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Zhang X, Yuan H, Yang Z, Hu X, Mahmmod YS, Zhu X, Zhao C, Zhai J, Zhang XX, Luo S, Wang XH, Xue M, Zheng C, Yuan ZG. SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Review Highlighting Its Evolution and Treatments. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:2145. [PMID: 36560555 PMCID: PMC9780920 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, pharmaceutical companies and researchers worldwide have worked hard to develop vaccines and drugs to end the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The potential pathogen responsible for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2, belongs to a novel lineage of beta coronaviruses in the subgenus arbovirus. Antiviral drugs, convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines are effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2 and are beneficial in preventing infection. Numerous studies have already been conducted using the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with that of other SARS-like viruses, and numerous treatments/prevention measures are currently undergoing or have already undergone clinical trials. We summarize these studies in depth in the hopes of highlighting some key details that will help us to better understand the viral origin, epidemiology, and treatments of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zipeng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yasser S. Mahmmod
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Al Ain Men’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 17155, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cuiping Zhao
- The 80th Army Hospital of the Chinese people’s Liberation Army, Weifang 261021, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Xiu-Xiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shengjun Luo
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Hu Wang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zi-Guo Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Dound YA, Sehgal R. Preclinical Efficacy and Safety Studies of Formulation SSV-003, a Potent Anti-Viral Herbal Formulation. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:913-921. [PMID: 34712064 PMCID: PMC8548056 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s310452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent viral pandemics have challenged the global scientific community to immediately develop new therapies. The fastest approach to develop these is to explore natural products for their efficacies and repurposing of already approved molecules. Keeping global emergency in view, researchers at Shreepad Shree Vallabh SSV Phytopharmaceuticals developed the CurvicTM (SSV-003) formulation, comprising of curcumin, vitamin C, vitamin K2-7, selenomethionine and Zinc. Methods Researchers have systematically studied the SSV-003 formulation for its in vitro efficacy against influenza A virus (H1N1) (ATCC® VR-219™) and human beta coronavirus (ATCC® VR1558™) using MDCK & HCT-8 cell lines, respectively, in vivo efficacy studies of SSV-003 on influenza A virus infected Balb/c mice, and acute toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines. Results Formulation SSV-003 showed potent antiviral activities against both the selected virus strains. Its IC50 was significantly lessthan ribavirin against influenza A-H1N1-VR219, with no cytopathic effect. SSV-003 showed IC50 of 2.26 µg/mL against human beta coronavirus, which was near to the IC50 of ribavirin (2.25 µg/mL) and was less than remedisivir (6.23 µg/mL) with no cytopathic effect. In-vivo studies in an influenza A virus infected mice model showed a significantly higher TCID50 value in the infected control group as compared to test groups. Animals treated with SSV-003 showed a dose dependent decrease in TCID50. Formulation SSV-003 at the dose of 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg/kg body weight showed 85.9%, 94.6%, and 95.1% decreases in infection as compared to the infected control group. Dose-dependent significant increases in CD4+, CD8+ counts, IgG and IgM levels were observed in SSV-003 treated groups as compared to the infected control group and remedisivir treated group. In the acute oral toxicity study, no mortality or morbidity was observed. Conclusion The data from these preclinical studies provide strong evidence of potent and safe antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of SSV-003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Arun Dound
- Research and Development, Shreepad Shree Vallabh SSV Phytopharmaceuticals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh Sehgal
- Research and Development, Pharma Instinct Pvt. Ltd, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Yan K, Rawle DJ, Le TT, Suhrbier A. Simple rapid in vitro screening method for SARS-CoV-2 anti-virals that identifies potential cytomorbidity-associated false positives. Virol J 2021; 18:123. [PMID: 34107996 PMCID: PMC8188739 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The international SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in an urgent need to identify new anti-viral drugs for treatment of COVID-19. The initial step to identifying potential candidates usually involves in vitro screening that includes standard cytotoxicity controls. Under-appreciated is that viable, but stressed or otherwise compromised cells, can also have a reduced capacity to replicate virus. A refinement proposed herein for in vitro drug screening thus includes a simple growth assay to identify drug concentrations that cause cellular stress or “cytomorbidity”, as distinct from cytotoxicity or loss of viability. Methods A simple rapid bioassay is presented for antiviral drug screening using Vero E6 cells and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytopathic effects (CPE) measured using crystal violet staining. We use high cell density for cytotoxicity assays, and low cell density for cytomorbidity assays. Results The assay clearly illustrated the anti-viral activity of remdesivir, a drug known to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. In contrast, nitazoxanide, oleuropein, cyclosporine A and ribavirin all showed no ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 CPE. Hydroxychloroquine, cyclohexamide, didemnin B, γ-mangostin and linoleic acid were all able to inhibit viral CPE at concentrations that did not induce cytotoxicity. However, these drugs inhibited CPE at concentrations that induced cytomorbidity, indicating non-specific anti-viral activity. Conclusions We describe the methodology for a simple in vitro drug screening assay that identifies potential anti-viral drugs via their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2-induced CPE. The additional growth assay illustrated how several drugs display anti-viral activity at concentrations that induce cytomorbidity. For instance, hydroxychloroquine showed anti-viral activity at concentrations that slow cell growth, arguing that its purported in vitro anti-viral activity arises from non-specific impairment of cellular activities. The cytomorbidity assay can therefore rapidly exclude potential false positives. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01587-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD, 4029 and 4072, Australia.
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Ren W, Liang P, Ma Y, Sun Q, Pu Q, Dong L, Luo G, Mazhar M, Liu J, Wang R, Yang S. Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine against COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111310. [PMID: 33761591 PMCID: PMC7857050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the number of confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 worldwide continues to rise, receiving great concern from the international community. However, there is no specific and widely accepted effective vaccines. The experience in controlling the outbreak in China has proven the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). OBJECTIVES This review aims to evaluate the role of TCM in COVID-19 treatment, hoping to provide references for prevention and control of global pandemic. DATA SOURCES China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, ScienceDirect, Elsevier and PubMed were used to search literatures published from December 2019 to December 2020 by entering the keywords "Traditional Chinese medicine", "COVID-19″, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2″, "Pathogenesis", "Syndrome differentiation", "Prescriptions" and their combinations. Hence, we have performed an extensive review of research articles, reviews and primary scientific studies to identify TCM against COVID-19. RESULTS Among clinical treatments of COVID-19, several TCM prescriptions and characteristic therapies have been effectively suggested, the underlying mechanisms of which are mainly involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and organ-protective effects of multi-components acting on multi-targets at multi-pathways. CONCLUSIONS This review may provide meaningful and feasible information that can be considered for the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Liang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Ma
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Sun
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingrong Pu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li Dong
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Gang Luo
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Raoqiong Wang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Corresponding authors at: National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 182 Chunhui Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China,Corresponding authors at: National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 182 Chunhui Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
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Shiryaev VA, Klimochkin YN. Main Chemotypes of SARS-CoV-2 Reproduction Inhibitors. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8188765 DOI: 10.1134/s107042802105002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced scientists all over the world to focus their effort on searching for targeted drugs for coronavirus chemotherapy. The present review is an attempt to systematize low-molecular-weight compounds, including well-known pharmaceuticals and natural substances that have exhibited high anti-coronavirus activity, not in terms of action on their targets, but in terms of their structural type.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Shiryaev
- Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia
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Uwizeyimana T, Hashim HT, Kabakambira JD, Mujyarugamba JC, Dushime J, Ntacyabukura B, Ndayizeye R, Adebisi YA, Lucero-Prisno DE. Drug supply situation in Rwanda during COVID-19: issues, efforts and challenges. J Pharm Policy Pract 2021; 14:12. [PMID: 33472702 PMCID: PMC7816054 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a threat to health systems around the world and Rwanda is not an exception. The impact of the pandemic is far-reaching and access to health commodities is not spared. Proper drug supply is critical for a robust healthcare system. It determines the extent at which the population are likely to have access to essential medicines and treatments. In Rwanda, the pharmaceutical sector heavily relies on imports. With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, the drug supply system was interrupted leaving many stores from small local pharmacies to the big medical stores running out of stock. The reasons were limited importation of goods from abroad, and the panic buying practice among the customers and some institutions when responding to the pandemic. Drug and medicines accessibility, availability and affordability should be the core of any drug management policy. It is with no doubt that, Rwanda has made a tremendous work to mitigate the effect of COVID-19 on the country's drug supply; however, efforts are still needed to invest in local pharmaceutical production as a way to minimize import expenses in the country. Good policy on drug importation, production and distribution should be enforced to avoid any drug shortage that may be encountered in the Rwandan drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Remy Ndayizeye
- Institute for Public Health Innovation, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Andryukov BG, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Fedyanina LN. Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics: Traditional Tools and Novel Technologies. A Perspective of Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11010042. [PMID: 33451039 PMCID: PMC7828525 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, has provoked a global healthcare and economic crisis. The control over the spread of the disease requires an efficient and scalable laboratory-based strategy for testing the population based on multiple platforms to provide rapid and accurate diagnosis. With the onset of the pandemic, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method has become a standard diagnostic tool, which has received wide clinical use. In large-scale and repeated examinations, these tests can identify infected patients with COVID-19, with their accuracy, however, dependent on many factors, while the entire process takes up to 6–8 h. Here we also describe a number of serological systems for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. These are used to assess the level of population immunity in various categories of people, as well as for retrospective diagnosis of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 in patients. However, the widespread use of traditional diagnostic tools in the context of the rapid spread of COVID-19 is hampered by a number of limitations. Therefore, the sharp increase in the number of patients with COVID-19 necessitates creation of new rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific tests. In this regard, we focus on new laboratory technologies such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which have proven to work well in the COVID-19 diagnostics and can become a worthy alternative to traditional laboratory-based diagnostics resources. To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare system requires a combination of various types of laboratory diagnostic testing techniques, whodse sensitivity and specificity increases with the progress in the SARS-CoV-2 research. The testing strategy should be designed in such a way to provide, depending on the timing of examination and the severity of the infection in patients, large-scale and repeated examinations based on the principle: screening–monitoring–control. The search and development of new methods for rapid diagnostics of COVID-19 in laboratory, based on new analytical platforms, is still a highly important and urgent healthcare issue. In the final part of the review, special emphasis is made on the relevance of the concept of personalized medicine to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in the light of the recent studies carried out to identify the causes of variation in individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G. Andryukov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4232-304-647
| | - Natalya N. Besednova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tatyana A. Kuznetsova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Ludmila N. Fedyanina
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
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