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Kiristioglu MO, Baykara M, Yavas O, Kupeli ZA, Ozyigit MO. The effect of platelet-rich plasma and sodium alginate hydrogel on corneal wound healing after corneal alkali burns in rats with computer-assisted anterior segment optical coherence tomography image analysis. Exp Eye Res 2024; 247:110044. [PMID: 39151772 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effect of a semi-synthetic sodium alginate hydrogel and its combination with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on histopathological, biochemical, clinical, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) data. Alkali chemical burn of the cornea was induced. Injured rats were randomly divided into five equal groups and topically treated with phosphate-buffered saline (sham), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 0.5% sodium citrate, a semi-synthetic sodium alginate hydrogel, or a combination of PRP and hydrogel (combined group) three times daily. The degree of corneal opacity (CO), corneal epithelial staining (CES), percentage of corneal epithelial defects (CEDP), degree of ciliary hyperemia (CH), neovascularization size (NVS), and extent of neovascularization (NVE) were evaluated. AS-OCT was performed at nine days, and then rats were sacrificed. Histological examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to detect the concentrations of IL-1β and MMP-9 in the cornea. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding CEDP, CO, CES, CH, NVS, or NVE on the first day after corneal alkali burn injury (p > 0,05). At the last examination, CO was significantly lower in the PRP group than in the sham group (p = 0,044), while the CO concentrations were similar in terms of NVS (p > 0,05). Similarly, in terms of tissue MMP-9 levels, there were no significant differences between groups (p > 0,05). However, there was a significant difference in tissue IL-1β levels between the groups (p < 0,001). In the PRP and combined groups, the level of IL-1β was significantly lower than that in the sham group (p = 0,043 and p = 0,036, respectively). There was a significant difference in epithelial necrosis between the PRP, and it was the lowest in the combined group (p = 0,003). Epithelial thickness was highest in the combined group (p = 0,002). CEDP was significantly different at the last visit between the groups (p = 0.042). The fastest epithelial closing rate was observed for the combined group (p = 0,026). There was a significant negative correlation between tissue MMP-9 levels and corneal solidity and between tissue MMP-9 levels and the corneal area according to the AS-OCT measurements (p = 0,012 and p = 0,027, respectively). When used alone, topical hydrogel application did not significantly enhance the healing of corneal wounds. However, when combined with PRP, it leads to an increased rate of epithelial closure and neovascularization. This combination did not exacerbate inflammation or corneal opacity compared to PRP alone. The anticoagulant citrate solution in the PRP tube did not prove effective. The synergistic use of PRP and hydrogel could enhance epithelial thickness and reduce epithelial necrosis. The use of new parameters for corneal wound healing assessment was facilitated through AS-OCT image processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Baykara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Yavas
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zehra Avci Kupeli
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Musa Ozgur Ozyigit
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
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Rahman E, Rao P, Abu-Farsakh HN, Thonse C, Ali I, Upton AE, Baratikkae SY, Carruthers JDA, Mosahebi A, Heidari N, Webb WR. Systematic Review of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Medical and Surgical Specialties: Quality, Evaluation, Evidence, and Enforcement. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4571. [PMID: 39124838 PMCID: PMC11313071 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in various medical and surgical specialties for its regenerative properties, including aesthetics (facial rejuvenation, hair restoration, and skin tightening) and orthopedics (treatment of tendinitis and osteoarthritis). However, the inconsistent literature on PRP's efficacy and safety leads to critical knowledge gaps. This systematic review evaluates quality control measures in PRP preparation and application and explores the regulatory environment governing its clinical use. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, for studies published from January 2020 to April 2024. The review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving human participants undergoing PRP treatment for aesthetic or regenerative purposes. Key parameters such as the PRP preparation methods, platelet concentration, and quality control measures were analyzed. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024557669). Results: Out of 75 RCTs involving 5726 patients, the review identified significant variability in PRP preparation methods and application techniques, including differences in centrifugation protocols and platelet concentration levels. A new evidence-based scoring system, the William-Eqram Scoring System for PRP Quality Reporting (WESS-PQR), was proposed to address these inconsistencies. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.79) between proper temperature control during preparation and PRP efficacy. Initial platelet count assessment showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.57) with efficacy. Conclusions: Standardized PRP preparation protocols and robust regulatory frameworks are urgently needed to ensure the safety and efficacy of PRP treatments. The proposed WESS-PQR scoring system can serve as a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers, promoting consistency and reliability in PRP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eqram Rahman
- Research and Innovation Hub, Innovation Aesthetics, London WC2H 9JQ, UK (W.R.W.)
| | - Parinitha Rao
- The Skin Address, Aesthetic Dermatology Practice, Bengaluru 560080, India
| | | | - Chirag Thonse
- Manipal Hospital, Millers Road, Bengaluru 560052, India
| | - Imran Ali
- Integrated Medical Centre, Crawford Street, London WIU 6BE, UK
| | - Alice E. Upton
- Research and Innovation Hub, Innovation Aesthetics, London WC2H 9JQ, UK (W.R.W.)
| | | | - Jean D. A. Carruthers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ash Mosahebi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Nima Heidari
- Medical Supercomputation and Machine Learning, European Quantum Medical, London E10 5NP, UK
- Foot, Ankle and Limb Reconstruction, Orthopaedic Surgeon, London W1G 7ET, UK
- Pharmacy, Science and Technology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - William Richard Webb
- Research and Innovation Hub, Innovation Aesthetics, London WC2H 9JQ, UK (W.R.W.)
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Gupta A, Maffulli N. Growth Factor Concentrate (GFC) for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Systematic Review. Indian J Orthop 2024; 58:829-834. [PMID: 38948375 PMCID: PMC11208381 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-024-01172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The knee is the most commonly affected joint in osteoarthritis (OA), affecting millions of people worldwide. Knee OA significantly impacts the activities of daily living (ADL) along with affecting overall quality of life of patients (QoL), thereby leading to substantial socio-economic burden. Conservative therapies are prioritized, resorting to surgery only when needed. However, these traditional approaches have limitations. Regenerative medicine, involving the use of orthobiologics, including autologous peripheral blood-derived orthobiologics such as growth factor concentrate (GFC), has evolved and shown potential for managing knee OA. The primary goal of this review is to summarize the results of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies involving GFC for the management of knee OA. Methods Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Embase) were searched applying terms for the intervention 'GFC' and treatment 'knee OA' for the studies published in the English language to March 10, 2024. Results Only three clinical studies met our pre-defined criteria and were included in this review. Conclusion Intra-articular administration of GFC is safe and potentially efficacious to manage OA of the knee. More, adequately powered, multi-center, prospective, RCTs are warranted to demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of GFC in patients suffering from mild-to-moderate knee OA and to justify its routine clinical use. Further studies evaluating the efficacy of GFC compared to other orthobiologics are also required to allow physicians/surgeons to choose the optimal orthobiologic for the treatment of OA of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, Noida, 201301 India
- South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute (STORI Inc.), Laredo, TX 78045 USA
- BioIntegrate, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4DG UK
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke On Trent, ST4 7QB UK
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Shevela EY, Loginova TA, Munkuev AS, Volskaya TE, Sergeeva SA, Rashchupkin IM, Kafanova MY, Degtyareva VG, Sosnovskaya AV, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER. Intranasal Immunotherapy with M2 Macrophage Secretome Ameliorates Language Impairments and Autistic-like Behavior in Children. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3079. [PMID: 38892790 PMCID: PMC11173137 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The intranasal delivery of various neurotropic substances is considered a new attractive therapeutic approach for treating neuropathologies associated with neuroinflammation and altered regeneration. Specific language impairment (SLI) that arises as a result of damage to the cortical speech zones during the developmental period is one of the most common problems in preschool children, and it is characterized by persistent difficulties in the acquisition, understanding, and use of language. This study's objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal immunotherapy using the M2 macrophage secretome as a rich source of immunoregulatory and neurotrophic factors for the treatment of severe language impairment in children. Methods: Seventy-one children (54 boys and 17 girls, aged 3 to 13 years) were recruited to participate in a clinical trial (NCT04689282) in two medical centers. The children were examined before, 1 month after, and 6 months after the start of therapy. In the vast majority of children (55/71), language impairment was associated with autistic-like symptoms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Results: Daily intranasal inhalations of M2 macrophage-conditioned medium (for 30 days) were well tolerated and led to a decrease in the severity of language impairments, autistic-like behavior, and ADHD symptoms. The clinical effect appeared within a month after the first procedure and persisted or intensified during a 6-month follow-up. Two-thirds of the children showed a clear clinical improvement, while the rest had less pronounced improvement. Conclusions: Thus, the use of the M2 macrophage secretome and its intranasal delivery is safe, well tolerated, and clinically effective in children with severe language impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Ya. Shevela
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.M.R.); (A.A.O.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Tatiana A. Loginova
- Medical Center “Almadeya”, 194223 Saint-Petersburgh, Russia; (T.A.L.); (A.S.M.); (T.E.V.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Alexandr S. Munkuev
- Medical Center “Almadeya”, 194223 Saint-Petersburgh, Russia; (T.A.L.); (A.S.M.); (T.E.V.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Tatiana E. Volskaya
- Medical Center “Almadeya”, 194223 Saint-Petersburgh, Russia; (T.A.L.); (A.S.M.); (T.E.V.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Svetlana A. Sergeeva
- Medical Center “Almadeya”, 194223 Saint-Petersburgh, Russia; (T.A.L.); (A.S.M.); (T.E.V.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Ivan M. Rashchupkin
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.M.R.); (A.A.O.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Marina Yu. Kafanova
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Novosibirsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | | | | | - Alexandr A. Ostanin
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.M.R.); (A.A.O.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Elena R. Chernykh
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.M.R.); (A.A.O.); (E.R.C.)
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Partan RU, Putra KM, Hafizzanovian H, Darma S, Reagan M, Muthia P, Radiandina AS, Rahmawati E. Clinical Outcome of Multiple Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection and Correlation with PDGF-BB in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. J Pers Med 2024; 14:183. [PMID: 38392616 PMCID: PMC10890090 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Current treatments for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), such as intra-articular corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, are controversial due to their ineffectiveness in preventing disease progression. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become a promising and possible treatment for KOA. It is thought to enhance articular cartilage regeneration and reduce OA-related impairment. PRP contains growth factors such as PDGF-BB, which stimulates growth and inhibits joint damage. Based on numerous studies, after a certain amount of time, it was found that multiple PRP treatments reduced pain more than a single injection. This study evaluates the efficacy of multiple PRP (m-PRP) injections compared to multiple HA (m-HA) injections for KOA treatment, focusing on their correlation with PDGF-BB levels. (2) Methods: In this single-center, open-label, randomized, comparative clinical trial, 30 KOA patients received m-PRP and m-HA injections. VAS and WOMAC were used to evaluate clinical outcomes and PDGF-BB concentrations. (3) Results: The study analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in pain indices. In both the m-PRP and m-HA groups after 12 weeks, m-PRP showed superior results. PDGF-BB concentrations also increased, with a strong negative correlation and statistical significance using Spearman's rho. (4) Conclusions: Multiple PRP injections are safe and associated with elevated PDGF-BB, reduced VAS and WOMAC scores, providing the potential for articular cartilage regeneration and inhibiting knee osteoarthritis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radiyati Umi Partan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Khoirun Mukhsinin Putra
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Hafizzanovian Hafizzanovian
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Surya Darma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Reagan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Putri Muthia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Afifah Salshabila Radiandina
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Therapies-From Bench to Market MSc, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Eny Rahmawati
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
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Iaconisi GN, Gallo N, Caforio L, Ricci V, Fiermonte G, Della Tommasa S, Bernetti A, Dolce V, Farì G, Capobianco L. Clinical and Biochemical Implications of Hyaluronic Acid in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1647. [PMID: 38138874 PMCID: PMC10744407 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) naturally occurs as a biopolymer in the human body, primarily in connective tissues like joints and skin. Functioning as a vital element of synovial fluid, it lubricates joints, facilitating fluid movement and diminishing bone friction to protect articular well-being. Its distinctive attributes encompass notable viscosity and water retention capacities, ensuring flexibility and absorbing shock during motion. Furthermore, HA has gained significant attention for its potential benefits in various medical applications, including rehabilitation. Ongoing research explores its properties and functions, especially its biomedical applications in several clinical trials, with a focus on its role in improving rehabilitation outcomes. But the clinical and biochemical implications of HA in musculoskeletal rehabilitation have yet to be fully explored. This review thoroughly investigates the properties and functions of HA while highlighting its biomedical applications in different clinical trials, with a special emphasis on its role in rehabilitation. The presented findings provide evidence that HA, as a natural substance, enhances the outcomes of musculoskeletal rehabilitation through its exceptional mechanical and biochemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Natalia Iaconisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (G.N.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Nunzia Gallo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Laura Caforio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Ricci
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Simone Della Tommasa
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04109 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Andrea Bernetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (G.N.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Farì
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Capobianco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (G.N.I.); (A.B.)
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Verron R, Zhang L, Bisseriex H, Grimandi R, Verrando A, Verdaguer C, Thomas M, Facione J, Borrini L. SAS-PRP Study: A Real-Life Satisfaction Assessment in Patients with Cartilage Lesions of the Knee Treated by Platelet-Rich Plasma. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1276. [PMID: 38002400 PMCID: PMC10669872 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a rising therapy treating locomotor system lesions such as knee osteoarthritis. The objective of this study was to evaluate patients' satisfaction 6 to 12 months after a PRP injection for cartilage lesions of their knee under real-life conditions. Patients' satisfaction was assessed by a specific questionnaire named SATMED-Q©, which explores six different dimensions of a given treatment. In addition, pain and function were assessed thanks to VAS pain, WOMAC, and IKDC scores. Responders were identified through the OMERACT-OARSI criteria. We observed excellent satisfaction after a PRP injection with a SATMED-Q© score of 80.81% 6 to 12 months after the procedure. Even when there was no significant improvement in pain and function scores, 52% of the evaluated population fulfilled the OMERACT-OARSI criteria and were considered responders. According to the sub-group analysis, patients with less osteoarthritis damage (i.e., Kellgren-Lawrence grades 1-2) and older study subjects (i.e., >40 years old) with focal chondropathy had benefited most from their PRP injection. Thus, platelet-rich plasma seems to be a well-tolerated and efficient therapy for cartilage lesions of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Verron
- Physical and Rehabilitation Department, HIA Percy, 92140 Clamart, France; (A.V.); (C.V.); (M.T.); (J.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Lucie Zhang
- Pneumology Department, HIA Clermont-Tonnerre, 29200 Brest, France;
| | - Hélène Bisseriex
- Physical and Rehabilitation Department, HIA Clermont-Tonnerre, 29200 Brest, France (R.G.)
| | - Ronan Grimandi
- Physical and Rehabilitation Department, HIA Clermont-Tonnerre, 29200 Brest, France (R.G.)
- ORPHY, EA4324, University of Brest, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Alix Verrando
- Physical and Rehabilitation Department, HIA Percy, 92140 Clamart, France; (A.V.); (C.V.); (M.T.); (J.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Claire Verdaguer
- Physical and Rehabilitation Department, HIA Percy, 92140 Clamart, France; (A.V.); (C.V.); (M.T.); (J.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Marie Thomas
- Physical and Rehabilitation Department, HIA Percy, 92140 Clamart, France; (A.V.); (C.V.); (M.T.); (J.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Julia Facione
- Physical and Rehabilitation Department, HIA Percy, 92140 Clamart, France; (A.V.); (C.V.); (M.T.); (J.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Leo Borrini
- Physical and Rehabilitation Department, HIA Percy, 92140 Clamart, France; (A.V.); (C.V.); (M.T.); (J.F.); (L.B.)
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