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Schmid SM, Hoffman JM, Prescott J, Ernst H, Promislow DEL, Creevy KE. The companion dog as a model for inflammaging: a cross-sectional pilot study. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01217-w. [PMID: 38822125 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammaging, the chronic, progressive proinflammatory state associated with aging, has been associated with multiple negative health outcomes in humans. The pathophysiology of inflammaging is complex; however, it is often characterized by high serum concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Few studies have evaluated the effects of age on inflammatory cytokines in companion dogs, and most of these studies included dogs of a single breed. In this cross-sectional study, we measured multiple circulating inflammatory markers and hematological parameters in banked serum samples from 47 healthy companion dogs of various breeds enrolled in the Dog Aging Project. Using univariate linear models, we investigated the association of each of these markers with age, sex, body weight, and body condition score (BCS), a measure of obesity in the dog. Serum IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α concentrations were all positively associated with age. Lymphocyte count was negatively associated with age. Platelet count had a negative association with body weight. IL-2, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, bilirubin, S100A12, and NMH concentrations were not associated with age, weight, BCS, or sex after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Our findings replicate previous findings in humans, including increases in IL-6 and TNF-α with age, giving more evidence to the strength of the companion dog as a model for human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schmid
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jena Prescott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Holley Ernst
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Rompf J, Hettlich B, Lutz B, Marti E, Mirkovitch J, Peters L, Adamik KN, Schüpbach-Regula G, Willi B, Schuller S. Plasma procalcitonin kinetics in healthy dogs and dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Clin Pathol 2023. [PMID: 36898678 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT) is a well-established biomarker for bacterial infection in human patients. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze the kinetics of plasma PCT (pPCT) in healthy dogs and dogs with canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). METHODS This prospective, longitudinal study included 15 healthy dogs and 25 dogs undergoing TPLO. Hematology, pPCT, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed on 3 consecutive days in healthy dogs and 1 day preoperatively and days 1, 2, 10, and 56 postoperatively. Inter- and intraindividual variability of pPCT were assessed in healthy dogs. Median pPCT concentrations of dogs with CCL rupture preoperatively were compared with healthy controls, and median pPCT concentrations, as well as percentage change post anesthesia, arthroscopy, and TPLO, were compared with baseline. For the correlation analysis, the Spearman rank correlation test was used. RESULTS Inter- and intraindividual variabilities of pPCT in healthy dogs were 36% and 15%, respectively. Median baseline pPCT concentrations were not significantly different between healthy dogs (118.9 pg/mL; IQR: 75.3-157.3 pg/mL) and dogs undergoing TPLO (95.9 pg/mL; IQR: 63.8-117.0 pg/mL). Plasma PCT concentrations were significantly lower immediately post- than preoperatively (P < 0.001). CRP, WBC, and neutrophil concentrations increased significantly on post-OP day 2 and had normalized by day 10. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CCL rupture, as well as anesthesia, arthroscopy, and TPLO combined, are not associated with increased pPCT concentrations in dogs with uncomplicated recovery. Considering the high intraindividual variability, individual serial measurements rather than a population-based reference interval should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rompf
- Division of Small Animal Internal medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Hettlich
- Surgery Division, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bérénice Lutz
- Division of Small Animal Internal medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Mirkovitch
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laureen Peters
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja-Nicole Adamik
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuller
- Division of Small Animal Internal medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Wemmers AC, Charalambous M, Harms O, Volk HA. Surgical treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs using Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy or Tibial Tuberosity Advancement-A systematic review with a meta-analytic approach. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1004637. [PMID: 36532339 PMCID: PMC9748159 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) or Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) are commonly used surgical techniques for correction of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in dogs. This systematic review aims to investigate whether one technique is superior to the other. Seventy-two studies on surgical management of CCL rupture have been identified and evaluated in regard of subjective and objective gait analysis criteria, development of osteoarthritis (OA), thigh circumference measurements, goniometry, joint stability, pain and complication rates. Almost half (47.2 %) of the studies were considered of low quality of evidence, leading to high heterogeneity in quality among studies; this posed a major limitation for an evidence-based systematic review of both surgical techniques. Out of 72 studies, there were only eleven blinded randomized clinical trials, of which five were rated with a low overall risk of bias. However, both techniques were considered to be successful management options. Subjective and objective gait analysis revealed no lameness at long-term evaluation for the majority of the patients. However, it appeared that TTA lead to better OA scores up to 6 months postoperatively, while TPLO had a lower rate of surgical site infections. In summary, no method can be clearly preferred, as most of the study evaluated were subpar. Studies with a high level of evidence are therefore urgently needed for such a common surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Christina Wemmers
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Larsson A, Campbell A, Eriksson M. Chicken antibodies are highly suitable for particle enhanced turbidimetric assays. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016781. [PMID: 36304451 PMCID: PMC9595070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based assays are commonly used in clinical laboratories for analyzing plasma, serum and other samples for particular protein markers. Although such assays have been traditionally based on antibodies raised in mammals (e.g., mice, rabbits, goats), there are several advantages of using avian antibodies (IgY) raised in chickens, including production volumes, costs, and ethical/animal welfare considerations. A further disadvantage of using mammalian IgG in such assays is the potential for agglutination when exposed to rheumatoid factor (RF) in serum. However, when used in the free form the immune complexes formed with avian antibodies have been reported to have less ability than those formed with mammalian antibodies to cause the light scatter which are used for instrument measurement. In addition, when the amount of antigen exceeds the maximum precipitating point in relation to the amount of antibody, there is a rapid decline in the absorbance values of the immune complexes (antigen excess) when IgY is used. However, when avian antibodies are conjugated to a substrate and used in particle enhanced turbidimetric assays (PETIA), these problems are avoided. Here we investigated three clinical assays using chicken antibodies, one using free (unbound) IgY and two with IgY-based PETIA. The IgY PETIA demonstrated a strong scatter response, even at high antigen concentrations in contrast to the steep decline seen with free IgY antibodies. IgY PETIA reagents can provide test results with low coefficient of variation (<1% for duplicate samples). We also investigated the effect of RF on agglutination of mammalian antibodies (IgG from mouse, rabbit, sheep, and human) and chicken antibodies. Whereas agglutination was observed with all the mammalian antibodies in the presence of RF, this was not observed at all with chicken IgY. Our results support the growing body of evidence that chicken egg yolks can thus be a valuable source of antibodies for use in PETIA in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anders Larsson,
| | | | - Mats Eriksson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- NOVA Medical School, New University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Menard J, Porter I, Lerer A, Robbins S, Johnson PJ, Goggs R. Serial evaluation of thoracic radiographs and acute phase proteins in dogs with pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1430-1443. [PMID: 35616241 PMCID: PMC9308444 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute phase proteins (APP) may guide treatment of pneumonia in dogs but correlations with radiographic abnormalities are poorly characterized. Objectives Develop a thoracic radiographic severity scoring system (TRSS), assess correlation of radiographic changes with APP concentrations, and compare time to APP and radiograph normalization with duration of antimicrobials treatment. Animals Sixteen client‐owned dogs, 12 with aspiration pneumonia, and 4 with community‐acquired pneumonia. Methods Concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin were measured on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60 and orthogonal 2‐view thoracic radiographs were obtained on days 1, 7, 14, 28, and 60. Treatment was clinician‐guided and blinded to APP concentrations. Radiographic severity scores were assigned by blinded, randomized retrospective review by 2 board‐certified radiologists with arbitration by a third radiologist. Results Median (interquartile range [IQR]) time to normalization of CRP (7 days [7‐14]) and SAA concentrations (7 days [7‐14]) were shorter than antimicrobial treatment duration (17.5 days [14.5‐33.5]; P = .001 and .002, respectively) and TRSS normalization (14 days [8.8‐52], P = .02 and .02, respectively). The CRP and SAA concentrations were positively correlated with TRSS (CRP rs, 0.643; SAA rs, 0.634; both P < .0001). Both CRP and SAA identified normal thoracic radiographs area under the curve (AUC) 0.873 and 0.817, respectively, both P < .0001. Interobserver agreement for TRSS assignment was moderate (κ, .499; P < .0001). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Concentrations of CRP and SAA normalized before radiographic resolution and before clinicians discontinued antimicrobial treatment. The CRP and SAA concentrations may guide duration of antimicrobial treatment for dogs with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Menard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian Porter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Assaf Lerer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Philippa J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Behling-Kelly E, Haak CE, Carney P, Waffle J, Eaton K, Goggs R. Acute phase protein response and changes in lipoprotein particle size in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:993-1004. [PMID: 35420224 PMCID: PMC9151453 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Improved methodology to measure acute phase proteins and determination of lipoprotein particle‐size distribution (PSD) could be clinically useful in dogs with systemic inflammatory processes. Objectives Evaluate an immunoturbidometric assay for serum amyloid A (SAA) and lipoprotein PSD in dogs with sepsis, nonseptic systemic inflammation, and in healthy controls. Correlate dyslipidemic changes with SAA and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Animals Twenty‐five dogs with sepsis, 15 dogs with nonseptic systemic inflammation, and 22 healthy controls. Methods Prospective, case‐control study. Variables included SAA, CRP, and electrophoretic subfractionation of high‐ and low‐density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL). Continuous variables were compared using ANOVA or Kruskal‐Wallis tests with linear regression or Spearman's rank correlation used to assess relationships between variables. Results Median SAA and CRP concentrations were greater in dogs with sepsis (SAA 460 mg/L, interquartile range [IQR] 886 mg/L; CRP 133.2 mg/L, IQR 91.6 mg/L) and nonseptic inflammation (SAA 201 mg/L, IQR 436 mg/L; CRP 91.1 mg/L, IQR 88.6 mg/L) compared to healthy dogs (SAA 0.0 mg/L, IQR 0.0 mg/L; CRP 4.9 mg/L, IQR 0.0 mg/L) P < .0001. A cutoff of >677.5 mg/L SAA was 43.2% sensitive and 92.3% specific for sepsis. Low‐density lipoprotein was higher in dogs with sepsis 29.6%, (mean, SD 14.6) compared to 14.4% (mean, SD 5.6) of all lipoproteins in healthy controls (P = .005). High‐density lipoprotein was not associated with CRP but was negatively correlated with SAA (rs −0.47, P < .0001). Subfractions of LDL and HDL differed between groups (all P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Measurement of SAA using the immunoturbidometric assay evaluated in this study and lipoprotein PSD in dogs with inflammation might help distinguish septic from nonseptic causes of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Carol E Haak
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Patrick Carney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Waffle
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kelly Eaton
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Goggs R, Robbins SN, LaLonde‐Paul DM, Menard JM. Serial analysis of blood biomarker concentrations in dogs with pneumonia, septic peritonitis, and pyometra. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:549-564. [PMID: 35103342 PMCID: PMC8965213 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment is associated with antimicrobial resistance development. Biomarker measurement may aid treatment decision-making. OBJECTIVES Investigate temporal changes in blood biomarker concentrations in dogs undergoing treatment for pulmonary and intra-abdominal infections; compare time to biomarker concentration normalization with duration of clinician-directed AMD treatment. ANIMALS Forty-two client-owned dogs with pneumonia (n = 22), septic peritonitis (n = 10), or pyometra (n = 10). METHODS Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, procalcitonin, nucleosomes, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), CC-motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2), CXC-motif chemokine ligand-8 (CXCL8), and keratinocyte chemoattractant-like (KC-Like) were quantitated in samples collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60. Treatment was directed by clinicians blinded to biomarker concentrations. RESULTS Concentrations of CCL2, CRP, and KC-Like were maximal on D1, concentrations of SAA, cfDNA, HMGB1, and nucleosomes were maximal on D3 and haptoglobin concentrations were maximal on D7. These maximal concentrations were significantly different from those on D60. Concentrations of CRP and SAA decreased by 80% from peak and into respective reference intervals before AMDs were discontinued. For CRP, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) times to 20% peak and normal were 7 (6-9) and 7 (6-12) days, respectively, and for SAA they were 4 (4, 5) and 6 (5-8) days, respectively, compared to a median (IQR) duration of AMD prescribing of 16 (12-23) days (all P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Biomarker concentrations normalized within 7 to 14 days. Serial measurements of CRP and SAA might aid identification of disease resolution and could help guide AMD prescription decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sarah N. Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Denise M. LaLonde‐Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie M. Menard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Starybrat D, Jepson R, Bristow P, Peterson S, Yerramilli M, Yerramilli M, Chang Y, Cortellini S. Prospective evaluation of novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury in dogs following cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:733-742. [PMID: 36125401 PMCID: PMC9826260 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and explore associations between traditional and novel serum and urinary biomarkers. DESIGN Prospective cohort study conducted between July 2018 and April 2019. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Nineteen dogs undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB with preoperative serum creatinine <140 μmol/L (<1.6 mg/dl). INTERVENTIONS Blood and urine samples were obtained at 4 time points: preoperatively following general anesthesia induction, immediately postoperatively, and 2 and 4 days postoperatively (T1 , T2 , T3 , and T4 ). AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine ≥26.4 μmol/L (≥0.3 mg/dl) above baseline within 48 hours. Serum creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), inosine, beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB), urinary clusterin (uClus), and urinary cystatin B (uCysB) were measured. Data were log-transformed (log10 ) when appropriate and assessed using linear mixed-effects models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS AKI occurred in 3 of 19 dogs (15.8%, 95% confidence interval: 0.047-0.384). Inosine increased at T2 (adjusted mean ± standard error: 53 ± 5.6) in all dogs, and then gradually decreased. Log10 uCysB increased at T2 (2.3 ± 0.1) in all dogs and remained high. Log10 CRP and log10 uClus increased significantly at T3 (1.9 ± 0.1 and 3.6 ± 0.1, respectively) in all dogs and remained increased. There was a significant positive association between serum creatinine and SDMA (P < 0.001, estimate ± standard error: 0.06 ± 0.00), between log10 CRP and log10 uClus (P < 0.001, 0.35 ± 0.08), between SDMA and creatinine as well as between SDMA and BAIB (P < 0.001, 11.1 ± 0.83 and P < 0.001, 1.06 ± 0.22, respectively) for all dogs at all time points. CONCLUSIONS Inosine and uCysB concentrations changed in all dogs immediately following a surgery under CPB and may indicate tubular injury. Further studies are required to ascertain the usefulness of those biomarkers in early detection of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Starybrat
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosanne Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Poppy Bristow
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile‐BottomCambridgeshireCB8 0UHUK
| | | | - Maha Yerramilli
- Translation Medicine/BioMarker DevelopmentNovartis Institute of Biomedical Research Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Yu‐Mei Chang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Stefano Cortellini
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
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Asakawa M, Fukuzawa M, Asakawa MG, Flanders JA. Preoperative serum C-reactive protein concentration can be used to detect gallbladder rupture in dogs with gallbladder mucocele. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:23-32. [PMID: 34757924 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.09.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration could be used to detect gallbladder rupture (GBR) prior to surgery in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for treatment of gallbladder mucocele (GBM). ANIMALS 45 dogs that underwent cholecystectomy because of GBM at a companion animal referral hospital from 2017 to 2020. PROCEDURES Electronic medical records were reviewed, and dogs were included if serum CRP concentration had been measured within 24 hours prior to cholecystectomy. Dogs were grouped as to whether the gallbladder was found to be ruptured or intact during surgery. Accuracy of using preoperative CRP concentration to predict GBR was compared with accuracy of abdominal ultrasonography and other preoperative blood tests. RESULTS GBR was present in 15 dogs at the time of surgery. Median preoperative CRP concentration was significantly higher in dogs with GBR (15.1 mg/dL; interquartile range, 7.4 to 16.8 mg/dL) than in dogs with an intact gallbladder (2.65 mg/dL; interquartile range, 0.97 to 13.4 mg/dL). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of using preoperative CRP concentration to predict GBR were 100%, 67%, and 78%, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Measurement of preoperative CRP concentration provided excellent sensitivity and moderate specificity for detection of GBR in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy because of GBM. Accuracy of using preoperative CRP concentration for detection of GBR was not superior to the accuracy of preoperative abdominal ultrasonography. However, when CRP concentration was combined with results of ultrasonography, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detection of GBR were 100%, 93%, and 96%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Asakawa
- 1Veterinary Specialists Emergency Center, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Mayuko Fukuzawa
- 1Veterinary Specialists Emergency Center, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
| | | | - James A Flanders
- 2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Vieitez V, López-Rámis V, Barrera R, Gómez de Segura IA. Serum C-reactive protein and iron levels following gonadectomy are not modified by perioperative administration of robenacoxib to dogs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2022; 86:40-47. [PMID: 34975221 PMCID: PMC8697315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the perioperative effects of robenacoxib on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and iron concentrations in dogs undergoing gonadectomy. In a prospective, blinded, controlled clinical trial, 60 healthy dogs were randomly assigned to receive preoperative subcutaneous injection of either robenacoxib [2 mg/kg body weight (BW)], meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg BW), or saline (0.04 mL/kg BW), followed by oral administration over 72 h (robenacoxib: 2 to 4 mg/kg BW; meloxicam: 0.1 mg/kg BW; saline: gelatin capsules). Blood samples were taken before surgery and 12, 24, 48, 72 h, and 7 d after surgery. Pain scores were assessed via the short-form Glasgow Composite Pain Scale over 72 h postoperatively. C-reactive protein (CRP) and iron serum levels increased and decreased (P < 0.01, both), respectively, after surgery and returned to baseline within 1 wk. No differences were observed among treatments (P > 0.05) or based on surgery/gender (P > 0.05). Pain assessment revealed a higher incidence of treatment failure in saline (6 females versus 2 and 1 female in robenacoxib and meloxicam, respectively). In conclusion, robenacoxib and meloxicam had no influence on postoperative CRP or iron in dogs, which suggests that these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not have a relevant effect on these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Vieitez
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Avda, Universidad s/n, Cáceres, 10003, Spain (Vieitez, López-Rámis, Barrera); Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040 Spain (Gómez de Segura)
| | - Victor López-Rámis
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Avda, Universidad s/n, Cáceres, 10003, Spain (Vieitez, López-Rámis, Barrera); Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040 Spain (Gómez de Segura)
| | - Rafael Barrera
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Avda, Universidad s/n, Cáceres, 10003, Spain (Vieitez, López-Rámis, Barrera); Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040 Spain (Gómez de Segura)
| | - Ignacio A Gómez de Segura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Avda, Universidad s/n, Cáceres, 10003, Spain (Vieitez, López-Rámis, Barrera); Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040 Spain (Gómez de Segura)
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Clements DN, Ryan JM, Handel IG, Gow AG, Campbell S, Hurst E, Mellanby RJ. Relationship between vitamin D status and clinical outcomes in dogs with a cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:385-389. [PMID: 33799168 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) is one of the most common orthopaedic disorders diagnosed in dogs yet the factors which influence postoperative clinical outcomes are poorly understood. Low vitamin D status has been linked to poorer clinical outcomes in human patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between pre-operative vitamin D status, as defined by serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, and initial disease severity and clinical outcomes in dogs undergoing surgical treatment for a CCLR. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in 44 dogs with a CCLR on the day before surgery. C-reactive protein concentrations were measured at a median time of 1 day post-surgery and the patient's clinical and radiographic response to CCLR surgical treatment was assessed at a median timepoint of 60 days post-surgery. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs with a CCLR was not significantly different to a population of healthy dogs (median 74.1 nmol/L and 88.40 nmol/L, respectively). There was no significant correlation between pre-operative serum 25(OH)D concentrations and length of pre-diagnosis clinical signs, pre-operative lameness scores or day 1 post-operative CRP concentrations. Thirty nine of the 44 dogs were re-examined at a median 60 days post-surgery. There was no relationship between the day 60 lameness scores and pre-operative serum 25(OH)D concentrations. In summary, we discovered that the vitamin D status of dogs with a CCLR was not significantly lower than healthy dogs and pre-operative serum 25(OH)D concentrations were not correlated to either pre-surgical disease severity or post-operative clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan N Clements
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - John M Ryan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Adam G Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Campbell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Hurst
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Clements DN, Bruce G, Ryan JM, Handel IG, Oikonomidis IL, Gow AG, Evans H, Campbell S, Hurst E, Mellanby RJ. Effects of surgery on free and total 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2617-2621. [PMID: 33179819 PMCID: PMC7694799 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether a low total 25(OH)D concentration is a cause or consequence of illnesses. To address this knowledge gap, studies measuring free and total 25(OH)D during the evolution and resolution of an inflammatory process are required. Objectives Serum total and free 25(OH)D concentrations would transiently decline after cruciate surgery in dogs. Animals Seventeen client‐owned dogs with a spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). Methods A longitudinal cohort study involving the measurement of serum concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D, total calcium, creatinine, albumin, phosphate, C‐reactive protein and plasma ionized calcium, at 1 day before and a median time of 1 and 60 days after surgical treatment of CCLR. Results Median serum concentrations of total 25(OH)D before surgery (80.3 nmoL/L [range, 43.5‐137.3]) significantly declined immediately after surgery; (64.8 nmoL/L [range, 36.3‐116.5] 1 day after surgery, P < .005) before increasing to become nonsignificantly different from concentrations before surgery at day 60 after surgery (median 78.0 nmoL/L [range, 24.2‐115.8], P = .14). In contrast, median free 25(OH)D concentrations before surgery (7.6 pg/mL [range, 3.8‐12.2]) significantly increased immediately after surgery (9.2 pg/mL [range, 5.2‐15.7], P < .05) before declining to become nonsignificantly different from before surgery concentrations at day 60 after surgery (median 6.2 pg/mL [range, 4.0‐15.8], P = .37). Conclusion and Clinical Importance This study reveals the difficulties of assessing vitamin D status in dogs following elective surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan N Clements
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Gemma Bruce
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - John M Ryan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ioannis L Oikonomidis
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Adam G Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Helen Evans
- Nationwide Specialist Laboratories, Unit 2 Sawston Park, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Susan Campbell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Emma Hurst
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Jervan M, Szlosek DA, Friis H, Coyne MJ, DeNicola D, Johnsen OH. Characterization of C-reactive protein in dogs undergoing medial patellar luxation surgery. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231445. [PMID: 32384082 PMCID: PMC7209118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein used to monitor response to treatment during surgical recovery. Depending on the anatomical problem, surgery type and technique, the level of CRP can change drastically. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in CRP and white blood cell (WBC) levels following surgery for medial patellar luxation in otherwise healthy dogs. Twenty-two dogs completed the study. CRP was measured using a commercially available dry chemistry slide on a commercially available in-clinic analyser. Analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and a mixed effects Poisson regression model. A significant change in CRP levels was found between the pre-anesthetic and 24 hr post-surgical timepoint with a median difference of 92.0 mg/dL (P < 0.001). Though a median drop in the CRP value of 13.9 mg/dL was observed between the 24 hr and 48 hr post-surgical time period, the result was not statistically significant (P = 0.456). Similarly, there was a significant increase in WBC between the pre-anesthetic and 24-hr post-surgical time point (P < 0.001) followed by a significant decrease in WBC between the 24 hr and 48-hr post-surgical time points (P = 0.015). In this study population, CRP levels were observed to aid in monitoring of the overall health of the dogs following surgery for medial patellar luxation. The results of this study suggest that both CRP and WBC values significantly increase by 24 hr but where CRP levels remain elevated through 48 hr post-surgery, WBC showed a significant drop between 24 and 48 hr. Further investigation into the length of time for both CRP and WBC to reach basal levels in this particular type of surgery would be of value to monitor recovery from surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald A. Szlosek
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine, United States of America
| | - Hanne Friis
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael J. Coyne
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine, United States of America
| | - Dennis DeNicola
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine, United States of America
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Muroi N, Kanno N, Suzuki S, Harada Y, Hara Y. Application of autologous cortical bone grafts for femoral non‐union fractures in two dogs. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Muroi
- Division of Veterinary SurgeryDepartment of Veterinary ScienceFaculty of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityMusashinoTokyoJapan
| | - Nobuo Kanno
- Division of Veterinary SurgeryDepartment of Veterinary ScienceFaculty of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityMusashinoTokyoJapan
| | - Shuji Suzuki
- Division of Veterinary SurgeryDepartment of Veterinary ScienceFaculty of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityMusashinoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuji Harada
- Division of Veterinary SurgeryDepartment of Veterinary ScienceFaculty of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityMusashinoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Division of Veterinary SurgeryDepartment of Veterinary ScienceFaculty of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityMusashinoTokyoJapan
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Muller C, Enomoto M, Buono A, Steiner JM, Lascelles BDX. Placebo-controlled pilot study of the effects of an eggshell membrane-based supplement on mobility and serum biomarkers in dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet J 2019; 253:105379. [PMID: 31685140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease in dogs. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat OA; however, many dogs do not obtain adequate pain relief with an NSAID alone. This pilot study evaluated the systemic anti-inflammatory and mobility enhancing effects of an eggshell membrane-based nutritional supplement in dogs with OA-associated pain and mobility impairment. Twenty-seven dogs with OA-associated pain were enrolled into a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, proof of principle pilot study and received either placebo or an eggshell membrane-based nutritional supplement over a 12-week period. Inflammatory biomarkers (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, S100A12, and N-methylhistamine) were measured at Day 0 and Day 84. Owner questionnaires (CBPI and LOAD) were completed at Day 0, Day 42, and Day 84. Differences between groups over time were calculated. Twenty-two dogs completed the pilot study. Inflammatory biomarker IL-2 decreased in the supplement group, compared to the placebo group. Although small, the difference was statistically significant at an alpha of 0.1 (P=0.069). LOAD scores were numerically lower in the supplement group, but not significantly different from the placebo group at Day 0. Day 84 LOAD scores were significantly lower in the supplement group compared to the placebo group (P=0.034). CBPI results did not show the same pattern. The changes in biomarkers and LOAD scores were small, and do not provide definitive evidence of positive effects. However, these pilot results provide a rationale for performing a larger placebo-controlled study of the potential effects of the eggshell membrane-based nutritional supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muller
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M Enomoto
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A Buono
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4475 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4475 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, USA; Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC School of Medicine, 3300 Thurston Building, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 132 Research Dr, Durham, NC, USA.
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Kanno N, Hayakawa N, Suzuki S, Harada Y, Yogo T, Hara Y. Changes in canine C-reactive protein levels following orthopaedic surgery: a prospective study. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:33. [PMID: 31262326 PMCID: PMC6604448 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a powerful biomarker for inflammation, infection and sepsis. However, no reports have investigated canine CRP (c-CRP) concentration changes after orthopaedic procedures. If c-CRP changes were better characterized, it may be possible to identify postoperative complications more quickly. The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristic changes in serum c-CRP after orthopaedic surgery in dogs. Blood samples were collected from 98 dogs on Day 0 (preoperatively), and then on Days 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 postoperatively. Day 1 blood sampling was performed 12–24 h postoperatively. We classified the dogs into four groups based on changes in c-CRP pre- to postoperatively. Group 1 dogs showed a peak c-CRP concentration on Day 1, followed by decreases of ≥ 1 mg/dL. Group 2 dogs showed changes in c-CRP concentration by Day 4 that were within ± 1 mg/dL compared with Day 1. Dogs in Group 3 showed a peak c-CRP concentration on Day 4, followed by decreases of ≥ 1 mg/dL. Group 4 dogs showed an initial decrease in c-CRP, then an increase of ≥ 1 mg/dL. Group 1 was the largest group, with 63 dogs. c-CRP on Days 0, 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 was 0.83 ± 1.03 mg/dL, 8.10 ± 3.15 mg/dL, 3.76 ± 1.94 mg/dL, 1.63 ± 0.92 mg/dL, 0.96 ± 0.70 mg/dL and 0.68 ± 0.51 mg/dL, respectively. Serum c-CRP concentration on Day 1 was significantly higher than at every other timepoint (P < 0.001). In Group 2, surgical site complications were confirmed in 9/15 dogs. In Group 3, surgical site complications were confirmed in 7/14 dogs. In Group 4, two surgical site problems and three surgical site infections were observed, and visceral disease was found in one dog. In Group 1, peak c-CRP was seen on Day 1 postoperatively in 63 dogs (64%), with c-CRP level decreasing by half at each subsequent measurement, which may describe a typical c-CRP change in orthopaedic patients. If deviation from this typical change is observed postoperatively, as in Groups 2–4, this may suggest possible complications.
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