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Isasi E, Wajner M, Duarte JA, Olivera-Bravo S. Cerebral White Matter Alterations Associated With Oligodendrocyte Vulnerability in Organic Acidurias: Insights in Glutaric Aciduria Type I. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:33. [PMID: 38963434 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The white matter is an important constituent of the central nervous system, containing axons, oligodendrocytes, and its progenitor cells, astrocytes, and microglial cells. Oligodendrocytes are central for myelin synthesis, the insulating envelope that protects axons and allows normal neural conduction. Both, oligodendrocytes and myelin, are highly vulnerable to toxic factors in many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders associated with disturbances of myelination. Here we review the main alterations in oligodendrocytes and myelin observed in some organic acidurias/acidemias, which correspond to inherited neurometabolic disorders biochemically characterized by accumulation of potentially neurotoxic organic acids and their derivatives. The yet incompletely understood mechanisms underlying the high vulnerability of OLs and/or myelin in glutaric acidemia type I, the most prototypical cerebral organic aciduria, are particularly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Isasi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Unidad Académica de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas da Saude, Universidade Federal de Río Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Avila Duarte
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Radiología, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Rahimian E, D'Arco F, Sudhakar S, Tahsini MR, Azin N, Morovvati M, Karimzadeh P, Farahvash MA. The full spectrum of MRI findings in 18 patients with Canavan disease: new insights into the areas of selective susceptibility. Neuroradiology 2024:10.1007/s00234-024-03388-x. [PMID: 38880823 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-024-03388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canavan disease (CD) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency of aspartoacylase A, an enzyme that degrades N-acetylaspartate (NAA). The disease is characterized by progressive white matter degeneration, leading to intellectual disability, seizures, and death. This retrospective study aims to describe the full spectrum of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a large case series of CD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRI findings in 18 patients with confirmed CD were investigated, and the full spectrum of brain abnormalities was compared with the existing literature to provide new insights regarding the brain MRI findings in these patients. All the cases were proven based on genetic study or NAA evaluation in urine or brain. RESULTS Imaging analysis showed involvement of the deep and subcortical white matter as well as the globus pallidus in all cases, with sparing of the putamen, caudate, and claustrum. The study provides updates on the imaging characteristics of CD and validates some underreported findings such as the involvement of the lateral thalamus with sparing of the pulvinar, involvement of the internal capsules and corpus callosum, and cystic formation during disease progression. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is one of the largest case series of patients with CD which includes a detailed description of the brain MRI findings. The study confirmed many of the previously reported MRI findings but also identified abnormalities that were previously rarely or not described. We speculate that areas of ongoing myelination are particularly vulnerable to changes in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rahimian
- Haghighat medical imaging research center, Haghighat medical imaging center, E Janbazan St, PFJW+269, Tehran, Iran
| | - Felice D'Arco
- Radiology Department, Neuroradiology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Radiology Department, Neuroradiology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Majid R Tahsini
- Haghighat medical imaging research center, Haghighat medical imaging center, E Janbazan St, PFJW+269, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Azin
- Radiology department, school of medicine, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdis Morovvati
- Haghighat medical imaging research center, Haghighat medical imaging center, E Janbazan St, PFJW+269, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Karimzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Mofid Children's Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aidin Farahvash
- Haghighat medical imaging research center, Haghighat medical imaging center, E Janbazan St, PFJW+269, Tehran, Iran
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Rossler L, Lemburg S, Weitkämper A, Thiels C, Hoffjan S, Nguyen HP, Lücke T, Heyer CM. Canavan's spongiform leukodystrophy (Aspartoacylase deficiency) with emphasis on sonographic features in infancy: description of a case report and review of the literature. J Ultrasound 2023; 26:757-764. [PMID: 35187608 PMCID: PMC10632335 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-022-00667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canavan disease (CD; MIM 271,900) or spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is a lethal, rare autosomal recessive leukodystrophy, first described in 1931 (Canavan in Arch Neurol Psychiatry 25: 299-308, 1931). The clinical presentation includes severe neurologic impairment and macrocephaly with onset of symptoms at the age of 3-5 months. Biochemical and genetic fundamentals of the disease are elucidated. Imaging diagnosis is principally based on MRI with important role of MR spectroscopy. We report the cerebral sonographic findings in a severely affected infant with CD: Diffuse hyperechogenicity and small multicystic changes of white matter as well as an inverted pattern of echogenicity between cortical gray and subcortical white matter. These findings are compared to to the few cases found in literature and to normal ultrasound examples. Finally, ultrasound and MRI imaging findings are correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Rossler
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Alexandrinenstr. 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
- Institut für Kinderradiologie, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lemburg
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Alexandrinenstr. 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany
- Institut für Kinderradiologie, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Almut Weitkämper
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Alexandrinenstr. 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Charlotte Thiels
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Alexandrinenstr. 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Zentrum für Humangenetik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Zentrum für Humangenetik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Alexandrinenstr. 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph M Heyer
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Alexandrinenstr. 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany
- Institut für Kinderradiologie, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
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Wei H, Moffett JR, Amanat M, Fatemi A, Tsukamoto T, Namboodiri AM, Slusher BS. The pathogenesis of, and pharmacological treatment for, Canavan disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2467-2483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang Y, Hull V, Sternbach S, Popovich B, Burns T, McDonough J, Guo F, Pleasure D. Ablating the Transporter Sodium-Dependent Dicarboxylate Transporter 3 Prevents Leukodystrophy in Canavan Disease Mice. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:845-850. [PMID: 34498299 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canavan disease is caused by ASPA mutations that diminish brain aspartoacylase activity, and it is characterized by excessive brain storage of the aspartoacylase substrate, N-acetyl-l-aspartate (NAA), and by astroglial and intramyelinic vacuolation. Astroglia and the arachnoid mater express sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter (NaDC3), encoded by SLC13A3, a sodium-coupled transporter for NAA and other dicarboxylates. Constitutive Slc13a3 deletion in aspartoacylase-deficient Canavan disease mice prevents brain NAA overaccumulation, ataxia, and brain vacuolation. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:845-850.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, UC Davis, c/o Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA
| | - Vanessa Hull
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, UC Davis, c/o Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA
| | - Sarah Sternbach
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Brad Popovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Travis Burns
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, UC Davis, c/o Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, UC Davis, c/o Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA
| | - David Pleasure
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, UC Davis, c/o Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA
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Ravi K, Paidas MJ, Saad A, Jayakumar AR. Astrocytes in rare neurological conditions: Morphological and functional considerations. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2676-2705. [PMID: 33496339 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a population of central nervous system (CNS) cells with distinctive morphological and functional characteristics that differ within specific areas of the brain and are widely distributed throughout the CNS. There are mainly two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, which differ in morphologic appearance and location. Astrocytes are important cells of the CNS that not only provide structural support, but also modulate synaptic activity, regulate neuroinflammatory responses, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and supply energy to neurons. As a result, astrocytic disruption can lead to widespread detrimental effects and can contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions. The characteristics of astrocytes in more common neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have significantly been described and continue to be widely studied. However, there still exist numerous rare neurological conditions in which astrocytic involvement is unknown and needs to be explored. Accordingly, this review will summarize functional and morphological changes of astrocytes in various rare neurological conditions based on current knowledge thus far and highlight remaining neuropathologies where astrocytic involvement has yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ravi
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ali Saad
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc, Miami, Florida, USA.,General Medical Research Neuropathology Section, R&D Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Miami, Florida, USA
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Tan AP, Mankad K, Gonçalves FG, Talenti G, Alexia E. Macrocephaly: Solving the Diagnostic Dilemma. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 27:197-217. [PMID: 30086108 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrocephaly is a relatively common clinical condition affecting up to 5% of the pediatric population. It is defined as an abnormally large head with an occipitofrontal circumference greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean for a given age and sex. Megalencephaly refers exclusively to brain overgrowth exceeding twice the standard deviation. Macrocephaly can be isolated and benign or may be the first indication of an underlying congenital, genetic, or acquired disorder, whereas megalencephaly is more often syndromic. Megalencephaly can be divided into 2 subtypes: metabolic and developmental, caused by genetic defects in cellular metabolism and alterations in signaling pathways, respectively. Neuroimaging plays an important role in the evaluation of macrocephaly, especially in the metabolic subtype which may not be overtly apparent clinically. This article outlines the diverse etiologies of macrocephaly, delineates their clinical and radiographic features, and suggests a clinicoradiological algorithm for evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Peng Tan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Giacomo Talenti
- Neuroradiology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Egloff Alexia
- Perinatal Imaging and Health Department, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Neuroimaging of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders with Emphasis on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and MR Spectroscopy: A Pictorial Essay. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-017-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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