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Tang Z, Zhu D, Li X, Yan H, Luo T, Xie L, Yang Y, Tang M, Jiang X, Huang J, Zhang X, Zhou L, Lei Y, Xiao Z, Lu X. Development and validation of an early mortality risk model for pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a comparison with HScore, PELOD-2, P-MODS, and pSOFA. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:2699-2709. [PMID: 38736014 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
There has been no severity evaluation model for pediatric patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) that uses readily available parameters. This study aimed to develop a novel model for predicting the early mortality risk in pediatric patients with HLH using easily obtained parameters whatever etiologic subtype. Patients from one center were divided into training and validation sets for model derivation. The developed model was validated using an independent validation cohort from the second center. The prediction model with nomogram was developed based on logistic regression. The model performance underwent internal and external evaluation and validation using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve with 1000 bootstrap resampling, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Model performance was compared with the most prevalent severity evaluation scores, including the PELOD-2, P-MODS, and pSOFA scores. The prediction model included nine variables: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, albumin, globulin, myohemoglobin, creatine kinase, serum potassium, procalcitonin, serum ferritin, and interval between onset and diagnosis. The AUC of the model for predicting the 28-day mortality was 0.933 and 0.932 in the training and validation sets, respectively. The AUC values of the HScore, PELOD-2, P-MODS and pSOFA were 0.815, 0.745, 0.659 and 0.788, respectively. The DCA of the 28-day mortality prediction exhibited a greater net benefit than the HScore, PELOD-2, P-MODS and pSOFA. Subgroup analyses demonstrated good model performance across HLH subtypes. The novel mortality prediction model in this study can contribute to the rapid assessment of early mortality risk after diagnosis with readily available parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexuan Tang
- Academy of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Desheng Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xun Li
- Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Haipeng Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Longlong Xie
- Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yufan Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute of Hunan Province and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- Academy of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xuedan Jiang
- Academy of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaotian Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Zhou
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yefei Lei
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Zhenghui Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiulan Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China.
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China.
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Cheng W, Xu J, Shu Y, Qiu H, Yin G. Association of a decreased platelet count with poor survival in patients with adult secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:1159-1166. [PMID: 38378930 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the association between baseline platelet count (PLT) and the prognosis of adult secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH). Data from 292 patients with pretreatment platelet counts were retrospectively analysed from January 2016 to December 2020. We categorized platelet count into quartiles. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to evaluate the relationship between platelet count and mortality. During a median follow-up of 53 (interquartile ranges, 17-223) days, a total of 208 deaths occurred. After adjusting for multiple variables, a non-linear and inverse relationship was observed between platelet count and mortality in sHLH patient (P for nonlinearity=0.002). For non- lymphoma-associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (non-LHLH), a similar curve was also observed (P for nonlinearity =0.028). Decreased PLT (PLT Q4) was associated with an increased risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.97; 95% confidence interval: 1.28-3.04; Ptrend =0.005). Similar results were observed in the LHLH subgroup (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.84; 95% confidence interval: 1.05-3.24; Ptrend =0.024) but not in the non-LHLH subgroup (Ptrend =0.266). Baseline platelet count demonstrated a nonlinear and inverse association with an increased risk of mortality among adult sHLH patients. This method is used to identify sHLH patients with inferior overall survival due to its low cost and universal availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hongxia Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Guangli Yin
- Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Nguyen TTT, Kim YT, Jeong G, Jin M. Immunopathology of and potential therapeutics for secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome: a translational perspective. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:559-569. [PMID: 38448692 PMCID: PMC10984945 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome (sHLH/MAS) is a life-threatening immune disorder triggered by rheumatic disease, infections, malignancies, or medications. Characterized by the presence of hemophagocytic macrophages and a fulminant cytokine storm, sHLH/MAS leads to hyperferritinemia and multiorgan failure and rapidly progresses to death. The high mortality rate and the lack of specific treatments necessitate the development of a new drug. However, the complex and largely unknown immunopathologic mechanisms of sHLH/MAS, which involve dysfunction of various immune cells, diverse etiologies, and different clinical contexts make this effort challenging. This review introduces the terminology, diagnosis, and clinical features of sHLH/MAS. From a translational perspective, this review focuses on the immunopathological mechanisms linked to various etiologies, emphasizing potential drug targets, including key molecules and signaling pathways. We also discuss immunomodulatory biologics, existing drugs under clinical evaluation, and novel therapies in clinical trials. This systematic review aims to provide insights and highlight opportunities for the development of novel sHLH/MAS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram T T Nguyen
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Tae Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunyeol Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirim Jin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Wang DD, Wu S, Kong BB, Song LL. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with jaundice as first manifestation: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:8212-8218. [PMID: 38130789 PMCID: PMC10731184 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i34.8212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but life-threatening condition. It is an immune-mediated disease that has a wide range of causes, elicits a hyperinflammatory response, and results in multiple organ damage. Clinical presentations vary, and in some cases, jaundice occurs as the first symptom. CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 71-year-old female patient who presented with jaundice. She was admitted to our hospital because of the occurrence of "jaundice for half a month", and upon examination, obstructive jaundice with choledocholithiasis and gallstones was suggested. Cholecystectomy and choledocholithotomy were performed. However, the jaundice did not improve after surgery. We found splenomegaly, cytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and elevated ferritin. Bone marrow biopsy revealed hemophagocytosis. Later, cardiac arrest occurred when she returned 3 wk after the surgery. We considered that HLH was triggered by septic shock. The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly, with multiple organ dysfunction and severe gastrointestinal bleeding. Corticosteroid therapy and symptomatic treatment failed to save her life. CONCLUSION Jaundice rarely presents as the first symptom in HLH patients. The HLH in this case was triggered by septic shock with jaundice as the first symptom. Clinicians should try hard to reduce missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Sheng Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Bing-Bing Kong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Lin-Lin Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
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Wang S, Lv K, Zhou Y, Cheng X, Chen Z, Shen H, Li F. A novel prognosis-prediction model based on coagulation indicators in secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:3251-3259. [PMID: 37561154 PMCID: PMC10567857 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disease. In the present retrospective study, we aimed to investigate coagulation disorders and their outcome implications in patients with secondary HLH. We evaluated clinical characteristics and the relationship between coagulation indices and prognosis in HLH patients (n = 141). The information, including clinical symptoms, laboratory indicators, and coagulation indices, was evaluated. Coagulation disorders and bleeding events occurred in 95 (67.4%) and 60 (42.6%) patients, respectively. A coagulation index analysis primarily showed elevated levels of D-Dimer, the international standardized ratio (INR), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin time (TT), while the prothrombin activity, fibrinogen levels, and platelet levels were significantly decreased. Dominant disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurred in 76 patients (53.9%). Patients with lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (LAHS) frequently exhibited apparent coagulation disorders. Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥ 29.5 years, bleeding events, APTT ≥ 47.3 s, fibrinogen ≤ 1.68 g/L, and absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) of ≤ 1.21 × 109/L were independent prognostic factors. We thereby devised a prognostic scoring system and stratified patients into low-risk (0-2 points), intermediate-risk (3-4 points), and high-risk (5-7 points) groups, and the 1-year overall survival rates in the above-mentioned groups were 66.40%, 40.00%, and 2.30%, respectively (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, coagulation dysfunctions and bleeding tendencies were common characteristics in HLH patients. We constructed a novel prognostic score model based on APTT, fibrinogen level, ANC, age, and bleeding events, which had superior prognostic value compared with these markers alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wang
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kebing Lv
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yulan Zhou
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoye Cheng
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huimin Shen
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Nanchang, China.
- Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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Illia M, Greco M, Cosacow C, Sahar J, Rivero Equiza T, Fernández J, Bastianello M. Coagulación intravascular diseminada secundaria a tratamiento con 177Lu-DOTATATE en paciente con tumor neuroendocrino. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnosed by bone marrow trephine biopsy in living post-COVID-19 patients: case report and mini-review. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:753-762. [PMID: 35699822 PMCID: PMC9192937 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) constitutes a life-threatening inflammatory syndrome. Postmortem histological findings of bone marrow (BM) from COVID-19 patients showed histiocytosis and hemophagocytosis and supported the hypothesis that secondary HLH (sHLH) may be triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there are a limited number of sHLH cases in which trephine has been performed in living post-COVID-19 patients. Here we present a recent case and a mini-review of sHLH diagnosed by trephine biopsy in living patients after COVID-19. An 81-year-old man with a past medical history of hypertension, diabetes, ischemic stroke, was referred to the hospital to evaluate leukocytosis, pyuria, and elevation of inflammatory markers four weeks after recovering from COVID-19. Computed tomography of the abdomen did not reveal focal signs of infection or hepatosplenomegaly. The patient received intravenous meropenem and two packed red blood cell units. Leukocytes and C-reactive protein were gradually decreased. A BM biopsy was performed and the patient was discharged on cefixime. BM smear revealed severe anemia, lymphopenia, and dysplastic morphologic findings of erythroblasts, neutrophils, and megakaryocytes. Trephine biopsy revealed hypercellular marrow dyserythropoiesis, plasmacytosis, lymphocytosis, histiocytosis, hemophagocytosis, and the absence of granulomas or carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry documented a mixed population of T lymphocytes (CD3+) and B lymphocytes (CD20+). Strong positivity for CD68 confirmed histiocytosis. CD138 κ, λ staining proved polyclonal plasmacytosis. Perl’s staining showed excess hemosiderin deposits. Based on our findings, we document sHLH in trephine BM biopsy of a living post-COVID-19 patient and persistent leukocytosis, underscoring the diagnostic value of trephine biopsy in preventing life-threatening conditions such as COVID-19.
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Croden J, Bilston L, Taparia M, Grossman J, Sun HL. Incidence of bleeding and thromboembolism and impact on overall survival in adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A 20-year provincial retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:671-683. [PMID: 34856055 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare syndrome characterized by uncontrolled immune activation and high risk of death. There is scarce data on the incidence of bleeding and thromboembolism in HLH. OBJECTIVES To determine the cumulative incidence of bleeding and thromboembolism and impact on survival in adults with HLH. PATIENTS/METHODS We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of adults with HLH in Alberta, Canada (1999-2019). The cumulative incidence of bleeding and thromboembolism were calculated, accounting for competing risks. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of bleeding and thromboembolism on overall survival (OS). RESULTS We identified 97 adults with HLH (median age 46 years). Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurred in 11 (11%) patients at a median of 9 days from admission. ISTH major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding occurred in 39 (40%) patients, at a median of 16 days after admission. Nadir platelet count (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.8 per log decrease, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.8) and mechanical ventilation (aOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.8-14.8) were independent predictors of bleeding on multivariable analysis. Adjusting for competing risks, the 90-day cumulative incidences of bleeding and thromboembolism were 39% and 13%, respectively. The median OS was 18.8 months. VTE, but not bleeding, was significantly associated with adverse OS (adjusted hazard ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.7). CONCLUSIONS In adults with HLH, VTE appears more common than previously described and is a predictor of mortality, although this may be due to unadjusted confounding. VTE prevention and treatment are challenging due to high bleeding rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Croden
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lisa Bilston
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Minakshi Taparia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Grossman
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haowei Linda Sun
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Zhang FJ, Huang GQ, Li J, Xu J, Li XM, Wang AM. Clinical Characteristics of Adult Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in the Emergency Department. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:4687-4694. [PMID: 34447263 PMCID: PMC8384344 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s326270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the clinical manifestations and results of adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) patients in our emergency department. Methods We retrospectively evaluated patients with HLH from 1 April 2018 to 31 December 2020. The clinical data of these patients (basic information, symptoms, vital signs, laboratory results, HLH diagnostic criteria, H Score, main treatments, outcomes) were collected. Results Thirty-three patients (23 males and 10 females; 40.55±18.78 years) with 34 clinical episodes (one male had two clinical episodes and died during the second episode) were enrolled. Twenty-five patients were placed in a “survivor” group, and nine patients were categorized into a “deceased” group. Fever, splenomegaly, hemoglobin <90 g/L and platelet count <100×109/L most commonly met the diagnostic standard for HLH. The H Score results in the survival group and deceased group was 212.4±37.18 and 252.1±40.95, respectively. Viral infection was the most common reason for HLH, followed by immune-system disease and cancer. Laboratory tests showed that deceased-group patients had multiple-organ dysfunction. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the lactate dehydrogenase (lactate dehydrogenase) level (P = 0.039; odds ratio, 0.999) was significantly related to death. Conclusion In the emergency department, HLH should be considered for critically ill patients with fever, splenomegaly, low hemoglobin and low platelet count. The H Score might be useful to diagnose HLH quickly. In our study, 26.47% of HLH patients died in the emergency department, and patients with a significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase level had a markedly increased risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Jie Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Min Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Min Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
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