Retained primary teeth in STAT3 hyper-IgE syndrome: early intervention in childhood is essential

Pathophysiology of Congenital High Production of IgE and Its Consequences: A Narrative Review Uncovering a Neglected Setting of Disorders

Elevated serum IgE levels serve as a critical marker for uncovering hidden immunological disorders, particularly inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), which are often misdiagnosed as common allergic conditions. IgE, while typically associated with allergic diseases, plays a significant role in immune defense, especially against parasitic infections. However, extremely high levels of IgE can indicate more severe conditions, such as Hyper-IgE syndromes (HIES) and disorders with similar features, including Omenn syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and IPEX syndrome. Novel insights into the genetic mutations responsible for these conditions highlight their impact on immune regulation and the resulting clinical features, including recurrent infections, eczema, and elevated IgE. This narrative review uniquely integrates recent advances in the genetic understanding of IEIs and discusses how these findings impact both diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, emerging therapeutic strategies, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and gene therapies, are explored, underscoring the potential for personalized treatment approaches. Emphasizing the need for precise diagnosis and tailored interventions aims to enhance patient outcomes and improve the quality of care for those with elevated IgE levels and associated immunological disorders.

Retained primary teeth: A clinical complaint not to be dismissed

Retained primary teeth (RPT) may be an isolated finding, or one associated with other clinical complaints. In order to achieve timely and accurate diagnosis, it is helpful for paediatricians to perform thorough work-up for these patients. The article aims at providing an overview of the inborn medical causes that may be related to children with RPT, as well as their corresponding investigation and treatment modalities.

Intraoral and maxillofacial abnormalities in patients with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome

Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) is an inborn error of immunity (IEI) caused by a dominant-negative mutation in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT 3). This disease is characterized by chronic eczematoid dermatitis, recurrent staphylococcal skin abscesses, pneumonia, pneumatoceles, and extremely high serum IgE levels. Loss-of-function STAT3 mutations may also result in distinct non-immunologic features such as dental, facial, skeletal, and vascular abnormalities, central nervous system malformations and an increased risk for bone fractures. Prophylactic treatment of Candida infections and prophylactic antimicrobial therapy for staphylococcal skin infections and sinopulmonary infections are essential. An awareness of the oral and maxillofacial features of HIES may facilitate early diagnosis with genetic counselling and may improve future patient care. This study describes oral, dental, and maxillofacial manifestations in 14 patients with genetically defined AD-HIES. We also review the literature and propose recommendations for the complex care of patients with this rare primary immunodeficiency.

Extensive dental caries and periodontal disease in a child with GATA2 deficiency

Background

GATA2 deficiency is an inborn error of immunity (IEI) characterized by infectious susceptibility and increased risk of myelodysplasia leading to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Oral anomalies already described in this disorder include recurrent viral and fungal infections and oral ulcers.

Material and Methods

We report a 9-year-old girl presenting with AML with myelodysplasia-related changes, monosomy 7 karyotype on marrow aspirate, numerous flat warts on her hands and multiple dental caries at oral cavity inspection. Dental evaluation and genetic testing (Sanger sequencing) for GATA2 were carried out considering the peculiar clinical presentation.

Results

Dental evaluation showed extensive caries and periodontal disease, while genetic studies revealed a known c.1009 C>T (p.Arg337X) mutation in GATA2. After multidisciplinary discussion, affected teeth were extracted before chemotherapy, in general anaesthesia, together with scaling and root planning of the alveolar sockets. Subsequently, the patient underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from her HLA-matched GATA2 wild-type sibling, who did not bear any dental anomalies. No dento-alveolar infections were encountered during post-chemotherapy aplasia.

Conclusions

This case first describes the association between GATA2 deficiency and extensive dental caries with periodontal disease, highlighting the importance of an early dental evaluation and intervention in children with leukaemia. Key words:GATA2 deficiency, Inborn errors of immunity, teeth, dental decay, multidisciplinary approach.

Atopic Dermatitis-like Genodermatosis: Disease Diagnosis and Management

Eczema is a classical characteristic not only in atopic dermatitis but also in various genodermatosis. Patients suffering from primary immunodeficiency diseases such as hyper-immunoglobulin E syndromes, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome, STAT5B deficiency, Omenn syndrome, atypical complete DiGeorge syndrome; metabolic disorders such as acrodermatitis enteropathy, multiple carboxylase deficiency, prolidase deficiency; and other rare syndromes like severe dermatitis, multiple allergies and metabolic wasting syndrome, Netherton syndrome, and peeling skin syndrome frequently perform with eczema-like lesions. These genodermatosis may be misguided in the context of eczematous phenotype. Misdiagnosis of severe disorders unavoidably affects appropriate treatment and leads to irreversible outcomes for patients, which underlines the importance of molecular diagnosis and genetic analysis. Here we conclude clinical manifestations, molecular mechanism, diagnosis and management of several eczema-related genodermatosis and provide accessible advice to physicians.

Orthodontic treatment combined with 3D printing guide plate implant restoration for edentulism and its influence on mastication and phonic function

BACKGROUND

Dentition defect, a common clinical oral disease developed in humans, not only causes masticatory dysfunction and articulation difficulties but also affects facial appearance and increases the burden on the intestinal tract. Restorative treatment is the primary option for this disease. However, traditional restorations have many drawbacks, such as mismatch with the body, low reliability, and incomplete occlusal function recovery.

AIM

to analyze the efficacy of orthodontics combined with 3D printing guide plate implant restoration in treating patients with dentition defects and its influence on masticatory and phonic functions.

METHODS

A prospective study was carried out in 86 patients with dentition defects who received implant prosthesis after orthodontic treatment in our hospital between January 2018 and January 2019. Those patients were divided into a control group and an intervention group with 43 patients in each group using a random number table. The control group received traditional implant restoration, whereas the intervention group received 3D printing guide plate implant restoration. Treatment outcomes, cosmetic appearance, dental function, implant deviation, and quality of life were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The overall response rate in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group (95.35% vs 81.40%, χ² = 4.071, P = 0.044). The number of cases with neatly trimmed cosmetic appearance (χ² = 4.497, P = 0.034), complete coverage (χ² = 4.170, P = 0.041), and normal occlusion (χ² = 5.512, P = 0.019) in the intervention group was higher than that in the control group. After treatment, mastication, swallowing, and articulation were significantly improved in both groups. Masticatory (t = 2.980, P = 0.004), swallowing (t = 2.199, P = 0.031), and phonic functions (t = 3.950, P = 0.004) were better in the intervention group than those in the control group. The deviation value and the deviation angle (t = 5.440, P = 0.000) at the top (t = 6.320, P = 0.000) and middle parts of the implants (t = 22.295, P = 0.000) in the intervention group were lower than those in the control group after treatment. Functional limitations, psychosocial and physical pain and discomfort, and total scores decreased in both groups. The functional limitation (t = 2.379, P = 0.020), psychosocial (t = 2.420, P = 0.000), physical pain and discomfort (t = 6.581, P = 0.000), and total scores (t = 2.140, P = 0.035) were lower in the intervention group than those in the control group.

CONCLUSION

Orthodontic treatment combined with 3D printing guide plate implant restoration can significantly improve the masticatory and phonic functions, quality of life, and psychological health of patients with dentition defects. Therefore, it is highly recommended in clinic application.

STAT3 Hyper-IgE Syndrome-an Update and Unanswered Questions

The hyper-IgE syndromes (HIES) are a heterogeneous group of inborn errors of immunity sharing manifestations including increased infection susceptibility, eczema, and raised serum IgE. Since the prototypical HIES description 55 years ago, areas of significant progress have included description of key disease-causing genes and differentiation into clinically distinct entities. The first two patients reported had what is now understood to be HIES from dominant-negative mutations in signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3-HIES), conferring a broad immune defect across both innate and acquired arms, as well as defects in skeletal, connective tissue, and vascular function, causing a clinical phenotype including eczema, staphylococcal and fungal skin and pulmonary infection, scoliosis and minimal trauma fractures, and vascular tortuosity and aneurysm. Due to the constitutionally expressed nature of STAT3, initial reports at treatment with allogeneic stem cell transplantation were not positive and treatment has hinged on aggressive antimicrobial prophylaxis and treatment to prevent the development of end-organ disease such as pneumatocele. Research into the pathophysiology of STAT3-HIES has driven understanding of the interface of several signaling pathways, including the JAK-STAT pathways, interleukins 6 and 17, and the role of Th17 lymphocytes, and has been expanded by identification of phenocopies such as mutations in IL6ST and ZNF341. In this review we summarize the published literature on STAT3-HIES, present the diverse clinical manifestations of this syndrome with current management strategies, and update on the uncertain role of stem cell transplantation for this disease. We outline key unanswered questions for further study.