1
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Kisor KP, Ruiz DG, Jacobson MP, Barber DL. A role for pH dynamics regulating transcription factor DNA binding selectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595212. [PMID: 38826444 PMCID: PMC11142074 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) dynamics regulates diverse cell processes such as proliferation, dysplasia, and differentiation, often mediated by the protonation state of a functionally critical histidine residue in endogenous pH sensing proteins. How pHi dynamics can directly regulate gene expression and whether transcription factors can function as pH sensors has received limited attention. We tested the prediction that transcription factors with a histidine in their DNA binding domain (DBD) that forms hydrogen bonds with nucleotides can have pH-regulated activity, which is relevant to more than 85 transcription factors in distinct families, including FOX, KLF, SOX and MITF/Myc. Focusing on FOX family transcription factors, we used unbiased SELEX-seq to identify pH-dependent DNA binding motif preferences, then confirm pH-regulated binding affinities for FOXC2, FOXM1, and FOXN1 to a canonical FkhP DNA motif that are 2.5 to 7.5 greater at pH 7.0 compared with pH 7.5. For FOXC2, we also find greater activity for an FkhP motif at lower pHi in cells and that pH-regulated binding and activity are dependent on a conserved histidine (His122) in the DBD. RNA-seq with FOXC2 also reveals pH-dependent differences in enriched promoter motifs. Our findings identify pH-regulated transcription factor-DNA binding selectivity with relevance to how pHi dynamics can regulate gene expression for myriad cell behaviours.
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2
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Battis K, Xiang W, Winkler J. The Bidirectional Interplay of α-Synuclein with Lipids in the Central Nervous System and Its Implications for the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13270. [PMID: 37686080 PMCID: PMC10487772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) play a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases collectively termed as synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The bidirectional interaction of α-syn with lipids and biomembranes impacts not only α-syn aggregation but also lipid homeostasis. Indeed, lipid composition and metabolism are severely perturbed in PD. One explanation for lipid-associated alterations may involve structural changes in α-syn, caused, for example, by missense mutations in the lipid-binding region of α-syn as well as post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, nitration, ubiquitination, truncation, glycosylation, and glycation. Notably, different strategies targeting the α-syn-lipid interaction have been identified and are able to reduce α-syn pathology. These approaches include the modulation of post-translational modifications aiming to reduce the aggregation of α-syn and modify its binding properties to lipid membranes. Furthermore, targeting enzymes involved in various steps of lipid metabolism and exploring the neuroprotective potential of lipids themselves have emerged as novel therapeutic approaches. Taken together, this review focuses on the bidirectional crosstalk of α-syn and lipids and how alterations of this interaction affect PD and thereby open a window for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.B.); (W.X.)
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3
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Pancoe SX, Wang YJ, Shimogawa M, Perez RM, Giannakoulias S, Petersson EJ. Effects of Mutations and Post-Translational Modifications on α-Synuclein In Vitro Aggregation. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167859. [PMID: 36270580 PMCID: PMC9922159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillar aggregates of the α-synuclein (αS) protein are the hallmark of Parkinson's Disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Characterization of the effects of mutations and post-translational modifications (PTMs) on the αS aggregation rate can provide insight into the mechanism of fibril formation, which remains elusive in spite of intense study. A comprehensive collection (375 examples) of mutant and PTM aggregation rate data measured using the fluorescent probe thioflavin T is presented, as well as a summary of the effects of fluorescent labeling on αS aggregation (20 examples). A curated set of 131 single mutant de novo aggregation experiments are normalized to wild type controls and analyzed in terms of structural data for the monomer and fibrillar forms of αS. These tabulated data serve as a resource to the community to help in interpretation of aggregation experiments and to potentially be used as inputs for computational models of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha X Pancoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yanxin J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marie Shimogawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryann M Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sam Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Pieger K, Schmitt V, Gauer C, Gießl N, Prots I, Winner B, Winkler J, Brandstätter JH, Xiang W. Translocation of Distinct Alpha Synuclein Species from the Nucleus to Neuronal Processes during Neuronal Differentiation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081108. [PMID: 36009004 PMCID: PMC9406079 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha synuclein (aSyn) and its aggregation are crucial for the neurodegeneration of Parkinson’s disease (PD). aSyn was initially described in the nucleus and presynaptic nerve terminals. However, the biology of nuclear aSyn and the link of aSyn between subcellular compartments are less understood. Current knowledge suggests the existence of various aSyn species with distinct structural and biochemical properties. Here, we identified a C-terminal-targeting aSyn antibody (Nu-aSyn-C), which has a high immunoaffinity towards aSyn in the nucleus. Comparing the Nu-aSyn-C antibody to aSyn antibodies developed against phosphorylated or aggregated forms, we observed that nuclear aSyn differs from cytosolic aSyn by an increased phosphorylation and assembly level in proliferating cells. Employing Nu-aSyn-C, we characterized aSyn distribution during neuronal differentiation in midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and Lund human mesencephalic cells, and in primary rat hippocampal neurons. We detected a specific translocation pattern of aSyn during neuronal differentiation from the nucleus to the soma and finally to neuronal processes. Interestingly, a remarkable shift of Nu-aSyn-C-positive species towards neurites was detected in hiPSC mDANs from a PD patient carrying aSyn gene duplication. Together, our results reveal distinct nuclear and cytosolic aSyn species that redistribute during neuronal differentiation—a process that is altered in PD-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pieger
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carina Gauer
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadja Gießl
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johann Helmut Brandstätter
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-44676
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5
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Kluge A, Bunk J, Schaeffer E, Drobny A, Xiang W, Knacke H, Bub S, Lückstädt W, Arnold P, Lucius R, Berg D, Zunke F. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:3058-3071. [PMID: 35722765 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no reliable clinically applicable biomarker has been established for Parkinson's disease. Our results indicate that a long anticipated blood test for Parkinson's disease may be realized. Following the isolation of neuron-derived extracellular vesicles of Parkinson's disease patients and non-Parkinson's disease individuals, immunoblot analyses were performed to detect extracellular vesicle-derived α-synuclein. Pathological α-synuclein forms derived from neuronal extracellular vesicles could be detected under native conditions and were significantly increased in all individuals with Parkinson's disease and clearly distinguished disease from the non-disease state. By performing an α-synuclein seeding assay these soluble conformers could be amplified and seeding of pathological protein folding was demonstrated. Amplified α-synuclein conformers exhibited β-sheet-rich structures and a fibrillary appearance. Our study demonstrates that the detection of pathological α-synuclein conformers from neuron-derived extracellular vesicles from blood plasma samples has the potential to evolve into a blood-biomarker of Parkinson's disease that is still lacking so far. Moreover, the distribution of seeding-competent α-synuclein within blood exosomes sheds a new light of pathological disease mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kluge
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Josina Bunk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henrike Knacke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bub
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lückstädt
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Andersen C, Grønnemose AL, Pedersen JN, Nowak JS, Christiansen G, Nielsen J, Mulder FAA, Otzen DE, Jørgensen TJD. Lipid Peroxidation Products HNE and ONE Promote and Stabilize Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers by Chemical Modifications. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3644-3658. [PMID: 34730940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (αSN) and increased oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation are pathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we report that aggregation of αSN in the presence of lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) increases the stability and the yield of αSN oligomers (αSO). Further, we show that ONE is more efficient than HNE at inducing αSO. In addition, we demonstrate that the two αSO differ in both size and shape. ONE-αSO are smaller in size than HNE-αSO, except when they are formed at a high molar excess of aldehyde. In both monomeric and oligomeric αSN, His50 is the main target of HNE modification, and HNE-induced oligomerization is severely retarded in the mutant His50Ala αSN. In contrast, ONE-induced aggregation of His50Ala αSN occurs readily, demonstrating the different pathways for inducing αSN aggregation by HNE and ONE. Our results show different morphologies of the HNE-treated and ONE-treated αSO and different roles of His50 in their modification of αSN, but we also observe structural similarities between these αSO and the non-treated αSO, e.g., flexible C-terminus, a folded core composed of the N-terminal and NAC region. Furthermore, HNE-αSO show a similar deuterium uptake as a previously characterized oligomer formed by non-treated αSO, suggesting that the backbone conformational dynamics of their folded cores resemble one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Andersen
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Grønnemose
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campusvej 55, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Jannik N Pedersen
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Jan S Nowak
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Janni Nielsen
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Frans A A Mulder
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Thomas J D Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campusvej 55, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
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7
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Yin Z, Wang N, Duan W, Pi L, Shen D, Dou D. Phytophthora capsici CBM1-containing protein CBP3 is an apoplastic effector with plant immunity-inducing activity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1358-1369. [PMID: 34382319 PMCID: PMC8518581 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1) is a cellulose-binding domain that is almost exclusively found in fungi and oomycetes. CBM1-containing proteins (CBPs) have diverse domain architectures and play pivotal roles in the plant-microbe interaction. However, only a few CBPs have been functionally investigated. In this study, we identified PcCBP3 in an oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici. PcCBP3 contains two tandem CBM1 domains and its orthologs from other Phytophthora species exhibit diversity including gene loss, pseudogenization, variations in sequences, and domain structures. PcCBP3 is upregulated during infection and knockout of PcCBP3 results in significantly decreased virulence. Moreover, PcCBP3 requires signal peptide to induce BAK1-dependent cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Further studies indicate that PcCBP3-triggered cell death and plant immunity require its N-terminal region, which is conserved in CBM1-containing proteins and other small, secreted, cysteine-rich protein from oomycetes. These results suggest that PcCBP3 is an apoplastic effector and could be perceived by the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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8
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Gadhavi J, Patel M, Bhatia D, Gupta S. Neurotoxic or neuroprotective: Post-translational modifications of α-synuclein at the cross-roads of functions. Biochimie 2021; 192:38-50. [PMID: 34582997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is one of the pathological hallmarks of PD. PD also belongs to the class of neurodegenerative disease known as 'Synucleinopathies' as α-synuclein is responsible for disease development. The presence of aggregated α-synuclein associated with other proteins found in the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the substantia nigra and other regions of the brain including locus ceruleus, dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus basalis of Meynert and cerebral cortex is one of the central events for PD development. The complete biological function of α-synuclein is still debated. Besides its ability to propagate, it undergoes various post-translational modifications which play a paramount role in PD development and progression. Also, the aggregation of α-synuclein is modulated by various post-translational modifications. Here, we present a summary of multiple PTMs involved in the modulation of α-synuclein directly or indirectly and to identify their neuroprotective or neurotoxic roles, which might act as potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshna Gadhavi
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohini Patel
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India; Center for Biomedical Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India; Center for Biomedical Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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9
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Gupta R, Sahu M, Srivastava D, Tiwari S, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Post-translational modifications: Regulators of neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101336. [PMID: 33775891 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmark features in the neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is the accumulation of aggregated and/or non-functional protein in the cellular milieu. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are an essential regulator of non-functional protein aggregation in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Any alteration in the post-translational mechanism and the protein quality control system, for instance, molecular chaperone, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway, enhances the accumulation of misfolded protein, which causes neuronal dysfunction. Post-translational modification plays many roles in protein turnover rate, accumulation of aggregate and can also help in the degradation of disease-causing toxic metabolites. PTMs such as acetylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, palmitoylation, SUMOylation, nitration, oxidation, and many others regulate protein homeostasis, which includes protein structure, functions and aggregation propensity. Different studies demonstrated the involvement of PTMs in the regulation of signaling cascades such as PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, MAPK cascade, AMPK pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Further, mounting evidence suggests that targeting different PTMs with small chemical molecules, which acts as an inhibitor or activator, reverse misfolded protein accumulation and thus enhances the neuroprotection. Herein, we briefly discuss the protein aggregation and various domain structures of different proteins involved in the NDDs, indicating critical amino acid residues where PTMs occur. We also describe the implementation and involvement of various PTMs on signaling cascade and cellular processes in NDDs. Lastly, we implement our current understanding of the therapeutic importance of PTMs in neurodegeneration, along with emerging techniques targeting various PTMs.
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10
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Ahmed R, Huang J, Akimoto M, Shi T, Melacini G. Atomic Resolution Map of Hierarchical Self-Assembly for an Amyloidogenic Protein Probed through Thermal 15N-R 2 Correlation Matrices. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4668-4679. [PMID: 33733753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soluble oligomers formed by amyloidogenic intrinsically disordered proteins are some of the most cytotoxic species linked to neurodegeneration. Due to the transient and heterogeneous nature of such oligomeric intermediates, the underlying self-association events often remain elusive. NMR relaxation measurements sensitive to zero-frequency spectral densities (J(0)), such as the 15N - R2 rates, are ideally suited to map sites of self-association at atomic resolution without the need of exogenous labels. Such experiments exploit the dynamic exchange between NMR visible monomers and slowly tumbling oligomers. However,15N - R2 rates are also sensitive to intrinsic monomer dynamics, and it is often difficult to discern these contributions from those arising from exchange with oligomers. Another challenge pertains to defining a hierarchy of self-association. Here, using the archetypical amyloidogenic protein alpha synuclein (αS), we show that the temperature-dependence of 15N - R2 effectively identifies self-association sites with reduced bias from internal dynamics. The key signature of the residues involved in self-association is a nonlinear temperature-dependence of 15N - R2 with a positive ΔR2/ΔT slope. These two hallmarks are systematically probed through a thermal R2 correlation matrix, from which the network of residues involved in self-association as well as the hierarchy of αS self-association sites is extracted through agglomerative clustering. We find that aggregation is initiated by residues within the NAC region that is solvent inaccessible in αS fibrils and eventually extends to the N-terminal segment harboring familial PD mutations. These hierarchical self-association maps help dissect the essential drivers of oligomerization and reveal how amyloid inhibitors affect oligomer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashik Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S4M1, Canada
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S4M1, Canada
| | - Madoka Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S4M1, Canada
| | - Tongyu Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S4M1, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S4M1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S4M1, Canada
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11
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Bugge K, Brakti I, Fernandes CB, Dreier JE, Lundsgaard JE, Olsen JG, Skriver K, Kragelund BB. Interactions by Disorder - A Matter of Context. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:110. [PMID: 32613009 PMCID: PMC7308724 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms depend on timely and organized interactions between proteins linked in interactomes of high complexity. The recent increased precision by which protein interactions can be studied, and the enclosure of intrinsic structural disorder, suggest that it is time to zoom out and embrace protein interactions beyond the most central points of physical encounter. The present paper discusses protein-protein interactions in the view of structural disorder with an emphasis on flanking regions and contexts of disorder-based interactions. Context constitutes an overarching concept being of physicochemical, biomolecular, and physiological nature, but it also includes the immediate molecular context of the interaction. For intrinsically disordered proteins, which often function by exploiting short linear motifs, context contributes in highly regulatory and decisive manners and constitute a yet largely unrecognized source of interaction potential in a multitude of biological processes. Through selected examples, this review emphasizes how multivalency, charges and charge clusters, hydrophobic patches, dynamics, energetic frustration, and ensemble redistribution of flanking regions or disordered contexts are emerging as important contributors to allosteric regulation, positive and negative cooperativity, feedback regulation and negative selection in binding. The review emphasizes that understanding context, and in particular the role the molecular disordered context and flanking regions take on in protein interactions, constitute an untapped well of energetic modulation potential, also of relevance to drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Bugge
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inna Brakti
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catarina B. Fernandes
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper E. Dreier
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe E. Lundsgaard
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan G. Olsen
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Skriver
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birthe B. Kragelund
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Do Post-Translational Modifications Influence Protein Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040232. [PMID: 32290481 PMCID: PMC7226274 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates represents a universal hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein structure and function. Dysregulated PTMs may influence the propensity for protein aggregation in NDD-proteinopathies. To investigate this, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate effects of PTMs on aggregation propensity for major proteins linked to the pathogenesis and/or progression of NDDs. A search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science Core Collection was conducted to retrieve studies that investigated an association between PTMs and protein aggregation in seven NDDs: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar ataxias, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and multiple sclerosis. Together, 1222 studies were identified, of which 69 met eligibility criteria. We identified that the following PTMs, in isolation or combination, potentially act as modulators of proteinopathy in NDDs: isoaspartate formation in Aβ, phosphorylation of Aβ or tau in AD; acetylation, 4-hydroxy-2-neonal modification, O-GlcNAcylation or phosphorylation of α-synuclein in PD; acetylation or phosphorylation of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 in ALS, and SUMOylation of superoxide dismutase-1 in ALS; and phosphorylation of huntingtin in HD. The potential pharmacological manipulation of these aggregation-modulating PTMs represents an as-yet untapped source of therapy to treat NDDs.
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Falcone E, Ahmed IMM, Oliveri V, Bellia F, Vileno B, El Khoury Y, Hellwig P, Faller P, Vecchio G. Acrolein and Copper as Competitive Effectors of α‐Synuclein. Chemistry 2020; 26:1871-1879. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Falcone
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Catania A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg 4 Rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Ikhlas M. M. Ahmed
- Istituto di CristallografiaConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche P. Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Catania A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Valentina Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Catania A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Francesco Bellia
- Istituto di CristallografiaConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche P. Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Bertrand Vileno
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg 4 Rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
- French EPR Federation of ResearchFédération IR-RPE CNRS 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Youssef El Khoury
- Laboratoire de bioélectrochimie et spectroscopie, UMR 7140CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg 4 Rue Blaise Pascal 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Petra Hellwig
- Laboratoire de bioélectrochimie et spectroscopie, UMR 7140CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg 4 Rue Blaise Pascal 67081 Strasbourg France
- Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS)Université de Strasbourg 5 allée du Général Rouvillois 67083 Strasbourg France
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg 4 Rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Catania A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
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Dar KB, Bhat AH, Amin S, Reshi BA, Zargar MA, Masood A, Ganie SA. Elucidating Critical Proteinopathic Mechanisms and Potential Drug Targets in Neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:313-345. [PMID: 31584139 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration entails progressive loss of neuronal structure as well as function leading to cognitive failure, apathy, anxiety, irregular body movements, mood swing and ageing. Proteomic dysregulation is considered the key factor for neurodegeneration. Mechanisms involving deregulated processing of proteins such as amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomerization; tau hyperphosphorylation, prion misfolding; α-synuclein accumulation/lewy body formation, chaperone deregulation, acetylcholine depletion, adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor hyperactivation, secretase deregulation, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation and mitochondrial proteinopathies have deeper implications in neurodegenerative disorders. Better understanding of such pathological mechanisms is pivotal for exploring crucial drug targets. Herein, we provide a comprehensive outlook about the diverse proteomic irregularities in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD). We explicate the role of key neuroproteomic drug targets notably Aβ, tau, alpha synuclein, prions, secretases, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), LRRK2, molecular chaperones, A2A receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchR), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs) and mitochondrial/oxidative stress-related proteins for combating neurodegeneration and associated cognitive and motor impairment. Cross talk between amyloidopathy, synucleinopathy, tauopathy and several other proteinopathies pinpoints the need to develop safe therapeutics with ability to strike multiple targets in the aetiology of the neurodegenerative disorders. Therapeutics like microtubule stabilisers, chaperones, kinase inhibitors, anti-aggregation agents and antibodies could serve promising regimens for treating neurodegeneration. However, drugs should be target specific, safe and able to penetrate blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bashir Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aashiq Hussain Bhat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Reshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal Zargar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Akbar Masood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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Chen B, Wen X, Jiang H, Wang J, Song N, Xie J. Interactions between iron and α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:253-260. [PMID: 31233777 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both iron deposition and α-synuclein aggregation are neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to summarize the extensive interactions between these two factors. The direct structural links between iron and α-synuclein suggest that structural reorganization provokes α-synuclein conformational change. Iron post-transcriptionally regulates α-synuclein synthesis in the presence of iron-responsive element. Increased oxidative/nitrative stress induced by iron is believed to be involved in the post-translational modulation of α-synuclein. Iron modulates proteolytic pathways and therefore participates in the regulation of α-synuclein levels. Meanwhile, the recycling of iron through ferritin degradation suggests a link from the aspects of the degradation signaling pathway. Finally, α-synuclein might regulate iron metabolism through its ferrireductase activity. A prominent role of α-synuclein in iron homeostasis is involved in the uptake of transferrin-Fe. These findings suggest that intracellular iron and α-synuclein are closely related to each other, contributing to the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons or even to a vicious cycle of toxicity in the pathology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Marvian AT, Koss DJ, Aliakbari F, Morshedi D, Outeiro TF. In vitro models of synucleinopathies: informing on molecular mechanisms and protective strategies. J Neurochem 2019; 150:535-565. [PMID: 31004503 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a central player in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as synucleinopathies. The protein was first associated with PD just over 20 years ago, when it was found to (i) be a major component of Lewy bodies and (ii) to be also associated with familial forms of PD. The characterization of α-Syn pathology has been achieved through postmortem studies of human brains. However, the identification of toxic mechanisms associated with α-Syn was only achieved through the use of experimental models. In vitro models are highly accessible, enable relatively rapid studies, and have been extensively employed to address α-Syn-associated neurodegeneration. Given the diversity of models used and the outcomes of the studies, a cumulative and comprehensive perspective emerges as indispensable to pave the way for further investigations. Here, we subdivided in vitro models of α-Syn pathology into three major types: (i) models simulating α-Syn fibrillization and the formation of different aggregated structures in vitro, (ii) models based on the intracellular expression of α-Syn, reporting on pathogenic conditions and cellular dysfunctions induced, and (iii) models using extracellular treatment with α-Syn aggregated species, reporting on sites of interaction and their downstream consequences. In summary, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms discovered and categorize protective strategies, in order to pave the way for future studies and the identification of effective therapeutic strategies. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tayaranian Marvian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - David J Koss
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Farhang Aliakbari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dina Morshedi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Extracellular aggregated alpha synuclein primarily triggers lysosomal dysfunction in neural cells prevented by trehalose. Sci Rep 2019; 9:544. [PMID: 30679445 PMCID: PMC6345801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell propagation of aggregated alpha synuclein (aSyn) has been suggested to play an important role in the progression of alpha synucleinopathies. A critical step for the propagation process is the accumulation of extracellular aSyn within recipient cells. Here, we investigated the trafficking of distinct exogenous aSyn forms and addressed the mechanisms influencing their accumulation in recipient cells. The aggregated aSyn species (oligomers and fibrils) exhibited more pronounced accumulation within recipient cells than aSyn monomers. In particular, internalized extracellular aSyn in the aggregated forms was able to seed the aggregation of endogenous aSyn. Following uptake, aSyn was detected along endosome-to-lysosome and autophagosome-to-lysosome routes. Intriguingly, aggregated aSyn resulted in lysosomal activity impairment, accompanied by the accumulation of dilated lysosomes. Moreover, analysis of autophagy-related protein markers suggested decreased autophagosome clearance. In contrast, the endocytic pathway, proteasome activity, and mitochondrial homeostasis were not substantially affected in recipient cells. Our data suggests that extracellularly added aggregated aSyn primarily impairs lysosomal activity, consequently leading to aSyn accumulation within recipient cells. Importantly, the autophagy inducer trehalose prevented lysosomal alterations and attenuated aSyn accumulation within aSyn-exposed cells. Our study underscores the importance of lysosomes for the propagation of aSyn pathology, thereby proposing these organelles as interventional targets.
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18
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α-Synuclein oligomers induce early axonal dysfunction in human iPSC-based models of synucleinopathies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7813-7818. [PMID: 29991596 PMCID: PMC6065020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713129115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation underlies neurodegeneration in synucleinopathies. However, the nature of α-Syn aggregates and their toxic mechanisms in human pathology remains elusive. Here, we delineate a role of α-Syn oligomeric aggregates for axonal integrity in human neuronal models of synucleinopathies. α-Syn oligomers disrupt anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria by causing subcellular changes in transport-regulating proteins and energy deficits. An increase of α-Syn oligomers in human neurons finally results in synaptic degeneration. Together, our data provide mechanistic insights of α-Syn oligomeric toxicity in human neurons. Taking into account that α-Syn oligomers and axonal dysfunction are characteristic for early neurodegeneration in synucleinopathies, our data might deliver targets for therapeutic interference with early disease pathology. α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation, proceeding from oligomers to fibrils, is one central hallmark of neurodegeneration in synucleinopathies. α-Syn oligomers are toxic by triggering neurodegenerative processes in in vitro and in vivo models. However, the precise contribution of α-Syn oligomers to neurite pathology in human neurons and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate the formation of oligomeric α-Syn intermediates and reduced axonal mitochondrial transport in human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from a Parkinson’s disease patient carrying an α-Syn gene duplication. We further show that increased levels of α-Syn oligomers disrupt axonal integrity in human neurons. We apply an α-Syn oligomerization model by expressing α-Syn oligomer-forming mutants (E46K and E57K) and wild-type α-Syn in human iPSC-derived neurons. Pronounced α-Syn oligomerization led to impaired anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria, which can be restored by the inhibition of α-Syn oligomer formation. Furthermore, α-Syn oligomers were associated with a subcellular relocation of transport-regulating proteins Miro1, KLC1, and Tau as well as reduced ATP levels, underlying axonal transport deficits. Consequently, reduced axonal density and structural synaptic degeneration were observed in human neurons in the presence of high levels of α-Syn oligomers. Together, increased dosage of α-Syn resulting in α-Syn oligomerization causes axonal transport disruption and energy deficits, leading to synapse loss in human neurons. This study identifies α-Syn oligomers as the critical species triggering early axonal dysfunction in synucleinopathies.
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19
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Lipid vesicles affect the aggregation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified α-synuclein oligomers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3060-3068. [PMID: 29960040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies are characterized by accumulation of misfolded aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn). The normal function of α-syn is still under investigation, but it has been generally linked to synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter release and the maintenance of the synaptic pool. α-Syn localizes at synaptic terminals where it can bind to synaptic vesicles as well as to other cellular membranes. It has become clear that these interactions have an impact on both α-syn functional role and its propensity to aggregate. In this study, we investigated the aggregation process of α-syn covalently modified with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). HNE is a product of lipid peroxidation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative diseases by modifying the kinetics of soluble toxic oligomers. Although HNE-modified α-syn has been reported to assemble into stable oligomers, we found that slightly acidic conditions promoted further protein aggregation. Lipid vesicles delayed the aggregation process in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that was observed only when they were added at the beginning of the aggregation process. Co-aggregation of lipid vesicles with HNE-modified α-syn also induced cytotoxic effects on differentiated SHSY-5Y cells. Under conditions in which the aggregation process was delayed cell viability was reduced. By exploring the behavior and potential cytotoxic effects of HNE-α-syn under acidic conditions in relation to protein-lipid interactions our study gives a framework to examine a possible pathway leading from a physiological setting to the pathological outcome of PD.
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20
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Serum metabolomics study in a group of Parkinson's disease patients from northern India. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 480:214-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhang J, Culp ML, Craver JG, Darley-Usmar V. Mitochondrial function and autophagy: integrating proteotoxic, redox, and metabolic stress in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 144:691-709. [PMID: 29341130 PMCID: PMC5897151 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder with widespread neurodegeneration in the brain. Significant oxidative, reductive, metabolic, and proteotoxic alterations have been observed in PD postmortem brains. The alterations of mitochondrial function resulting in decreased bioenergetic health is important and needs to be further examined to help develop biomarkers for PD severity and prognosis. It is now becoming clear that multiple hits on metabolic and signaling pathways are likely to exacerbate PD pathogenesis. Indeed, data obtained from genetic and genome association studies have implicated interactive contributions of genes controlling protein quality control and metabolism. For example, loss of key proteins that are responsible for clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through a process called mitophagy has been found to cause PD, and a significant proportion of genes associated with PD encode proteins involved in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. In this review, we highlight the evidence for the targeting of mitochondria by proteotoxic, redox and metabolic stress, and the role autophagic surveillance in maintenance of mitochondrial quality. Furthermore, we summarize the role of α-synuclein, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and tau in modulating mitochondrial function and autophagy. Among the stressors that can overwhelm the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, we will discuss 4-hydroxynonenal and nitric oxide. The impact of autophagy is context depend and as such can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of targeting mitochondria and autophagic function as an integrated therapeutic strategy and the emerging contribution of the microbiome to PD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
| | - M Lillian Culp
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jason G Craver
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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22
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Daniele S, Pietrobono D, Fusi J, Lo Gerfo A, Cerri E, Chico L, Iofrida C, Petrozzi L, Baldacci F, Giacomelli C, Galetta F, Siciliano G, Bonuccelli U, Trincavelli ML, Franzoni F, Martini C. α-Synuclein Aggregated with Tau and β-Amyloid in Human Platelets from Healthy Subjects: Correlation with Physical Exercise. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:17. [PMID: 29441013 PMCID: PMC5797553 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of protein homeostasis that has been associated with aging leads to altered levels and conformational instability of proteins, which tend to form toxic aggregates. In particular, brain aging presents characteristic patterns of misfolded oligomers, primarily constituted of β-amyloid (Aβ), tau, and α-synuclein (α-syn), which can accumulate in neuronal membranes or extracellular compartments. Such aging-related proteins can also reach peripheral compartments, thus suggesting the possibility to monitor their accumulation in more accessible fluids. In this respect, we have demonstrated that α-syn forms detectable hetero-aggregates with Aβ or tau in red blood cells (RBCs) of healthy subjects. In particular, α-syn levels and its heteromeric interactions are modulated by plasma antioxidant capability (AOC), which increases in turn with physical activity. In order to understand if a specific distribution of misfolded proteins can occur in other blood cells, a cohort of human subjects was enrolled to establish a correlation among AOC, the level of physical exercise and the concentrations of aging-related proteins in platelets. The healthy subjects were divided depending on their level of physical exercise (i.e., athletes and sedentary subjects) and their age (young and older subjects). Herein, aging-related proteins (i.e., α-syn, tau and Aβ) were confirmed to be present in human platelets. Among such proteins, platelet tau concentration was demonstrated to decrease in athletes, while α-syn and Aβ did not correlate with physical exercise. For the first time, α-syn was shown to directly interact with Aβ and tau in platelets, forming detectable hetero-complexes. Interestingly, α-syn interaction with tau was inversely related to plasma AOC and to the level of physical activity. These results suggested that α-syn heterocomplexes, particularly with tau, could represent novel indicators to monitor aging-related proteins in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Fusi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lo Gerfo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cerri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Chico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Petrozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Galetta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Franzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Antunes L, Frasquilho S, Ostaszewski M, Weber J, Longhino L, Antony P, Baumuratov A, Buttini M, Shannon KM, Balling R, Diederich NJ. Similar α-Synuclein staining in the colon mucosa in patients with Parkinson's disease and controls. Mov Disord 2017; 31:1567-1570. [PMID: 27324838 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut is proposed as a starting point of idiopathic IPD, but the presence of α-synuclein in the IPD colon mucosa is debated. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate if α-synuclein in the colon mucosa can serve as a biomarker of IPD. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to locate and quantify in a blinded approach α-synuclein in the mucosa from biopsies of the right and left colon in 19 IPD patients and 8 controls. RESULTS Total α-synuclein was present in all but 1 IPD patients and in all controls; phosphorylated α-synuclein was present in all subjects. There was no intensity difference depending on disease status. Staining of total α-synuclein was stronger in the right colon (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS Conventional immunohistochemistry α-synuclein staining in colon mucosal biopsies cannot serve as a biomarker of idiopathic PD. These findings do not contradict the assumption of disease starting in the colon, and a colon segment-specific risk for disease initiation can still be hypothesized. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Antunes
- Department of Pathology, Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Sonia Frasquilho
- Department of Pathology, Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Marek Ostaszewski
- Department of Pathology, Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg.,Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Jos Weber
- Luxembourg Centre of Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laura Longhino
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Antony
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Aidos Baumuratov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Kathleen M Shannon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rudi Balling
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Nico J Diederich
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg. .,Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg.
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Llorens F, Thüne K, Tahir W, Kanata E, Diaz-Lucena D, Xanthopoulos K, Kovatsi E, Pleschka C, Garcia-Esparcia P, Schmitz M, Ozbay D, Correia S, Correia Â, Milosevic I, Andréoletti O, Fernández-Borges N, Vorberg IM, Glatzel M, Sklaviadis T, Torres JM, Krasemann S, Sánchez-Valle R, Ferrer I, Zerr I. YKL-40 in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of neurodegenerative dementias. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:83. [PMID: 29126445 PMCID: PMC5681777 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND YKL-40 (also known as Chitinase 3-like 1) is a glycoprotein produced by inflammatory, cancer and stem cells. Its physiological role is not completely understood but YKL-40 is elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases associated with inflammatory processes. Yet the precise characterization of YKL-40 in dementia cases is missing. METHODS In the present study, we comparatively analysed YKL-40 levels in the brain and CSF samples from neurodegenerative dementias of different aetiologies characterized by the presence of cortical pathology and disease-specific neuroinflammatory signatures. RESULTS YKL-40 was normally expressed in fibrillar astrocytes in the white matter. Additionally YKL-40 was highly and widely expressed in reactive protoplasmic cortical and perivascular astrocytes, and fibrillar astrocytes in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Elevated YKL-40 levels were also detected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but not in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In AD, YKL-40-positive astrocytes were commonly found in clusters, often around β-amyloid plaques, and surrounding vessels with β-amyloid angiopathy; they were also distributed randomly in the cerebral cortex and white matter. YKL-40 overexpression appeared as a pre-clinical event as demonstrated in experimental models of prion diseases and AD pathology. CSF YKL-40 levels were measured in a cohort of 288 individuals, including neurological controls (NC) and patients diagnosed with different types of dementia. Compared to NC, increased YKL-40 levels were detected in sCJD (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.92) and AD (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.77) but not in vascular dementia (VaD) (p > 0.05, AUC = 0.71) or in DLB/Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) (p > 0.05, AUC = 0.70). Further, two independent patient cohorts were used to validate the increased CSF YKL-40 levels in sCJD. Additionally, increased YKL-40 levels were found in genetic prion diseases associated with the PRNP-D178N (Fatal Familial Insomnia) and PRNP-E200K mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our results unequivocally demonstrate that in neurodegenerative dementias, YKL-40 is a disease-specific marker of neuroinflammation showing its highest levels in prion diseases. Therefore, YKL-40 quantification might have a potential for application in the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in dementias with a neuroinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Thüne
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Waqas Tahir
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eirini Kanata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniela Diaz-Lucena
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Present address: Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleni Kovatsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Duru Ozbay
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susana Correia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ângela Correia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Andréoletti
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ina M. Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Juan Maria Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Almandoz-Gil L, Welander H, Ihse E, Khoonsari PE, Musunuri S, Lendel C, Sigvardson J, Karlsson M, Ingelsson M, Kultima K, Bergström J. Low molar excess of 4-oxo-2-nonenal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal promote oligomerization of alpha-synuclein through different pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:421-431. [PMID: 28690195 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aggregated alpha-synuclein is the main component of Lewy bodies, intraneuronal inclusions found in brains with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. A body of evidence implicates oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of these diseases. For example, a large excess (30:1, aldehyde:protein) of the lipid peroxidation end products 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) can induce alpha-synuclein oligomer formation. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of these reactive aldehydes on alpha-synuclein at a lower molar excess (3:1) at both physiological (7.4) and acidic (5.4) pH. As observed by size-exclusion chromatography, ONE rapidly induced the formation of alpha-synuclein oligomers at both pH values, but the effect was less pronounced under the acidic condition. In contrast, only a small proportion of alpha-synuclein oligomers were formed with low excess HNE-treatment at physiological pH and no oligomers at all under the acidic condition. With prolonged incubation times (up to 96h), more alpha-synuclein was oligomerized at physiological pH for both ONE and HNE. As determined by Western blot, ONE-oligomers were more SDS-stable and to a higher-degree cross-linked as compared to the HNE-induced oligomers. However, as shown by their greater sensitivity to proteinase K treatment, ONE-oligomers, exhibited a less compact structure than HNE-oligomers. As indicated by mass spectrometry, ONE modified most Lys residues, whereas HNE primarily modified the His50 residue and fewer Lys residues, albeit to a higher degree than ONE. Taken together, our data show that the aldehydes ONE and HNE can modify alpha-synuclein and induce oligomerization, even at low molar excess, but to a higher degree at physiological pH and seemingly through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Almandoz-Gil
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Welander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Ihse
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sravani Musunuri
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christofer Lendel
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Karlsson
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Ganguly G, Chakrabarti S, Chatterjee U, Saso L. Proteinopathy, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction: cross talk in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:797-810. [PMID: 28352155 PMCID: PMC5358994 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s130514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are two common neurodegenerative diseases of the elderly people that have devastating effects in terms of morbidity and mortality. The predominant form of the disease in either case is sporadic with uncertain etiology. The clinical features of Parkinson’s disease are primarily motor deficits, while the patients of Alzheimer’s disease present with dementia and cognitive impairment. Though neuronal death is a common element in both the disorders, the postmortem histopathology of the brain is very characteristic in each case and different from each other. In terms of molecular pathogenesis, however, both the diseases have a significant commonality, and proteinopathy (abnormal accumulation of misfolded proteins), mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are the cardinal features in either case. These three damage mechanisms work in concert, reinforcing each other to drive the pathology in the aging brain for both the diseases; very interestingly, the nature of interactions among these three damage mechanisms is very similar in both the diseases, and this review attempts to highlight these aspects. In the case of Alzheimer’s disease, the peptide amyloid beta (Aβ) is responsible for the proteinopathy, while α-synuclein plays a similar role in Parkinson’s disease. The expression levels of these two proteins and their aggregation processes are modulated by reactive oxygen radicals and transition metal ions in a similar manner. In turn, these proteins – as oligomers or in aggregated forms – cause mitochondrial impairment by apparently following similar mechanisms. Understanding the common nature of these interactions may, therefore, help us to identify putative neuroprotective strategies that would be beneficial in both the clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Ganguly
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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27
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De Franceschi G, Fecchio C, Sharon R, Schapira AHV, Proukakis C, Bellotti V, de Laureto PP. α-Synuclein structural features inhibit harmful polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation, suggesting roles in neuroprotection. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6927-6937. [PMID: 28232489 PMCID: PMC5409462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aS) is a protein abundant in presynaptic nerve terminals in Parkinson disease (PD) and is a major component of intracellular Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. Accordingly, the relationships between aS structure, its interaction with lipids, and its involvement in neurodegeneration have attracted great interest. Previously, we reported on the interaction of aS with brain polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). aS acquires an α-helical secondary structure in the presence of DHA and, in turn, affects DHA structural and aggregative properties. Moreover, aS forms a covalent adduct with DHA. Here, we provide evidence that His-50 is the main site of this covalent modification. To better understand the role of His-50, we analyzed the effect of DHA on aS-derived species: a naturally occurring variant, H50Q; an oxidized aS in which all methionines are sulfoxides (aS4ox); a fully lysine-alkylated aS (acetyl-aS); and aS fibrils, testing their ability to be chemically modified by DHA. We show, by mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques, that H50Q and aS4ox are modified by DHA, whereas acetyl-aS is not. We correlated this modification with aS structural features, and we suggest a possible functional role of aS in sequestering the early peroxidation products of fatty acids, thereby reducing the level of highly reactive lipid species. Finally, we show that fibrillar aS loses almost 80% of its scavenging activity, thus lacking a potentially protective function. Our findings linking aS scavenging activity with brain lipid composition suggest a possible etiological mechanism in some neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia De Franceschi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CRIBI, Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Fecchio
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CRIBI, Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Ronit Sharon
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, NW32PF London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Proukakis
- the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, NW32PF London, United Kingdom
| | - Vittorio Bellotti
- the Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom, and.,the Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Polverino de Laureto
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CRIBI, Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy,
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28
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Menges S, Minakaki G, Schaefer PM, Meixner H, Prots I, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Friedland K, Winner B, Outeiro TF, Winklhofer KF, von Arnim CAF, Xiang W, Winkler J, Klucken J. Alpha-synuclein prevents the formation of spherical mitochondria and apoptosis under oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42942. [PMID: 28224980 PMCID: PMC5320486 DOI: 10.1038/srep42942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysregulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) homeostasis are key pathogenic factors in Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, the role of aSyn in mitochondrial physiology remains elusive. Thus, we addressed the impact of aSyn specifically on mitochondrial response to OS in neural cells. We characterize a distinct type of mitochondrial fragmentation, following H2O2 or 6-OHDA-induced OS, defined by spherically-shaped and hyperpolarized mitochondria, termed "mitospheres". Mitosphere formation mechanistically depended on the fission factor Drp1, and was paralleled by reduced mitochondrial fusion. Furthermore, mitospheres were linked to a decrease in mitochondrial activity, and preceded Caspase3 activation. Even though fragmentation of dysfunctional mitochondria is considered to be a prerequisite for mitochondrial degradation, mitospheres were not degraded via Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Importantly, we provide compelling evidence that aSyn prevents mitosphere formation and reduces apoptosis under OS. In contrast, aSyn did not protect against Rotenone, which led to a different, previously described donut-shaped mitochondrial morphology. Our findings reveal a dichotomic role of aSyn in mitochondrial biology, which is linked to distinct types of stress-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Specifically, aSyn may be part of a cellular defense mechanism preserving neural mitochondrial homeostasis in the presence of increased OS levels, while not protecting against stressors directly affecting mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Menges
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Holger Meixner
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, IZKF, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Friedland
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, IZKF, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Wei Xiang
- Institute of Biochemistry, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Zhang S, Eitan E, Mattson MP. Early involvement of lysosome dysfunction in the degeneration of cerebral cortical neurons caused by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. J Neurochem 2017; 140:941-954. [PMID: 28095639 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Free radical-mediated oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA occurs in neurons during acute brain injuries and in neurodegenerative disorders. Membrane lipid peroxidation contributes to neuronal dysfunction and death, in part by disrupting neuronal ion homeostasis and cellular bioenergetics. Emerging findings suggest that 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), an aldehyde produced during lipid peroxidation, impairs the function of various proteins involved in neuronal homeostasis. Here we tested the hypothesis that HNE impairs the cellular system that removes damaged proteins and organelles, the autophagy-lysosome pathway in rat primary cortical neurons. We found that HNE, at a concentration that causes apoptosis over a 48-72 h period, increases protein levels of LC3 II and p62 and within 1 and 4 h of exposure, respectively; LC3 II and p62 immunoreactive puncta were observed in the cytoplasm of HNE-treated neurons at 6 h. The extent of up-regulation of p62 and LC3 II in response to HNE was not affected by co-treatment with the lysosome inhibitor bafilomycin A1, suggesting that the effects of HNE on autophagy were secondary to lysosome inhibition. Indeed, we found that neurons exposed to HNE exhibit elevated pH levels, and decreased protein substrate hydrolysis and cathepsin B activity. Neurons exposed to HNE also exhibited the accumulation of K63-linked polyubiquitinated proteins, which are substrates targeted for lysosomal degradation. Moreover, we found that the levels of LAMP2a and constitutively active heat-shock protein 70, and numbers of LAMP2a-positive lysosomes, are decreased in neurons exposed to HNE. Our findings demonstrate that the lipid peroxidation product HNE causes early impairment of lysosomes which may contribute to the accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional proteins and organelles and consequent neuronal death. Because impaired lysosome function is increasingly recognized as an early event in the neuronal death that occurs in neurodegenerative disorders, our findings suggest a role for HNE in such lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erez Eitan
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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30
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Zheng Q, Huang T, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Luo H, Xu H, Wang X. Dysregulation of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:303. [PMID: 28018215 PMCID: PMC5156861 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is one of the major protein degradation pathways, where abnormal UPS function has been observed in cancer and neurological diseases. Many neurodegenerative diseases share a common pathological feature, namely intracellular ubiquitin-positive inclusions formed by aggregate-prone neurotoxic proteins. This suggests that dysfunction of the UPS in neurodegenerative diseases contributes to the accumulation of neurotoxic proteins and to instigate neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent findings describing various aspects of UPS dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Timothy Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Lishan Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CAUSA
| | - Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
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31
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Environmental and genetic factors support the dissociation between α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6506-E6515. [PMID: 27708160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606791113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of progressive disorders characterized by the abnormal aggregation and accumulation of α-synuclein (aSyn), an abundant neuronal protein that can adopt different conformations and biological properties. Recently, aSyn pathology was shown to spread between neurons in a prion-like manner. Proteins like aSyn that exhibit self-propagating capacity appear to be able to adopt different stable conformational states, known as protein strains, which can be modulated both by environmental and by protein-intrinsic factors. Here, we analyzed these factors and found that the unique combination of the neurodegeneration-related metal copper and the pathological H50Q aSyn mutation induces a significant alteration in the aggregation properties of aSyn. We compared the aggregation of WT and H50Q aSyn with and without copper, and assessed the effects of the resultant protein species when applied to primary neuronal cultures. The presence of copper induces the formation of structurally different and less-damaging aSyn aggregates. Interestingly, these aggregates exhibit a stronger capacity to induce aSyn inclusion formation in recipient cells, which demonstrates that the structural features of aSyn species determine their effect in neuronal cells and supports a lack of correlation between toxicity and inclusion formation. In total, our study provides strong support in favor of the hypothesis that protein aggregation is not a primary cause of cytotoxicity.
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32
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Kwon HJ, Cha MY, Kim D, Kim DK, Soh M, Shin K, Hyeon T, Mook-Jung I. Mitochondria-Targeting Ceria Nanoparticles as Antioxidants for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2860-70. [PMID: 26844592 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a key pathologic factor in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction, can lead to neuronal cell death. Ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles are known to function as strong and recyclable ROS scavengers by shuttling between Ce(3+) and Ce(4+) oxidation states. Consequently, targeting ceria nanoparticles selectively to mitochondria might be a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report the design and synthesis of triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles that localize to mitochondria and suppress neuronal death in a 5XFAD transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. The triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles mitigate reactive gliosis and morphological mitochondria damage observed in these mice. Altogether, our data indicate that the triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles are a potential therapeutic candidate for mitochondrial oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyek Jin Kwon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Cha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soh
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Petrucci S, Ginevrino M, Valente EM. Phenotypic spectrum of alpha-synuclein mutations: New insights from patients and cellular models. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 22 Suppl 1:S16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Martins IJ. Overnutrition Determines LPS Regulation of Mycotoxin Induced Neurotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29554-73. [PMID: 26690419 PMCID: PMC4691133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases are now associated with obesity and diabetes and linked to the developing and developed world. Interests in healthy diets have escalated that may prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The global metabolic syndrome involves lipoprotein abnormalities and insulin resistance and is the major disorder for induction of neurological disease. The effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on dyslipidemia and NAFLD indicate that the clearance and metabolism of fungal mycotoxins are linked to hypercholesterolemia and amyloid beta oligomers. LPS and mycotoxins are associated with membrane lipid disturbances with effects on cholesterol interacting proteins, lipoprotein metabolism, and membrane apo E/amyloid beta interactions relevant to hypercholesterolemia with close connections to neurological diseases. The influence of diet on mycotoxin metabolism has accelerated with the close association between mycotoxin contamination from agricultural products such as apple juice, grains, alcohol, and coffee. Cholesterol efflux in lipoproteins and membrane cholesterol are determined by LPS with involvement of mycotoxin on amyloid beta metabolism. Nutritional interventions such as diets low in fat/carbohydrate/cholesterol have become of interest with relevance to low absorption of lipophilic LPS and mycotoxin into lipoproteins with rapid metabolism of mycotoxin to the liver with the prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian James Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
- McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
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