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Xu YH, Chen J. Discovery of quality markers of Phyllanthus emblica by integrating chromatographic fingerprint, serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 249:116346. [PMID: 39018721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) is a vital medicinal plant with both medical and edible values. In the quality standard of P. emblica listed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, gallic acid is used as the index component for the content determination. However, a large number of tannin components can be decomposed into gallic acid during its refluxing extraction process, thus affecting the accuracy and specificity of the content determination. Thus, the index component used for the quality control needs to be further determined. In this study, the quality markers of P. emblica was specified by integrating chromatographic fingerprint, serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology. The chromatographic fingerprint of 18 batches of P. emblica samples were established by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and 8 differential components causing quality fluctuation were identified by chemometric analysis and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Afterwards, 14 prototype migration components absorbed into the blood after gavage administration to rats were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Subsequently, a network pharmacology approach was used to construct the component-target-disease-pathway network, resulting in the identification of 22 components responsible for efficacy of P. emblica. Finally, by integrating the above results, ellagic acid was screened out as one of the Q-markers and could be employed as a quantitative component of P. emblica to improve the quality standard. The strategy is also informative for discovering Q-markers of other TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Chen SH, Wu HS, Jiang XF, Zhou C, Bian XR, He X, Li B, Dong YJ, Wang KG, Shen SH, Lv GY, Zhi YH. Bioinformatics and LC-QTOF-MS based discovery of pharmacodynamic and Q-markers of Pitongshu against functional dyspepsia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118096. [PMID: 38537841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pitongshu (PTS) is a clinically effective empirical formula for the treatment of FD. The efficacy and safety of PTS have been demonstrated in randomized, controlled, double-blind trials, but there is a lack of understanding of the systematic evaluation of the efficacy of PTS and its material basis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of PTS in Functional dyspepsia (FD) mice and possible Q-markers. METHOD In this study, we used "irregular feeding + chronic unpredictable chronic stimulation" to establish a mice model of FD with hepatogastric disharmony. The efficacy of PTS was assessed from hair condition, behavioral, pain, gastrointestinal function, and serum 5-HT, GAS, MTL levels in mice by instillation of different doses of PTS. In addition, the composition of drugs in blood was analyzed by LC-QTOF-MS and potential Q-markers were selected by combining network pharmacology, molecular docking and actual content. RESULT Our study showed that different doses of PTS increased pain threshold and writhing latency, decreased the number of writhings, increased gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate, decreased total acidity of gastric contents and gastric acid secretion, and increased serum levels of 5-HT, GAS, and MTL in mice to different degrees. Enrichment analysis showed that PTS may be anti-FD through multiple pathways such as Serotonergic synapse, thyroid hormone signaling pathway, cholinergic synapse, and dopaminergic synapse. In addition, potential active ingredient substances were explored by LC-QTOF-MS combined with bioinformatics. Combined with the actual contentselected six constituents, hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringin, paeoniflorin, magnolol and honokiol, possible as Q-markers. CONCLUSION PTS may exert its anti-FD effects through multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway". Constituents, hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringin, paeoniflorin, magnolol and honokiol may be the Q-markers of its anti-FD effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou, zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Han-Song Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou, zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou, zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou, zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Xue-Ren Bian
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou, zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Xinglishang He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou, zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Bo Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou, zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Ying-Jie Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou, zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Kun-Gen Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China; Kun-Gen Wang National Famous Chinese Medicine Doctor Studio, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
| | - Shu-Hua Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China; Kun-Gen Wang National Famous Chinese Medicine Doctor Studio, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
| | - Yi-Hui Zhi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China; Kun-Gen Wang National Famous Chinese Medicine Doctor Studio, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
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Guan H, Wang Q, Mei Y, Ran J, Zeng F, Cai H, Wang D, Yang S, Zhang M, Shi Y, Liao S, Li P. A multistep approach for exploring quality markers of Shengjiang Xiexin decoction by integrating plasma pharmacochemistry-pharmacokinetics-pharmacology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 241:115999. [PMID: 38306867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Shengjiang Xiexin decoction (SXD), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), was used to alleviate delayed-onset diarrhea induced by the chemotherapeutic agent irinotecan (CPT-11). Our previous study showed that SXD regulated multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp-2) to alter the pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 and its metabolites. However, the pharmacodynamic constituents and the related quality markers of SXD are unclear. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was utilized to identify the prototypes and metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of SXD. The pharmacokinetic markers (PK markers) were screened through quantification and semiquantification of SXD-related xenobiotics in plasma using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with statistical analysis. Computational molecular docking was performed to assess the potential binding ability of the PK markers with the target Mrp-2. The results were verified by evaluating the impact on Mrp-2 function using Caco-2 cells. The quality markers were chosen from these PK markers based on the binding affinities with Mrp-2, the specificity and the traceability. As a result, a total of 142 SXD-related exogenous components, including 77 prototypes and 65 metabolites, were detected in rat plasma. Among these, 83 xenobiotics were selected as PK markers due to their satisfactory pharmacokinetic behaviors. Based on the characteristics of quality markers, the prototype-based PK markers were considered the indices of quality control for SXD, including baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, norwogonin, oroxylin A, dihydrobaicalin, chrysin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide, liquiritin and isoliquiritin. This study provided an interesting strategy for screening the quality markers involved in the pharmacokinetics of SXD and its action target, which offered important information for the modernization of SXD and other TCM formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Junyan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Fanli Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Haimin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Daoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shenggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shanggao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- National Institute of Drug Clinical Trial, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China.
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Li R, Wu D, Hu J, Ma Y, Ba Y, Zou L, Hu Y. Polyphenol-enriched Penthorum chinense Pursh ameliorates alcohol-related liver injury through Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway: Integrating network pharmacology and experiment validation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117513. [PMID: 38040131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) has acknowledged as an edible herbal medicinal plant for the prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver injury (ALI). However, only few of researches focus on the chemical material basis and potential mechanisms of PCP against ALI. AIM OF THE STUDY Herein, we explored the therapeutic effects of PCP extract against ALI based on the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experiment validation. METHODS Based on the standard quality control of PCP herbs by UPLC fingerprint and quantitative determination, 80% ethanol extract fraction of PCP containing more polyphenols, compared to aqueous extract fraction of PCP, were chosen for further experiments. After oral administration of PCP ethanol extract, serum pharmacochemistry based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS analysis was implemented to evaluate the potential effective compounds. These absorbed prototypes in PCP were used to construct network pharmacology and predict the potential mechanisms of PCP extract against ALI. Then, the predicted targets and biological mechanisms of PCP extract were validated using animal experiments and molecular docking analysis. RESULTS Although totally 19 polyphenol compounds were identified in PCP ethanol extract by UPLC-MS analysis, only 18 absorbed prototypes were found in the serum collected from mice at 1 h post-administration with PCP extract. These candidate active compounds were further screened into 13 compounds to construct network pharmacology and 433 targets were identified as PCP targets. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the effects of PCP extract would involve in Ras signaling pathway. The animal experiments on chronic ALI model mice shown that the oral administration of PCP can alleviate ALI by attenuating hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and down-regulating the target proteins in Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Molecular docking analysis revealed the good binding ability between the three polyphenols (i.e. quercetin, apigenin, thonningianin B) in PCP with the top contribution in network pharmacology, and these target proteins (Ras, Raf, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2). CONCLUSION Our results clarified that PCP ethanol extract could effectively alleviate ALI by down-regulating Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway promisingly. Quercetin, apigenin, and thonningianin B may be the active compounds of PCP, attributing to the intervention benefits of PCP against ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Dingtao Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Jianping Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Yuqi Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Yabo Ba
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Yichen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, PR China.
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Zhou T, Zhou H, Tian L, Tang M, Wang L, Kang Y, Chen T, Li X, Wu S, Xia R, Huang X, Peng L, Yin W. Pomegranate juice-containing serum inhibits migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and promotes apoptosis by induction of mitochondrial dysfunction. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 125:109557. [PMID: 38151194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with an insidious onset and poor prognosis. Pomegranate is a fruit rich in many natural products with anti-cancer potential; however, its direct biological effects are difficult to evaluate in vitro because of changes in its active components after absorption and metabolism. This study was conducted to prepare pomegranate juice-containing serum (PJ serum) by gavage of pomegranate juice (PJ) in rats and to collect serum. The aim was to investigate the components and the effects of PJ serum on HCC cells by serum pharmacology. 56 compounds were identified in the PJ serum, including 6 prototype components. PJ serum selectively inhibited HCC cells proliferation and migration, and it promoted apoptosis of HCC cells without affecting LO2 cells activity. Furthermore, PJ serum reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and increased the calcium ion concentration in HCC cells. Mechanistically, PJ serum up-regulated the expression of the Bax family, Caspases and TIMP2/MMP2, and down-regulated the expression of MMP9. This study revealed that PJ serum inhibited HCC cell migration by regulating the TIMP2/MMP2 balance and MMP9 expression and promoted HCC cell apoptosis by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and causing a Caspase cascade. The polyphenols and flavonoids in PJ may be important components responsible for its anti-HCC activity after metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Heting Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Tian
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Kang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Product Quality Inspection Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingjie Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shouxun Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Xia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wenya Yin
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) Workgroup, West China-PUMCC.C. Chen Institute of Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Zhou E, Shen Q, Hou Y. Integrating artificial intelligence into the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine industry: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1181183. [PMID: 38464717 PMCID: PMC10921893 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1181183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the practical experience and summary of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. It shows great potential in treating various chronic diseases, complex diseases and major infectious diseases, and has gradually attracted the attention of people all over the world. However, due to the complexity of prescription and action mechanism of TCM, the development of TCM industry is still in a relatively conservative stage. With the rise of artificial intelligence technology in various fields, many scholars began to apply artificial intelligence technology to traditional Chinese medicine industry and made remarkable progress. This paper comprehensively summarizes the important role of artificial intelligence in the development of traditional Chinese medicine industry from various aspects, including new drug discovery, data mining, quality standardization and industry technology of traditional Chinese medicine. The limitations of artificial intelligence in these applications are also emphasized, including the lack of pharmacological research, database quality problems and the challenges brought by human-computer interaction. Nevertheless, the development of artificial intelligence has brought new opportunities and innovations to the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. Integrating artificial intelligence technology into the comprehensive application of Chinese medicine industry is expected to overcome the major problems faced by traditional Chinese medicine industry and further promote the modernization of the whole traditional Chinese medicine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Zhou
- Yuhu District Healthcare Security Administration, Xiangtan, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Yang Hou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Li L, Ran Y, Wen J, Lu Y, Liu S, Li H, Cheng M. Traditional Chinese Medicine-based Treatment in Cardiovascular Disease: Potential Mechanisms of Action. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:2186-2199. [PMID: 38347793 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010279151240116103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and death worldwide and has become a global public health problem. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used in China to treat CVD and achieved promising results. Therefore, TCM has aroused significant interest among pharmacologists and medical practitioners. Previous research showed that TCM can regulate the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis (AS), ischemic heart disease, heart failure, myocardial injury, and myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting vascular endothelial injury, inflammation, oxidant stress, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and myocardial remodeling. It is well-known that TCM has the characteristics of multi-component, multi-pathway, and multitarget. Here, we systematically review the bioactive components, pharmacological effects, and clinical application of TCM in preventing and treating CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yutong Ran
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Wen
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yirui Lu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Shunmei Liu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Min Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
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Li L, Yang L, Yang L, He C, He Y, Chen L, Dong Q, Zhang H, Chen S, Li P. Network pharmacology: a bright guiding light on the way to explore the personalized precise medication of traditional Chinese medicine. Chin Med 2023; 18:146. [PMID: 37941061 PMCID: PMC10631104 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Network pharmacology can ascertain the therapeutic mechanism of drugs for treating diseases at the level of biological targets and pathways. The effective mechanism study of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) characterized by multi-component, multi-targeted, and integrative efficacy, perfectly corresponds to the application of network pharmacology. Currently, network pharmacology has been widely utilized to clarify the mechanism of the physiological activity of TCM. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the application of network pharmacology in TCM to reveal its potential of verifying the phenotype and underlying causes of diseases, realizing the personalized and accurate application of TCM. We searched the literature using "TCM network pharmacology" and "network pharmacology" as keywords from Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure in the last decade. The origins, development, and application of network pharmacology are closely correlated with the study of TCM which has been applied in China for thousands of years. Network pharmacology and TCM have the same core idea and promote each other. A well-defined research strategy for network pharmacology has been utilized in several aspects of TCM research, including the elucidation of the biological basis of diseases and syndromes, the prediction of TCM targets, the screening of TCM active compounds, and the decipherment of mechanisms of TCM in treating diseases. However, several factors limit its application, such as the selection of databases and algorithms, the unstable quality of the research results, and the lack of standardization. This review aims to provide references and ideas for the research of TCM and to encourage the personalized and precise use of Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Comprehensive Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lele Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunrong He
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxin He
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liping Chen
- School of Comprehensive Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Dong
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaiying Zhang
- School of Comprehensive Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyun Chen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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9
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Nong Y, Zhang C, Guo Y, Qin Y, Zhong X, Feng L, Pan Z, Deng L, Guo H, Su Z. Quality control for a traditional Chinese medicine, Millettia speciosa Champ, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint, serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5166-5180. [PMID: 37753596 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Millettia speciosa (M. speciosa) Champ (MSC) is a healthy food type with medicinal and edible homology, which is now considered a clinically significant anti-rheumatoid arthritis medicine. However, there is currently no standardized or generally accepted research strategy by which we can assess M. speciosa. Thus, it is essential to develop novel theories, strategies and evaluation methods for the scientific quality control of M. speciosa. Herein, our use ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS analysis identified 12 common bioactive components absorbed into MSC serum. Next, network pharmacology analysis exhibited that 5 MSC components may be those active components in treating rheumatoid arthritis and may be considered potential quality markers. These 5 components were then quantified using a fast UPLC approach, based on the quality marker of measurability, showing that lenticin can be regarded as the MSC quality marker. The cumulative study findings, based on systematic assessment of chemical composition both in vivo and in vitro, and the potential efficacy of M. speciosa, provide a novel approach for M. speciosa quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyuan Nong
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Yue Guo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards, Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Yuelian Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhong
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Linlin Feng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Ziping Pan
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Lijun Deng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Zhiheng Su
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Biomedicine Precision Development and High-value Utilization Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Antigeriatric Drugs, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
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10
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Xu F, Wu J, Hu Y, Chu C, Liu W, Li X, Zheng W, Yang W, Zhao B, Guo J, Wang Z, Jia Y, Xiao W. Mechanisms of action underlying the effect of Tongsaimai on wound healing based on experimental and network pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116451. [PMID: 37031824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tongsaimai (TSM) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has several therapeutic qualities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-vasculitis effects. However, its impacts and underlying mechanisms on wound healing remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of our study was to evaluate TSM for its pro-healing effect and the relevant mechanisms using both experimental validation and network pharmacology analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The components of TSM were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Skin wounds with a diameter of 4 mm were created on the backs of mice, after which, topical treatments of 2.5-10% TSM were applied onto the lesions once daily for either 2 or 7 days. Then, the wound tissues were collected to determine the impacts of TSM on collagen deposition, epithelial cell proliferation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Moreover, the effects of TSM (0.5-2 mg/mL) on the cell viability of HUVECs and HaCaT cells were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 11 components in TSM were identified by HPLC-DAD. TSM was found to enhance the rate of wound contraction and increase epithelial thickness and collagen deposition during the healing process. In addition, TSM increased SOD activity and downregulated MDA and IL-1β levels in the wound tissues. Immunofluorescence analysis further indicated an increased expression of Ki67, CD31, and VEGF in wound tissues following TSM administration. Results of the network pharmacology analysis revealed that multiple pathways including VEGF, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK pathways were involved in the pharmacological actions of TSM on wound healing. Accordantly, in vitro experiments revealed that TSM promoted the proliferation of HUVECs and HaCaT cells while activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TSM may serve as a therapeutic medication to improve wound healing by employing multiple regulatory mechanisms that affect proliferation, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxing Xu
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, 222001, China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yumei Hu
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Chun Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Weishuo Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Boyan Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiangxue Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, 222001, China.
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11
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Ri MH, Xing Y, Zuo HX, Li MY, Jin HL, Ma J, Jin X. Regulatory mechanisms of natural compounds from traditional Chinese herbal medicines on the microglial response in ischemic stroke. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154889. [PMID: 37262999 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of clinically effective neuroprotective agents for stroke therapy is still a challenging task. Microglia play a critical role in brain injury and recovery after ischemic stroke. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) are based on a unique therapeutic principle, have various formulas, and have long been widely used to treat stroke. Therefore, the active compounds in TCHMs and their underlying mechanisms of action are attracting increasing attention in the field of stroke drug development. PURPOSE To summarize the regulatory mechanisms of TCHM-derived natural compounds on the microglial response in animal models of ischemic stroke. METHODS We searched studies published until 10 April 2023 in the Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: natural compounds, natural products or phytochemicals, traditional Chinese Medicine or Chinese herbal medicine, microglia, and ischemic stroke. This review was prepared according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. RESULTS Natural compounds derived from TCHMs can attenuate the M1 phenotype of microglia, which is involved in the detrimental inflammatory response, via inhibition of NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK/STAT, Notch, TLR4, P2X7R, CX3CR1, IL-17RA, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and pro-oxidant enzymes. Additionally, the neuroprotective response of microglia with the M2 phenotype can be enhanced by activating Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/AKT, AMPK, PPARγ, SIRT1, CB2R, TREM2, nAChR, and IL-33/ST2. Several clinical trials showed that TCHM-derived natural compounds that regulate microglial responses have significant and safe therapeutic effects, but further well-designed clinical studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS Further research regarding the direct targets and potential pleiotropic or synergistic effects of natural compounds would provide a more reasonable approach for regulation of the microglial response with the possibility of successful stroke drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong Hak Ri
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Faculty of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Xiang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Lan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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12
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Chen J, Li M, Chen R, Xu Z, Yang X, Gu H, Zhang L, Fu C, Zhang J, Wu Y. Gegen Qinlian standard decoction alleviated irinotecan-induced diarrhea via PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis by network pharmacology prediction and experimental validation combination. Chin Med 2023; 18:46. [PMID: 37106406 PMCID: PMC10134581 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequently occurred chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) caused by irinotecan (CPT-11) administration has been the most representative side-effects of CPT-11, resulting in the chemotherapy suspension or failure. Our previous studies indicated that Gegen Qinlian formula exhibited a significant alleviation effect on CPT-11-induced diarrhea. However, referencing to Japanese Kampo medicine, the TCM standard decoction would supply the gap between ancient preparation application and modern industrial production. METHODS The LC-MS technology combined with network pharmacology was employed to identify the active ingredients and mechanisms of GQD standard decoction for CPT-11-induced diarrhea. The anti-inflammatory activities associated with intestinal barrier function of GQD standard decoction were studied by SN-38 activated NCM460 cells in vitro and CPT-11-induced diarrhea in vivo. Proteins involved in inflammation, mRNA levels, disease severity scores, and histology involved in intestinal inflammation were analysed. RESULTS There were 37 active compounds were identified in GQD standard decoction. Network pharmacology analyses indicated that PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were probably the main pathway of GQD standard decoction in CPT-11-induced diarrhea treatment, and PIK3R1, AKT1, NF-κB1 were the core proteins. Moreover, we found that the key proteins and pathway predicted above was verified in vivo and in vitro experiments, and the GQD standard decoction could protect the cellular proliferation in vitro and ameliorate CPT-11-induced diarrhea in mice model. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the molecular mechanism of 37 active ingredients in GQD standard decoction against CPT-11-induced diarrhea. And the core proteins and pathway were validated by experiment. This data establishes the groundwork for particular molecular mechanism of GQD standard decoction active components, and this research can provide a scientific reference for the TCM therapy of CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ziyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Huan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yihan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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