulus fibrosus incision and foraminoplasty on lumbar biomechanics during posterior lateral approach translaminar percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) using a lumbar 4/5 segment model and three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). We created a model of the L4 to L5 segment and performed simulated foraminoplasty, annulus fibrosus incision, and a combined operation. The models were tested under six working conditions, and we recorded the deformation and equivalent strain/stress of each group. Results showed that foraminoplasty can affect the stability and rotation axis of the segment during rotation without significantly impacting discal stress. Conversely, annulus fibrosus incision significantly increases discal stress except for when the patient is doing a forward flexion movement. We recommend that surgical maneuvers minimize the removal and destruction of the annulus fibrosus and that rotation movements are avoided during the short-term recovery period following PELD surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hua Li
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fengfeng General Hospital of North China Medical& Health Group, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fengfeng General Hospital of North China Medical& Health Group, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fengfeng General Hospital of North China Medical& Health Group, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Xin-Long Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Are rotational passive stiffness and translational passive stiffness correlated? A porcine in vitro study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 94:105610. [PMID: 35279438 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qualitative clinical assessments of spinal stiffness have been demonstrated to show moderate correlations with one-another. We hypothesized that these correlations would improve in an in vitro model of the functional spinal unit. If the stiffness of spinal units are different across loading regimes (e.g. flexion-extension versus shear), then it may provide one explanation as to the variability in findings from clinical assessments, since these tests tend not to discriminate rotational and translational degrees-of-freedom. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to quantify the relationships between rotational and translational stiffness measures in vitro. METHODS Forty-eight porcine cervical spine functional units were used in this investigation (20 C3-C4, 28 C5-C6). While under constant 300 N compressive load, range-of-motion tests for both flexion-extension (± 8 Nm, 0.5 deg./s) and anteroposterior shear (± 400 N, 0.2 mm/s) were conducted, to quantify moment-angle and force-deflection curves. Representative stiffness values were then obtained for flexion, extension, anterior shear, and posterior shear using segmented regression. The correlation matrix between these four measures was then used to explore their potential relationships. FINDINGS Of the six correlations conducted, only the relationship between posterior shear and extension stiffness was statistically significant (p = 0.014), despite featuring a low correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.123). INTERPRETATION The poor correlations between stiffness metrics in this study supports the disparate findings of tissue stiffness in vivo. Results from this investigation suggest that clinicians should be cognizant of which degrees-of-freedom they are assessing in the spine, as their stiffness values vary independently.
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Jones KE, Brocklehurst RJ, Pierce SE. AutoBend: An Automated Approach for Estimating Intervertebral Joint Function from Bone-Only Digital Models. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab026. [PMID: 34661062 PMCID: PMC8514422 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the biological function of rare or extinct species is key to understanding evolutionary patterns across the tree of life. While soft tissues are vital determinants of joint function, they are rarely available for study. Therefore, extracting functional signals from skeletons, which are more widely available via museum collections, has become a priority for the field of comparative biomechanics. While most work has focused on the limb skeleton, the axial skeleton plays a critical role in body support, respiration, and locomotion, and is therefore of central importance for understanding broad-scale functional evolution. Here, we describe and experimentally validate AutoBend, an automated approach to estimating intervertebral joint function from bony vertebral columns. AutoBend calculates osteological range of motion (oROM) by automatically manipulating digitally articulated vertebrae while incorporating multiple constraints on motion, including both bony intersection and the role of soft tissues by restricting excessive strain in both centrum and zygapophyseal articulations. Using AutoBend and biomechanical data from cadaveric experiments on cats and tegus, we validate important modeling parameters required for oROM estimation, including the degree of zygapophyseal disarticulation, and the location of the center of rotation. Based on our validation, we apply a model with the center of rotation located within the vertebral disk, no joint translation, around 50% strain permitted in both zygapophyses and disks, and a small amount of vertebral intersection permitted. Our approach successfully reconstructs magnitudes and craniocaudal patterns of motion obtained from ex vivo experiments, supporting its potential utility. It also performs better than more typical methods that rely solely on bony intersection, emphasizing the importance of accounting for soft tissues. We estimated the sensitivity of the analyses to vertebral model construction by varying joint spacing, degree of overlap, and the impact of landmark placement. The effect of these factors was small relative to biological variation craniocaudally and between bending directions. We also present a new approach for estimating joint stiffness directly from oROM and morphometric measurements that can successfully reconstruct the craniocaudal patterns, but not magnitudes, derived from experimental data. Together, this work represents a significant step forward for understanding vertebral function in difficult-to-study (e.g., rare or extinct) species, paving the way for a broader understanding of patterns of functional evolution in the axial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Jones
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R J Brocklehurst
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Schleifenbaum S, Heilmann R, Riemer E, Reise R, Heyde CE, Jarvers JS, Pieroh P, Völker A, von der Hoeh NH. A Biomechanical Model for Testing Cage Subsidence in Spine Specimens with Osteopenia or Osteoporosis Under Permanent Maximum Load. World Neurosurg 2021; 152:e540-e548. [PMID: 34129990 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral fusions in cases of reduced bone density are a tough challenge. From a biomechanical point of view, most current studies have focused on the range of motion or have shown test setups for single-component tests. Definitive setups for biomechanical testing of the primary stability of a 360° fusion using a screw-rod system and cage on osteoporotic spine are missing. The aim of this study was to develop a test stand to provide information about the bone-implant interface under reproducible conditions. METHODS After pretesting with artificial bone, functional spine units were tested with 360° fusion in the transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion technique. The movement sequences were conducted in flexion/extension, right and left lateral bending, and right and left axial rotation on a human model with osteopenia or osteoporosis under permanent maximum load with 7.5 N-m. RESULTS During the testing of human cadavers, 4 vertebrae were fully tested and were inconspicuous even after radiological and macroscopic examination. One vertebra showed a subsidence of 2 mm, and 1 vertebra had a cage collapsed into the vertebra. CONCLUSIONS This setup is suitable for biomechanical testing of cyclical continuous loads on the spine with reduced bone quality or osteoporosis. The embedding method is stable and ensures a purely single-level setup with different trajectories, especially when using the cortical bone trajectory. Optical monitoring provides a very accurate indication of cage movement, which correlates with the macroscopic and radiological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schleifenbaum
- Zentrum zur Erforschung der Stuetz- und Bewegungsorgane, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robin Heilmann
- Zentrum zur Erforschung der Stuetz- und Bewegungsorgane, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elena Riemer
- Zentrum zur Erforschung der Stuetz- und Bewegungsorgane, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Reise
- Zentrum zur Erforschung der Stuetz- und Bewegungsorgane, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph-Eckhard Heyde
- Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan-Sven Jarvers
- Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Pieroh
- Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Völker
- Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Paholpak P, Sirichativapee W, Wisanuyotin T, Kosuwon W, Kasai Y, Murakami H. The most appropriate titanium mesh cage size for anterior spinal reconstruction after single-level lumbar total en bloc spondylectomy: a finite element analysis and cadaveric validation study. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:178. [PMID: 33750424 PMCID: PMC7941739 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is little information available regarding the cage diameter that can provide the most rigid construct reconstruction after total en bloc spondylectomy (TES). The aim of this study was thus to determine the most appropriate titanium mesh cage diameter for reconstruction after spondylectomy. Methods A finite element model of the single level lumbar TES was created. Six models of titanium mesh cage with diameters of 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5 of the caudad adjacent vertebra, and 1/1 of the cephalad vertebra were tested for construct stiffness. The peak von Mises stress (MPa) at the failure point and the site of failure were measured as outcomes. A cadaveric validation study also conducted to validate the finite element model. Results For axial loading, the maximum stress points were at the titanium mesh cage, with maximum stress of 44,598 MPa, 23,505 MPa, 23,778 MPa, and 16,598 MPa, 10,172 MPa, 10,805 MPa in the 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, and 1/1 diameter model, respectively. For torsional load, the maximum stress point in each of the cages was identified at the rod area of the spondylectomy site, with maximum stress of 390.9 MPa (failed at 4459 cycles), 141.35 MPa, 70.098 MPa, and 88.972 MPa, 42.249 MPa, 15.827 MPa, respectively. A cadaveric validation study results were coincided with the finite element model results. Conclusion The most appropriate mesh cage diameter for reconstruction is 1/1 the diameter of the lower endplate of the adjacent cephalad vertebra, due to its ability to withstand both axial and torsional stress. According to the difficulty of large size cage insertion, a cage diameter of more than half of the upper endplate of the caudad vertebrae is acceptable in term of withstand stress. A cage diameter of 1/3 is unacceptable for reconstruction after total en bloc spondylectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permsak Paholpak
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Musculoskeletal Oncology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Winai Sirichativapee
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Musculoskeletal Oncology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Taweechok Wisanuyotin
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Musculoskeletal Oncology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Weerachai Kosuwon
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Musculoskeletal Oncology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yuichi Kasai
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Musculoskeletal Oncology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Vanaclocha-Saiz A, Atienza CM, Vanaclocha V, Belloch V, Santabarbara JM, Jordá-Gómez P, Vanaclocha L. ICR in human cadaveric specimens: An essential parameter to consider in a new lumbar disc prosthesis design. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2020; 2:100016. [PMID: 35141586 PMCID: PMC8820058 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2020.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical study in cadaveric specimens. BACKGROUND The commercially available lumbar disc prostheses do not reproduce the intact disc's Instantaneous centre of Rotation (ICR), thus inducing an overload on adjacent anatomical structures, promoting secondary degeneration. AIM To examine biomechanical testing of cadaveric lumbar spine specimens in order to evaluate and define the ICR of intact lumbar discs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve cold preserved fresh human cadaveric lumbosacral spine specimens were subjected to computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomechanical testing. Kinematic studies were performed to analyse range of movements in order to determine ICR. RESULTS Flexoextension and lateral bending tests showed a positive linear correlation between the angle rotated and the displacement of the ICR in different axes. DISCUSSION ICR has not been taken into account in any of the available literature regarding lumbar disc prosthesis. Considering our results, neither the actual ball-and-socket nor the withdrawn elastomeric nucleus models fit the biomechanics of the lumbar spine, which could at least in part explain the failure rates of the implants in terms of postoperative failed back syndrome (low back pain). It is reasonable to consider then that an implant should also adapt the equations of the movement of the intact ICR of the joint to the post-surgical ICR. CONCLUSIONS This is the first cadaveric study on the ICR of the human lumbar spine. We have shown that it is feasible to calculate and consider this parameter in order to design future prosthesis with improved clinical and biomechanical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos M Atienza
- Instituto de Biomecánica (IBV) Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia-CIBER BBN, Grupo de Tecnología Sanitaria (GTS-IBV), Valencia, Spain
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