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Ferraz PA, Poit DAS, Ferreira Pinto LM, Guerra AC, Laurindo Neto A, do Prado FL, Azrak AJ, Çakmakçı C, Baruselli PS, Pugliesi G. Accuracy of early pregnancy diagnosis and determining pregnancy loss using different biomarkers and machine learning applications in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2024; 224:82-93. [PMID: 38759608 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of IFN-τ stimulated gene abundance (ISGs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CL blood perfusion by Doppler ultrasound (Doppler-US), plasma concentration of P4 on Day 21 and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) test on Day 25 after timed-artificial insemination (TAI) for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows and heifers. Holstein cows (n = 140) and heifers (n = 32) were subjected to a hormonal synchronization protocol and TAI on Day 0. On Day 21 post-TAI, blood samples were collected for PBMC isolation and plasma concentration of P4. The CL blood perfusion was evaluated by Doppler-US. Plasma samples collected on Day 25 were assayed for PAGs. The abundance of ISGs (ISG15 and RSAD2) in PBMCs was determined by RT-qPCR. Pregnancy was confirmed on Days 32 and 60 post-TAI by B-mode ultrasonography. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA using the MIXED procedure and GLIMMIX in SAS software. The pregnancy biomarkers were used to categorize the females as having undergone late luteolysis (LL); early embryonic mortality (EEM); late embryonic mortality (LEM); or late pregnancy loss (LPL). The abundance of ISGs, CL blood perfusion by Doppler-US, and concentrations of P4 on Day 21, and PAGs test on Day 25 were significant (P < 0.05) predictors of early pregnancy in dairy cows and heifers. Dairy cows had a greater (P = 0.01) occurrence of LL than heifers, but there was no difference (P > 0.1) for EEM, LEM, and LPL in heifers compared to cows. Cows with postpartum reproductive issues had a greater (P = 0.008) rate of LEM and a lesser (P = 0.01) rate of LPL compared to cows without reproductive issues. In summary, the CL blood perfusion by Doppler-US had the highest accuracy and the least number of false negatives, suggesting it is the best predictor of pregnancy on Day 21 post-TAI. The PAGs test was the most reliable indicator of pregnancy status on Day 25 post-TAI in dairy heifers and cows. The application of machine learning, specifically the MARS algorithm, shows promise in enhancing the accuracy of predicting early pregnancies in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Assis Ferraz
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Diego Angelo Schmidt Poit
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Marin Ferreira Pinto
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Cobayashi Guerra
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adomar Laurindo Neto
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cihan Çakmakçı
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Section, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Pietro Sampaio Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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De Falco F, Cutarelli A, Leonardi L, Marcus I, Roperto S. Vertical Intrauterine Bovine and Ovine Papillomavirus Coinfection in Pregnant Cows. Pathogens 2024; 13:453. [PMID: 38921751 PMCID: PMC11206582 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There is very little information available about transplacental infections by the papillomavirus in ruminants. However, recent evidence has emerged of the first report of vertical infections of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in fetuses from naturally infected, pregnant cows. This study reports the coinfection of BPV and ovine papillomavirus (OaPV) in bovine fetuses from infected pregnant cows suffering from bladder tumors caused by simultaneous, persistent viral infections. Some molecular mechanisms involving the binary complex composed of Eras and platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR), by which BPVs and OaPVs contribute to reproductive disorders, have been investigated. A droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was used to detect and quantify the nucleic acids of the BPVs of the Deltapapillomavirus genus (BPV1, BPV2, BPV13, and BPV14) and OaPVs belonging to the Deltapapillomavirus (OaPV1, OaPV2, and OaPV4) and Dyokappapapillomavirus (OaPV3) genera in the placenta and fetal organs (heart, lung, liver, and kidneys) of four bovine fetuses from four pregnant cows with neoplasia of the urinary bladder. A papillomaviral evaluation was also performed on the bladder tumors and peripheral blood of these pregnant cows. In all fetal and maternal samples, the genotype distribution of BPVs and OaPVs were evaluated using both their DNA and RNA. A BPV and OaPV coinfection was seen in bladder tumors, whereas only BPV infection was found in peripheral blood. The genotype distribution of both the BPVs and OaPVs detected in placentas and fetal organs indicated a stronger concordance with the viral genotypes detected in bladder tumors rather than in peripheral blood. This suggests that the viruses found in placentas and fetuses may have originated from infected bladders. Our study highlights the likelihood of vertical infections with BPVs and OaPVs and emphasizes the importance of gaining further insights into the mechanisms and consequences of this exposure. This study warrants further research as adverse pregnancy outcomes are a major source of economic losses in cattle breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy;
- Area Science Park, Campus di Baronissi, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Ioan Marcus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy;
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Kim J, Kim JW, Lee KK, Lee K, Ku BK, Kim HY. Laboratory investigation of causes of bovine abortion and stillbirth in the Republic of Korea, 2014-2020. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:428-437. [PMID: 38711295 PMCID: PMC11110765 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241239919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine abortion is a critical problem in the cattle industry. Identifying causes of abortion is key to establishing appropriate herd management and prevention strategies. We used pathology examinations, detection of etiologic agents, and serology to determine the cause of bovine abortions in Korea. We analyzed 360 abortion and stillbirth cases submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency from December 2014 to January 2020. The putative cause of abortion was identified in 140 of 360 (38.9%) cases; 124 of the 140 (88.6%) cases were attributed to infections. The most common etiologic agents detected were bovine viral diarrhea virus (65 of 360; 18.1%), Coxiella burnetii (19 of 360; 5.3%), Leptospira spp. (13 of 360; 3.6%), Listeria monocytogenes (9 of 360; 2.5%), and Neospora caninum (8 of 360; 2.2%). Minor abortifacient pathogens included Brucella abortus (2 of 360; 0.6%), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (2 of 360; 0.6%), Akabane virus (2 of 360, 0.6%), and bovine ephemeral fever virus (1 of 360; 0.3%). Non-infectious conditions included congenital anomalies (7 of 360; 1.9%), goiter (7 of 360; 1.9%), and vitamin A deficiency (2 of 360; 0.6%). Our diagnostic rate in cases with placenta submitted (42 of 86; 48.8%) was significantly higher than in cases without placenta (98 of 274; 35.8%), which highlights the value of submitting placentas. Our results confirm the status of the large variety of causative agents associated with abortions in cattle in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Research Planning Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division , Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division , Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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Gisbert P, Garcia-Ispierto I, Quintela LA, Guatteo R. Coxiella burnetii and Reproductive Disorders in Cattle: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1313. [PMID: 38731318 PMCID: PMC11083826 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiellosis or Q fever is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. A systematic review using bibliographic research was carried out, and the focus was the relationship between C. burnetii infection and reproductive disorders in cattle [abortion/stillbirth/perinatal morality/weak calves (ASPW complex); retained foetal membranes (RFMs); metritis/endometritis; and infertility/sub-fertility]. The bibliographical search yielded 443 results from databases, but only 61 were deemed eligible. For each disorder, summary tables were prepared, and a scientific evidence score was calculated for each study based on four criteria to help assess the level of evidence for the impact of C. burnetii on the reproductive disorders assessed: type of publication (peer-reviewed or other); type of study (case-control/cohort or other); type of C. burnetii test (direct or indirect); and comparative statistical analysis (yes or no). In addition, summary tables also included information on the study population, country, authors and year of publication, key findings and an assessment of the evidence for an association. For the ASPW complex, RFMs, metritis/endometritis and infertility/sub-fertility, 43, 9, 8 and 19 studies provided data, respectively. On a scale of four, nearly 50% of all study citations had evidence scores of three or four. For ASPW, RFMs and infertility/sub-fertility, there is a significant body of evidence to support a deleterious role for Q fever. In contrast, for metritis/endometritis, the evidence is unclear. It is concluded that there is a substantial need for further research, particularly involving larger animal populations in more controlled settings. To provide more consistency, it is recommended that authors follow more precise definitions of reproductive parameters and more robust diagnostic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gisbert
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10, Avenue de la Ballastière, CS30126, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - Irina Garcia-Ispierto
- Veterinària-Ciència i Producció Animal, Campus ETSEAFIV, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Luis Angel Quintela
- Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- IBADER, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Van Loo H, Bogado Pascottini O, Ribbens S, Hooyberghs J, Opsomer G, Pardon B. Enhancing bovine abortion surveillance: A learning experience. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1766-1777. [PMID: 37806630 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Abortions and perinatal mortalities (APM) substantially affect cattle industry efficiency. Various infectious and noninfectious factors have been associated with bovine APM worldwide. Infections are often considered pivotal due to their abortifacient potential, leading laboratories to primarily investigate relevant infectious agents for APM cases. Some infectious causes, such as Brucella abortus, have also a zoonotic impact, necessitating monitoring for both animal and human health. However, underreporting of bovine APM is a global issue, affecting early detection of infectious and zoonotic causes. Previous studies identified factors influencing case submission, but regional characteristics may affect results. In Belgium, farmers are obliged to report cases of APM within the context of a national brucellosis monitoring program. The inclusion criteria for this monitoring program cover abortions (gestation length of 42-260 d) and perinatal mortalities of (pre)mature calves following a gestation length of more than 260 d, which were stillborn or died within 48 h after birth. The objective of the present study was to describe the evolution in submission of APM cases within a mandatory abortion monitoring program in relation to subsidized initiatives in the northern part of Belgium. Based on the proportion of APM submissions versus the proportion of bovine reproductive females, an APM proportion (APMPR) was calculated, and factors at both animal and herd level that may influence this APMPR were explored by using linear models. This evaluation revealed that the APMPR increased with the introduction of an extensive analytical panel of abortifacient agents and a free on-farm sample collection from 0.44% to 0.94%. Additionally, an increase of the APMPR was associated with an outbreak of an emerging abortifacient pathogen (Schmallenberg virus; 1.23%), and the introduction of a mandatory eradication program for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDv; 1.20%). The APMPR was higher in beef compared with dairy cattle, and it was higher in winter compared with fall, spring, and summer. Smaller herds categorized in the first quartile had a higher APMPR compared with larger herds. Herds that submitted an APM in the previous year had a higher APMPR in the next year compared with herds without an APM submission. Finally, herds for which there was evidence of the presence of BVDv had a higher APMPR compared with herds without evidence of the presence of BVDv. In conclusion, the number of APM submissions increased after the introduction of a free on-farm sample collection and an extensive pathogen screening panel. Production type (beef), season (winter), smaller herd size, previous APM, and presence of BVDv seemed to have a positive effect on APMPR. However, even under mandatory circumstances, APM still seems to be underreported, since the APMPR was lower than the expected minimal rate of 2%. Therefore, further research is necessary to identify the drivers that convince farmers to submit APM cases to improve submission rates and ensure an efficient monitoring program for APM and eventually associated zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Van Loo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - O Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Ribbens
- Animal Health Services Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), 8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - J Hooyberghs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Fiorentino MA, Acuña Y, Sosa E, Cantón GJ, Erreguerena I, Malena R, Mendez MA, Morrell EL, García JA. Infectious sporadic bovine abortions: retrospective analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:63. [PMID: 38291289 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Infectious sporadic abortions in cattle are mainly caused by opportunistic bacteria and fungi usually present in environmental or gastrointestinal and reproductive microbiota of healthy animals. A retrospective analysis was carried out to evaluate the main opportunistic microorganisms involved in bovine abortions recorded at INTA Balcarce (Argentina) from 1997 to 2023, accounting for 2.2% of the total diagnosed etiologies of bovine abortion. The opportunistic agents identified as the cause of abortion in 29 fetuses were bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). Escherichia coli (n = 8), Trueperella pyogenes (n = 5), and Histophilus somni (n = 4) were the bacterial species most often identified as causing infectious abortions, whereas Aspergillus spp. (n = 3) was implicated in all fungal abortions identified. Pure culture of bacteria or fungus was achieved from abomasal content and/or lung essential. Main microscopic findings were bronchopneumonia, myo- and epicarditis, meningitis, and portal hepatitis. Herein, we highlight the importance of detecting potential infectious bacteria in cultures to improve etiological diagnosis of bovine abortions associated with compatible microscopic findings to confirm the etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Fiorentino
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Yamila Acuña
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Sosa
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán J Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Erreguerena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Malena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Mendez
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora L Morrell
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan A García
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Van Saun RJ. Trace Mineral Metabolism: The Maternal-Fetal Bond. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:399-412. [PMID: 37442677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace minerals are essential nutrients that have many biologic functions, many of which are related to metabolic activities, immune function, and antioxidant capacity. The pregnant dam provides essential nutrients to support fetal development, including trace minerals. Milk is known to be an insufficient source of many trace minerals during the early nursing neonatal period. The fetal liver is capable of concentrating minerals to generate a reserve for use during postnatal life; however, the sufficiency of this reserve is dependent upon maternal mineral status. Appropriate mineral supplementation in the gestational diet is critical to supporting fetal development, maintaining adequate antioxidant capacity to survive the birthing process, and sustain immune function and growth of the newborn animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Van Saun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 108C Animal, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802-3500, USA.
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Ajaj EA, Al-Jumaa ZM. Molecular detection of Spirochetes and Borrelia burgdorferi in stray dogs of Nineveh province, Iraq. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1318-1325. [PMID: 38027409 PMCID: PMC10658025 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Borrelia burgdorferi is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes Lyme disease or borreliosis in domestic and wild animals, including dogs, with the possible transmission to humans. Aim This study was conducted to investigate the infection rate of Spirochetes and B. burgdorferi in stray dogs in Nineveh province, Iraq. Methods During the period from May to October (2022), a total of 55 stray dogs were selected randomly from different areas in Nineveh province, Iraq. Blood samples were collected from cephalic venous and tested molecularly using the conventional polymerase chain reaction technique. Results The present study revealed that the total infection rates of Spirochetes and B. burgdorferi were 41.82% and 27.27%, respectively. Concerning age, values of infection rate, odds ratio, and relative risk of B. burgdorferi were increased significantly in dogs aged ? 4 months (42.86%, 3.505%, and 2.438%, respectively), while decreased in dogs of ? 1-3 (12.5%, 0.337% and 0.42%, respectively) and ? 3 (13.33%, 0.32% and 0.409%) years old when compared to dogs aged 5-12 months (27.27%, 1% and 1%, respectively). While concerning dogs sex, a significantly higher infection rate, odds ratio, and relative risk of B. burgdorferi were shown in females (32.56%, 5.495% and 6.792%, respectively) compared to males (8.33%, 0.182% and 0.147%, respectively). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first Iraqi study on the prevalence of spirochetes, in particular B. burgdorferi, in stray dogs in Nineveh province (Iraq). However, additional studies of B. burgdorferi infection in other animals as well as vectors such as ticks in different geographic areas, appear necessary to detect variation in the distribution patterns of infection. In addition, owners and veterinarians should be aware of zoonotic diseases transmitted from wild and domestic animals, in particular those with tick-bite histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ayser Ajaj
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Zahraa Mustafa Al-Jumaa
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
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Hecker YP, González-Ortega S, Cano S, Ortega-Mora LM, Horcajo P. Bovine infectious abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1249410. [PMID: 37841464 PMCID: PMC10570746 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1249410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the main infectious agents related to bovine abortion worldwide in the period between 2000 and 2022. First, we investigated the global prevalence of infectious agents related to bovine abortion. For this analysis, only 27 articles detected of a wide panel of agents were included. The random effects model revealed that the estimated prevalence of the abortifacient agents in bovine abortion was 45.7%. The heterogeneity among studies was high, but Egger's test showed that there was no publication bias, even though the total number of samples analyzed in these articles was variable. There was no significant effect of the year of the study publication on the estimated prevalence, although an increasing trend was observed over time, possibly due to the implementation of new diagnostic techniques. Then, we analyzed the prevalence of the main transmissible agents in bovine abortion. For this analysis, 76 studies that analyzed 19,070 cases were included. Some infectious agent was detected in 7,319 specimens, and a final diagnosis was reached in 3,977 of these, when both the infectious agent and compatible histopathological changes were detected. We found that Neospora caninum was the most detected agent (22.2%), followed by opportunistic bacteria (21.4%), Chlamydiaceae family (10.9%) and Coxiella burnetii (9.5%). Regarding viral agents, bovine herpes virus type 1 and bovine viral diarrhea displayed similar prevalence rates (approximately 5%). After considering the description of specific histopathological changes, our analyzes showed that N. caninum was a confirmed cause of abortion in 16.7% of the analyzed cases, followed by opportunistic bacteria (12.6%) and Chlamydia spp. (6.8%); however, C. burnetii was only confirmed as a cause of abortion in 1.1% of the cases. For all agents, the heterogeneity among studies was high, and the subgroup analyzes discarded the diagnostic method as the cause of such heterogeneity. This study provides knowledge about the global prevalence of the different infectious agents related to bovine abortion, the most coming of which is N. caninum. In addition, this review reveals the existing deficiencies in the diagnosis of bovine abortion that must be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Paola Hecker
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Sara González-Ortega
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Cano
- Computing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mee JF. Invited review: Bovine abortion-Incidence, risk factors and causes. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:23-33. [PMID: 37186386 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The true incidence of bovine abortion (42-260 days of gestation) is unknown because of under-reporting. This is particularly true of the first half of gestation when most abortions occur. From research studies, it is estimated that the animal-level incidence of abortion between day 45 and term is approximately 10%, being lower in suckler than in dairy cows. While wide variation exists in herd-level incidence, up to 30%, it is estimated that less than 5% of farmers report high (>5%) observed abortion rates. Given these figures, veterinary practitioners and farmers tend to use investigation thresholds close to these values, ≥5 and ≥3%, respectively. Most of the risk factors for abortion are animal-level factors (e.g. parity), but there are also herd-level factors (e.g. enterprise type). Of the many risk factors for bovine abortion, only a small number are modifiable. While the causes of bovine abortion are often classified as noninfectious or infectious, in reality, this means diagnosis not reached (DNR) or infectious. Approximately 40% of abortions are diagnosed as infectious and the remaining 60% as DNR; DNR includes both infectious and noninfectious causes not diagnosed. Increasingly, genetic causes are being diagnosed and changes to current national genetic selection indices may be warranted. Of the infectious causes, Neospora caninum is now the most commonly diagnosed abortifacient internationally, followed by Trueperella pyogenes, BVDv and fungi. Both national eradication programmes and effective vaccination programmes can reduce the burden of some infectious abortifacients, but the control of sporadic, noninfectious and Neospora-associated abortions remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Mee
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Fermoy, Ireland
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Modise BM, Mpoloka SW, Settypalli TBK, Hyera J, Natale A, Ceglie L, Gcebe N, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Viljoen GJ, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. A novel multiplex qPCR‑HRM assay for the simultaneous detection of four abortive zoonotic agents in cattle, sheep, and goats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12282. [PMID: 37507444 PMCID: PMC10382562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abortifacient pathogens induce substantial economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide, and many of these pathogens are zoonotic, impacting human health. As Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp., and Listeria monocytogenes cause abortion, rapid differential molecular diagnostic tests are needed to facilitate early and accurate detection of abortion to establish effective control measures. However, the available molecular methods are laborious, time-consuming, or costly. Therefore, we developed and validated a novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method based on high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis to simultaneously detect and differentiate four zoonotic abortifacient agents in cattle, goats, and sheep. Our HRM assay generated four well-separated melting peaks allowing the differentiation between the four zoonotic abortifacients. Out of 216 DNA samples tested, Brucella spp. was detected in 45 samples, Coxiella burnetii in 57 samples, Leptospira spp. in 12 samples, and Listeria monocytogenes in 19 samples, co-infection with Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in 41 samples, and 42 samples were negative. This assay demonstrated good analytical sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. This is a valuable rapid, cost-saving, and reliable diagnostic tool for detecting individual and co-infections for zoonotic abortifacient agents in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo M Modise
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Sununguko W Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Hyera
- Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Letizia Ceglie
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Agricultural Research Council-Bacteriology and Zoonotic Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Gerrit J Viljoen
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Mee JF, Hayes C, Stefaniak T, Jawor P. Review: Bovine foetal mortality - risk factors, causes, immune responses and immuno-prophylaxis. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100774. [PMID: 37567672 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review of bovine foetal mortality (>42 d gestation) concluded that while the majority of risk factors associated with sporadic loss operate at animal-level, e.g. foetal plurality, those that operate at herd-level, e.g. some foetopathogenic infections, are more likely to result in abortion outbreaks. While the causes of foetal mortality have traditionally been classified as infectious and non-infectious, in fact, the latter category is a diagnosis of exclusion, generally without determination of the non-infectious cause. This review has also established that the traditional dichotomisation of infectious agents into primary and secondary pathogens is based on a flawed premise and these terms should be discontinued. The delicate balance of the maternal gestational immune system between not rejecting the allograft (conceptus) but rejecting (attacking) foetopathogens is stage-of-pregnancy-dependent thus the timing of infection determines the clinical outcome which may result in persistent infection or foetal mortality. Utilisation of our knowledge of the materno-foetal immune responses to foetopathogenic infection has resulted in the development of numerous mono- and polyvalent vaccines for metaphylactic or prophylactic control of bovine foetal mortality. While some of these have been shown to significantly contribute to reducing the risk of both infection and foetal mortality, others have insufficient, or conflicting evidence, on efficacy. However, recent developments in vaccinology, in particular the development of subunit vaccines and those that stimulate local genital tract immunity, show greater promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mee
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Fermoy P61P302, Ireland.
| | - C Hayes
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Model Farm Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - T Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - P Jawor
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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13
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Robi DT, Bogale A, Urge B, Aleme M, Temteme S. Neglected zoonotic bacteria causes and associated risk factors of cattle abortion in different agro-ecological zones of southwest Ethiopia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110592. [PMID: 37060817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Three zoonotic bacteria, Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp, and Brucella spp, cause cattle abortion and significant losses in the livestock sector. However, these infections were neglected diseases in Ethiopia. Between October 2020 and October 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out in southwest Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of abortion and identify the major zoonotic bacterial causes and risk factors that contribute to abortion. Using an indirect ELISA, antibodies to Brucella abortus, Leptospira Hardjo, and Coxiella burnetii were detected in serum samples taken from 461 cattle. Potential risk factors for cattle abortion were found using a multivariable random effect logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of cattle abortion was found to be 22.56 % (95 % CI: 18.74-26.38) in the study areas. Leptospira Hardjo (OR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.04-3.00), Coxiella burnetii (OR=2.7, 95 % CI: 1.26-5.62), and Brucella abortus (OR=9.8, 95 % CI: 1.27-17.15) were all associated with the occurrence of abortion in cattle, as were their co-infections (OR=8.1, 95 % CI: 1.28-39.33). Other risk factors for cattle abortion included breed (OR=16.7, 95 % CI: 2.20-26.77), herd size (OR=2.5, 95 % CI: 1.16-4.68), breeding method (OR=2.3, 95 % CI: 1.33-3.90), and contact with dogs (OR=2.2, 95 % CI: 1.34-3.53). According to the findings of this study, Brucella abortus, Coxiella burnetii, and Leptospira Hardjo are serious zoonoses that cause significant production loss in cattle due to abortion. To prevent transmission of these zoonotic diseases, it is crucial to implement effective control measures and increase public awareness. The causes of cattle abortion in the study areas should also be isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia.
| | - Ararsa Bogale
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Beksisa Urge
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Holeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Aleme
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
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14
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Kim J, Kim JW, Kim HY. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in clinical ruminant cases in Korea. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109694. [PMID: 36871522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne human and veterinary pathogen, is associated with high mortality rates in ruminants. However, no studies have investigated the antimicrobial resistance of L. monocytogenes isolates from clinical ruminant cases. This study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of L. monocytogenes isolates from clinical cases of Korean ruminants. We collected 24 L. monocytogenes isolates from aborted bovine fetuses and goats presenting with listeriosis-related symptoms. The isolates were subjected to PCR serogrouping, conventional serotyping, virulence gene detection, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Furthermore, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were used to classify and compare genetic diversity among the isolates, including human L. monocytogenes isolates. The most prevalent L. monocytogenes serotypes were 4b (Ⅳb), 1/2a (Ⅱa; Ⅱc), and 1/2b (Ⅱb). All isolates harbored the virulence genes; however, llsX-encoding listeriolysin were identified only in serotypes 4b and 1/2b. All isolates, including two found in humans, formed three genetically diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters according to serotype, lineage, and sequence type. The most prevalent sequence type was ST1, followed by ST365 and ST91. The isolates from ruminants with listeriosis were resistant to oxacillin and ceftriaxone and showed diverse lineage, serotype (serogroup), and sequence type characteristics. Considering that the atypical sequence types exhibited clinical manifestations and histopathological lesions, further study is needed to elucidate the pathogenicity of genetically diverse ruminant L. monocytogenes isolates. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is required to prevent the emergence of L. monocytogenes strains resistant to common antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Pirollo T, Perolo A, Mantegari S, Barbieri I, Scali F, Alborali GL, Salogni C. Mortality in farmed European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Italy due to Streptococcus iniae. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:5. [PMID: 36788544 PMCID: PMC9926715 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcal infections are one of the main causes of fish disease. During the last decade, Streptococcus iniae has become one of the most important aquatic pathogens worldwide, causing high losses in marine and freshwater finfish. Clinical signs in farmed fish include loss of appetite, lethargy and grouping at the bottom of the tank. Gross changes comprise darkening of the skin and haemorrhage at the basis of fins and opercula. To date, S. iniae has been isolated from several wild and farmed fish species but never in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). In Europe, eel production from aquaculture is around 4500 tonnes and Italy is the third largest producer. This communication represents the first report of an outbreak of S. iniae infection in European eels. CASE PRESENTATION The outbreak occurred at an eel farm in northern Italy between May 2021 and September 2021. The outbreak caused about 2% mortality per month, resulting in the loss of about 10% of the farmed fish. The diseased eels showed apathy, lethargy, inactivity and inappetence. In July 2021, three eels were necropsied. Necropsy revealed skin and branchial hyperaemia, a few skin ulcers, and diffuse peritoneal congestion with a few haemorrhagic-like spot lesions. Swab samples for bacteriology were taken from the kidneys, liver, spleen, and brain. Additionally, four eels were opened and swap samples as above were taken. All the investigated eels were found dead. Bacteriological examination revealed growth of Streptococcus spp. from all samples. Identification of S. iniae was done by biochemical characterization, the API20STREP microsystem, 16S rDNA sequencing, and MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial therapy (oxytetracycline and erythromycin) was ineffective. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of S. iniae infection in the European eel. Although this may be an isolated outbreak, it is of concern due to the losses associated with this pathogen in fish worldwide and because the European eel is an endangered species. Due to the difficulties of controlling the disease with antimicrobials, it is advisable to plan other effective control measures, such as improving water quality and the environmental conditions, reducing fish density, improving biosecurity, and by using immunostimulants and, when possible, vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pirollo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Perolo
- A. I. A. - Agricola Italiana Alimentare S.p.A, Via Valpantena 18/G, 37142 Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Mantegari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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16
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Alekish M, Ismail ZB. Common diseases of cattle in Jordan: A retrospective study (2015-2021). Vet World 2022; 15:2910-2916. [PMID: 36718342 PMCID: PMC9880831 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2910-2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In many developing countries, infectious and non-infectious diseases remain a major hurdle in achieving satisfactory status related to animal health, productivity, and welfare. In Jordan, there are no comprehensive reports describing the most common diseases involving different body systems in different age groups of cattle. Therefore, this retrospective study was designed to report the frequencies of various infectious and non-infectious diseases and their distribution according to sex, age, and body system in cattle in Jordan. Materials and Methods Case medical records of cattle presented for clinical evaluation to the Veterinary Health Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Jordan University of Science and Technology between January 2015 and December 2021 were used in this study. The data were categorized based on sex (female vs. male), body system involved in the disease process, nature of the disease process (infectious vs. non-infectious), and age (pre-weaning [<2 months of age], 2 months-2 years of age, and older than 2 years of age). Descriptive analysis was performed to report the frequencies, averages, and range values using Excel spreadsheets. Results Medical records of 513 cattle cases were used in the study. All cattle belonged to the Holstein-Friesian dairy breed. The majority of cases were female (91%). The age of animals ranged between 1 day and 8 years. According to age groups, there were 52%, 27%, and 16% of cases older than 2 years, 2 months-2 years, and pre-weaning (<2 months), respectively. Among males and females, the majority of cases were diagnosed with gastrointestinal diseases (30%), followed by udder/teat diseases (18%), reproductive and obstetrical diseases (16%), and respiratory diseases (11%). Other body systems involved in disease processes were metabolic (7%), musculoskeletal (6%), cardiovascular/circulatory (4%), multiple systems (3%), nervous (2%), ear/eye (2%), and skin (1%). Conclusion Results of this study provide valuable information on the most likely diagnostic list of diseases involving various body systems of different age groups in cattle in Jordan. This information could serve as a clinical guideline for field diagnosis of cattle diseases and provide an accurate estimate of the current status of cattle welfare, health, and husbandry practices in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myassar Alekish
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan,Corresponding author: Myassar Alekish, e-mail: Co-author: ZBI:
| | - Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Henker LC, Lorenzett MP, Lopes BC, Dos Santos IR, Bandinelli MB, Bassuino DM, Juffo GD, Antoniassi NAB, Pescador CA, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Pathological and etiological characterization of cases of bovine abortion due to sporadic bacterial and mycotic infections. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2251-2262. [PMID: 36303022 PMCID: PMC9679116 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic bacteria and fungi are commonly reported causes of bovine abortion in a small percentage of fetal losses of infectious etiology in cattle. The objective of this study was to characterize the pathological and etiological findings in fetuses aborted due to secondary bacterial and fungal infections submitted for postmortem examination between 2004 and 2019 in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Nineteen cases of bacterial etiology and five cases of fungal etiology were assessed. In cases of bacterial etiology, gross changes were uncommon and two different microscopic patterns were observed: (1) primary bronchopneumonia with occasional dissemination in cases of Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Mannheimia haemolytica infections; and (2) systemic disease with sepsis in cases of Escherichia coli and Listeria sp. infections. Aspergillus sp. was the main fungal agent identified, and cases of mycotic abortion were characterized by placentitis, dermatitis, and pneumonia. Fetal membranes were available for examination in less than half of the submissions (11/24), and placental lesions were observed in all cases. This study reaffirms the importance of postmortem examinations in the determination of causes of fetal loss in cattle and highlights pathological findings commonly observed in fetuses aborted due to sporadic bacterial and fungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Cleber Henker
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Marina Paula Lorenzett
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Correa Lopes
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Igor Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Marcele Bettim Bandinelli
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Daniele Mariath Bassuino
- Universidade de Cruz Alta (UNICRUZ), Bairro Educacional, Rodovia Municipal Della Campus Mea, Cruz Alta, RS, 98020290, Brazil
| | | | - Nadia Aline Bobbi Antoniassi
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida Alexandre Ferronato - de 992 a 1000, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil
| | - Caroline Argenta Pescador
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, 78069-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
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Lelisa K, Chibssa TR, Desissa F, Emiyu K, Muluneh A, Lobago DS, Gebreweld DS, Debebe K, Mohammed AA. Evaluation of diagnostic performance of H-based blocking ELISA for specific detection of peste des petits ruminants in domestic sheep, goats, cattle and camels. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:254. [PMID: 36266634 PMCID: PMC9585824 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly devastating disease of sheep and goats, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), which is targeted for global control and eradication by 2030. The serological diagnostic tool kits for accurate diagnosis of PPR have inherent strengths and weaknesses that require parallel validation and optimization across animal species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate diagnostic performance of haemagglutinin based PPR blocking ELISA (HPPR- b-ELISA), that was developed by Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center for specific detection of anti- PPRV antibodies. METHODS In preliminarily investigation, diagnostic performance of the HPPR-b-ELISA®, commercial PPR competition ELISA (c-ELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT) were compared for the detection of anti-PPRV antibodies in goats, sheep, cattle and camels. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of HPPR- b-ELISA® were 79.55 and 99.74%, respectively, compared to c-ELISA. The HPPR- b-ELISA® was in perfect agreement (κ = 0.86) with the c-ELISA in all sera collected from goats, sheep and cattle. There was almost perfect agreement between the species of goats (κ = 0.82) and sheep (κ = 0.98), while the agreement was substantial in cattle (κ = 0.78) and no agreement was observed in camels (κ = 0.00). Similarly, the sensitivity and specificity of the HPPR b-ELISA were 80 and 96.36%, respectively compared to VNT with almost perfect agreement in goats (κ = 0.83) and sheep (κ = 0.89), moderate in cattle (κ = 0.50) and none in camels (κ = 0.00). CONCLUSION Our study revealed that HPPR- b-ELISA is a suitable and valid method that can alternatively be used for screening and monitoring of PPR in sheep, goats and cattle except for camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumela Lelisa
- Animal Health Institute, P.O Box 04, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Fanta Desissa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box, 34, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kemal Emiyu
- Animal Health Institute, P.O Box 04, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- Animal Health Institute, P.O Box 04, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Kebede Debebe
- Animal Health Institute, P.O Box 04, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Bovine Polyomavirus-1 (Epsilonpolyomavirus bovis): An Emerging Fetal Pathogen of Cattle That Causes Renal Lesions Resembling Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy of Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092042. [PMID: 36146848 PMCID: PMC9502773 DOI: 10.3390/v14092042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine polyomavirus-1 (BoPyV-1, Epsilonpolyomavirus bovis) is widespread in cattle and has been detected in commercialized beef at supermarkets in the USA and Germany. BoPyV-1 has been questioned as a probable zoonotic agent with documented increase in seropositivity in people exposed to cattle. However, to date, BoPyV-1 has not been causally associated with pathology or disease in any animal species, including humans. Here we describe and illustrate pathological findings in an aborted bovine fetus naturally infected with BoPyV-1, providing evidence of its pathogenicity and probable abortigenic potential. Our results indicate that: (i) BoPyV-1 can cause severe kidney lesions in cattle, including tubulointerstitial nephritis with cytopathic changes and necrosis in tubular epithelial cells, tubular and interstitial inflammation, and interstitial fibroplasia; (ii) lesions are at least partly attributable to active viral replication in renal tubular epithelial cells, which have abundant intranuclear viral inclusions; (iii) BoPyV-1 large T (LT) antigen, resulting from early viral gene expression, can be detected in infected renal tubular epithelial cells using a monoclonal antibody raised against Simian Virus-40 polyomavirus LT antigen; and (iv) there is productive BoPyV-1 replication and virion assembly in the nuclei of renal tubular epithelial cells, as demonstrated by the ultrastructural observation of abundant arrays of viral particles with typical polyomavirus morphology. Altogether, these lesions resemble the “cytopathic-inflammatory pathology pattern” proposed in the pathogenesis of Human polyomavirus-1-associated nephropathy in immunocompromised people and kidney allograft recipients. Additionally, we sequenced the complete genome of the BoPyV-1 infecting the fetus, which represents the first whole genome of a BoPyV-1 from the Southern Hemisphere. Lastly, the BoPyV-1 strain infecting this fetus was isolated, causing a cytopathic effect in Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. We conclude that BoPyV-1 is pathogenic to the bovine fetus under natural circumstances. Further insights into the epidemiology, biology, clinical relevance, and zoonotic potential of BoPyV-1 are needed.
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20
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Cantón GJ, Moreno F, Fiorentino MA, Hecker YP, Spetter M, Fiorani F, Monterubbianesi MG, García JA, Altamiranda EG, Cirone KM, Louge Uriarte EL, Verna AE, Marin M, Cheuquepán F, Malena R, Morsella C, Paolicchi FA, Morrell EL, Moore DP. Spatial-temporal trends and economic losses associated with bovine abortifacients in central Argentina. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:242. [PMID: 35907064 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work are, firstly, to provide the geolocalization of cases of bovine abortion with definitive diagnosis and, secondly, to estimate the economic losses due to the most frequent abortifacients diagnosed agents in cattle in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The total beef and dairy cattle population at risk of abortion is 8,358,186 and 538,076, respectively. In beef cattle, the overall risk of abortion was estimated at 4.5% for all pregnancies, where 27.9% are due to Campylobacter fetus, Neospora caninum, Leptospira spp., Brucella abortus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus with economic losses of US$ 440 per abortion, being the annual loss to the beef industry of US$ 50,144,101. In dairy cattle, there was an 8.0% risk of suffering abortion, 26.1% produced by the same abortigenic agents. The economic losses were estimated at US$ 1,415 per abortion, which equals a total loss of US$ 17,298,498 for the dairy industry in the region. The results of this study show that infectious causes are highly prevalent in Buenos Aires province, and they caused severe economic impacts in the dairy and beef industries. Furthermore, changes in temporal trends of infectious abortion occurrence were detected, probably related to the inclusion of molecular diagnostic techniques with more sensitivity or different epidemiological or husbandry conditions in the region analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.
| | - Fabiana Moreno
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María A Fiorentino
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Yanina P Hecker
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Spetter
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Franco Fiorani
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María G Monterubbianesi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Juan A García
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Erika González Altamiranda
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Karina M Cirone
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Andrea E Verna
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Maia Marin
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Felipe Cheuquepán
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Rosana Malena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Claudia Morsella
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Fernando A Paolicchi
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Eleonora L Morrell
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Dadin P Moore
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
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21
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Thomas KM, Kibona T, Claxton JR, de Glanville WA, Lankester F, Amani N, Buza JJ, Carter RW, Chapman GE, Crump JA, Dagleish MP, Halliday JEB, Hamilton CM, Innes EA, Katzer F, Livingstone M, Longbottom D, Millins C, Mmbaga BT, Mosha V, Nyarobi J, Nyasebwa OM, Russell GC, Sanka PN, Semango G, Wheelhouse N, Willett BJ, Cleaveland S, Allan KJ. Prospective cohort study reveals unexpected aetiologies of livestock abortion in northern Tanzania. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11669. [PMID: 35803982 PMCID: PMC9270399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock abortion is an important cause of productivity losses worldwide and many infectious causes of abortion are zoonotic pathogens that impact on human health. Little is known about the relative importance of infectious causes of livestock abortion in Africa, including in subsistence farming communities that are critically dependent on livestock for food, income, and wellbeing. We conducted a prospective cohort study of livestock abortion, supported by cross-sectional serosurveillance, to determine aetiologies of livestock abortions in livestock in Tanzania. This approach generated several important findings including detection of a Rift Valley fever virus outbreak in cattle; high prevalence of C. burnetii infection in livestock; and the first report of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, and pestiviruses associated with livestock abortion in Tanzania. Our approach provides a model for abortion surveillance in resource-limited settings. Our findings add substantially to current knowledge in sub-Saharan Africa, providing important evidence from which to prioritise disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Thomas
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania.
- Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand Food Safety, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Tito Kibona
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - John R Claxton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William A de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nelson Amani
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Joram J Buza
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Ryan W Carter
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gail E Chapman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Millins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Victor Mosha
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - James Nyarobi
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Obed M Nyasebwa
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Zonal Veterinary Centre-Arusha, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Paul N Sanka
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - George Semango
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nick Wheelhouse
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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22
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Fuentes-Valencia MA, Osornio-Esquivel JL, Martínez Palacios CA, Contreras-Ávila JL, Barriga-Tovar E, la Mora GID, Arellano-Torres A, Baizabal-Aguirre VM, Bravo-Patiño A, Cajero-Juárez M, Valdez Alarcón JJ. Bacterial and parasite co-infection in Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) by Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas sobria, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Ichthyobodo necator. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:137. [PMID: 35414073 PMCID: PMC9004087 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial infections are responsible of high economic losses in aquaculture. Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) is a threatened native trout species that has been introduced in aquaculture both for species conservation and breeding for production and for which no studies of bacterial infections have been reported. Case presentation Fish from juvenile stages of Mexican golden trout showed an infectious outbreak in a farm in co-culture with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), showing external puntiform red lesions around the mouth and caudal pedunculus resembling furuncles by Aeromonas spp. and causing an accumulated mortality of 91%. Isolation and molecular identification of bacteria from lesions and internal organs showed the presence of Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas sobria, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Ichthyobodo necator isolated from a single individual. All bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefazoline. P. shigelloides was resistant to third generation β-lactamics. Conclusions This is the first report of coinfection by Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas sobria, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Ichthyobodo necator in an individual of Mexican golden trout in co-culture with rainbow trout. Resistance to β-lactams suggests the acquisition of genetic determinants from water contamination by human- or livestock-associated activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Anel Fuentes-Valencia
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - José Luis Osornio-Esquivel
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | | | - Erik Barriga-Tovar
- Comité Estatal de Sanidad e Inocuidad Acuícola de Michoacán A.C. (CESAMICH), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Genoveva Ingle-de la Mora
- Dirección General Adjunta de Investigación en Acuacultura, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Pátzcuaro, Mexico.,Centro Regional de Investigación Acuícola y Pesquera en Pátzcuaro, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Pátzcuaro, Mexico
| | - Andrés Arellano-Torres
- Dirección General Adjunta de Investigación en Acuacultura, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Pátzcuaro, Mexico.,Centro Regional de Investigación Acuícola y Pesquera en Pátzcuaro, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Pátzcuaro, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Marcos Cajero-Juárez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico.,Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Juan José Valdez Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico.
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23
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Agerholm JS, Klas EM, Damborg P, Borel N, Pedersen HG, Christoffersen M. A Diagnostic Survey of Aborted Equine Fetuses and Stillborn Premature Foals in Denmark. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740621. [PMID: 34859085 PMCID: PMC8631530 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Loss of pregnancy in mares can have many different causes, including both infectious and non-infectious conditions. Extrapolation of findings from other studies is often uncertain as the significance of each cause varies across regions. Causes of pregnancy loss in mares have never been thoroughly studied in Denmark, so a prospective cross-sectional cohort study targeting the entire Danish population of pregnant mares was performed over a period of 13 months to obtain knowledge of the significance of individual causes. Fifty aborted or prematurely delivered stillborn fetuses were submitted for necropsy and examined by a panel of diagnostic laboratory methods. Results: Overall, a cause of fetal loss was established for 72% of the examined cases. Most cases (62%) were lost due to a non-infectious cause, of which obstruction of the feto-placental blood circulation due to severe torsion of the umbilical cord was most prevalent. Pregnancy loss due to a variety of opportunistic bacteria, including bacteria not previously associated with abortion in mares, accounted for 12%, while equid alphaherpesvirus (EHV) type 1 was the cause of pregnancy loss in 8% of the cases. EHV type 4 and Chlamydiaceae species were identified in some cases, but not regarded as the cause of fetal loss. Conclusion: Umbilical cord torsion was found to be the most prevalent cause of fetal loss in Danish mares, while infectious causes such as EHV type 1 and streptococci only accounted for a minor proportion of the losses. The study highlights the need for defined criteria for establishing an abortion diagnosis in mares, particularly in relation to EHV types 1 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Steen Agerholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eva-Maria Klas
- Department of Molecular Biology, LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanne Gervi Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Mette Christoffersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark
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24
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Agerholm JS, Wernike K. Occurrence of malformed calves in April-May 2021 indicates an unnoticed 2020 emergence of Schmallenberg virus in Denmark. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:3128-3132. [PMID: 34850578 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During the European emergence of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in 2011, examination of Culicoides spp. showed that SBV-infected midges were present across Denmark. However, SBV-associated malformations in ruminant species have not been reported in Denmark. In April 2021, seven calves with severe congenital generalized arthrogryposis and reduced body weight originating from a narrow region of the Jutlandic peninsula were submitted for examination. Analysis of fetal brain tissue for SBV viral RNA and pleural effusion for fetal anti-SBV antibodies identified SBV as the cause of the congenital syndrome. Backwards calculation from the calving dates indicated the occurrence of an unnoticed emergence of SBV in Denmark from early August 2020 and during the late summer and autumn. As SBV-associated malformations may lead to severe dystocia requiring fetotomy or caesarean section, veterinarians performing obstetric intervention are first-line personnel in recognition of SBV emergence in domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Steen Agerholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
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25
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López-Gatius F, Garcia-Ispierto I, Hanzen C. Unilateral twin pregnancy: A non-infectious factor required for the etiological diagnosis of abortion in dairy herds. J Reprod Dev 2021; 67:337-339. [PMID: 34615839 PMCID: PMC8668370 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin pregnancies are classified into bilateral (one fetus in each uterine horn: 44%) and unilateral (both fetuses in the same uterine horn, right or left: 56%). The incidence of abortion during mid- to late gestation is approximately 1% in cows carrying bilateral twins and more than 40% in cows carrying unilateral twins. In this period, abortion seems most commonly associated with infectious agents. However, although this imbalanced abortion rate may imply that unilateral twin pregnancy is a non-infectious abortion factor, few available data can describe the cause of abortions in twin pregnancies. The current findings suggest that unilateral twin pregnancy is a non-infectious factor required for the etiological diagnosis of abortion in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando López-Gatius
- Agrotecnio Centre; University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.,Transfer in Bovine Reproduction SLu, 22300 Barbastro, Spain
| | - Irina Garcia-Ispierto
- Agrotecnio Centre; University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.,Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Christian Hanzen
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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26
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Šteingolde Ž, Meistere I, Avsejenko J, Ķibilds J, Bergšpica I, Streikiša M, Gradovska S, Alksne L, Roussel S, Terentjeva M, Bērziņš A. Characterization and Genetic Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Cattle Abortions in Latvia, 2013-2018. Vet Sci 2021; 8:195. [PMID: 34564589 PMCID: PMC8473131 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can cause disease in humans and in a wide range of animal species, especially in farm ruminants. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes related to 1185 cattle abortion cases in Latvia during 2013-2018. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes among cattle abortions was 16.1% (191/1185). The seasonality of L. monocytogenes abortions was observed with significantly higher occurrence (p < 0.01) in spring (March-May). In 61.0% of the cases, the affected cattle were under four years of age. L. monocytogenes abortions were observed during the third (64.6%) and second (33.3%) trimesters of gestation. Overall, 27 different sequence types (ST) were detected, and four of them, ST29 (clonal complex, CC29), ST37 (CC37), ST451 (CC11) and ST7 (CC7), covered more than half of the L. monocytogenes isolates. Key virulence factors like the prfA-dependent virulence cluster and inlA, inlB were observed in all the analyzed isolates, but lntA, inlF, inlJ, vip were associated with individual sequence types. Our results confirmed that L. monocytogenes is the most important causative agent of cattle abortions in Latvia and more than 20 different STs were observed in L. monocytogenes abortions in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žanete Šteingolde
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Irēna Meistere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Jeļena Avsejenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Juris Ķibilds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Ieva Bergšpica
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Madara Streikiša
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Silva Gradovska
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Laura Alksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Sophie Roussel
- Maisons-Alfort Laboratory of Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health (ANSES), F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Aivars Bērziņš
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (J.Ķ.); (I.B.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.)
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
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27
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Pal S, Sharma G, Subramanian S. Complete genome sequence and identification of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis genes of the myxobacterium Minicystis rosea DSM 24000 T. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:655. [PMID: 34511070 PMCID: PMC8436480 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myxobacteria harbor numerous biosynthetic gene clusters that can produce a diverse range of secondary metabolites. Minicystis rosea DSM 24000T is a soil-dwelling myxobacterium belonging to the suborderSorangiineae and family Polyangiaceae and is known to produce various secondary metabolites as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Here, we use whole-genome sequencing to explore the diversity of biosynthetic gene clusters in M. rosea. Results Using PacBio sequencing technology, we assembled the 16.04 Mbp complete genome of M. rosea DSM 24000T, the largest bacterial genome sequenced to date. About 44% of its coding potential represents paralogous genes predominantly associated with signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and protein folding. These genes are involved in various essential functions such as cellular organization, diverse niche adaptation, and bacterial cooperation, and enable social behavior like gliding motility, sporulation, and predation, typical of myxobacteria. A profusion of eukaryotic-like kinases (353) and an elevated ratio of phosphatases (8.2/1) in M. rosea as compared to other myxobacteria suggest gene duplication as one of the primary modes of genome expansion. About 7.7% of the genes are involved in the biosynthesis of a diverse array of secondary metabolites such as polyketides, terpenes, and bacteriocins. Phylogeny of the genes involved in PUFA biosynthesis (pfa) together with the conserved synteny of the complete pfa gene cluster suggests acquisition via horizontal gene transfer from Actinobacteria. Conclusion Overall, this study describes the complete genome sequence of M. rosea, comparative genomic analysis to explore the putative reasons for its large genome size, and explores the secondary metabolite potential, including the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07955-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpee Pal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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An Accessible Diagnostic Toolbox to Detect Bacterial Causes of Ovine and Caprine Abortion. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091147. [PMID: 34578179 PMCID: PMC8468688 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Results of laboratory investigations of ovine and caprine cases of abortion in the lambing season 2015–2016 were analyzed, using pathology records of submissions to Royal GD (Deventer, the Netherlands) from January until and including April 2016, in comparison with the results of two accessible alternative techniques for sampling aborted lambs and kids, swabbing the fetal oropharynx and puncture of the fetal lung. Chlamydia abortus was the main cause of abortion in sheep as well as in goats. Other causes of abortion were Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Ovine pathological submissions resulted more often in detecting an infectious agent compared to caprine submissions. For the three main bacterial causes of abortion, Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., and Chlamydia spp., compared to results of the pathological examination, oropharynx mucus, and fetal lung puncture samples showed an observed agreement of 0.87 and 0.89, an expected agreement of 0.579 and 0.584, and a kappa value of 0.691 and 0.737 (95% CI: 0.561–0.82 and 0.614–0.859), respectively. The agreement between the results of the pathological examination and both fetal lung puncture and oropharynx mucus samples was classified as good. In conclusion, although a full step-wise post-mortem examination remains the most proper way of investigating small ruminant abortions, the easily accessible, low-threshold tools for practitioners and farmers as described in this paper not only provide reliable results compared to results of the post-mortem examination but also stimulates farmers and veterinarians to submit fetuses and placentas if necessary. Suggestions for further improvement of both alternatives have been summarized. Both alternatives could also be tailor-made for specific regions with their specific causes of abortion.
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Development of Freeze-dried Reagents based Multiplex PCR Assay for the Detection of Common and Emerging Abortion-causing Pathogens. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine abortion is economically one of the most devastating problems faced by dairy farmers. Apart from non-infectious causes, several infectious pathogens are responsible for abortions, which sometimes manifests as abortion storms. Vaccine against several pathogens is available, in spite of that, abortions cause huge economic losses for the dairy sector. Timely and accurate identification of the etiological agent helps in adopting the mitigation steps to control the damage caused. In addition to the common abortion-causing pathogens such as Brucella abortus, Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), several emerging viral causes are being investigated for their possible role in abortion, either exclusively or as co-infection. Molecular methods are widely accepted for the identification of the involved pathogens. However, these assays require individual screening against each pathogen which is time-consuming and uneconomical, hence the multiplex format of PCR assays has been adopted by several laboratories. Multiplexing in real-time PCR is a sensitive and reliable technique, but it requires trained manpower and sophisticated equipment which is largely unavailable in regional disease diagnostic laboratories in India. Hence, in this study, a user-friendly, ready-to-use, gel-based RT-PCR multiplex assay was developed for simultaneous detection of three common pathogens (B. abortus, BHV-1, and BVDV) and two emerging pathogens; bluetongue virus (BTV) as a cause of abortions in bovine and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). After the standardization of the assay, a panel of 211 samples was screened. A high degree of concordance was observed which indicates the developed multiplex PCR assay is reliable and has the potential for screening at regional diagnostic laboratories.
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30
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Woodburn DB, Steyl J, Du Plessis EC, Last RD, Reininghaus B, Mitchell EP. Pathological findings in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2021; 92:e1-e11. [PMID: 34476957 PMCID: PMC8424707 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v92i0.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is an iconic species of South African megafauna. As the farmed buffalo population expands, the potential impacts on population health and disease transmission warrant investigation. A retrospective study of skin biopsy and necropsy samples from 429 animals was performed to assess the spectrum of conditions seen in buffaloes in South Africa. Determination of the cause of death (or euthanasia) could not be made in 33.1% (136/411) of the necropsy cases submitted due to autolysis or the absence of significant lesions in the samples submitted. Infectious and parasitic diseases accounted for 53.5% (147/275) of adult fatal cases and non-infectious conditions accounted for 34.9% (96/275). Abortions and neonatal deaths made up 11.6% (32/275) of necropsy cases. Rift Valley fever, bovine viral diarrhoea, malignant catarrhal fever, tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, anaesthetic deaths, cachexia and hepatotoxic lesions were the most common causes of death. The range of infectious, parasitic and non-infectious diseases to which African buffaloes were susceptible was largely similar to diseases in domestic cattle which supports concerns regarding disease transmission between the two species. The similarity between diseases experienced in both species will assist wildlife veterinarians in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in captive African buffaloes. The present study likely does not represent accurate disease prevalence data within the source population of buffaloes, and diseases such as anthrax, brucellosis and foot and mouth disease are under-represented in this study. Hepatic ductal plate abnormalities and haemorrhagic septicaemia have not, to our knowledge, been previously reported in African buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Woodburn
- Department of Pathobiology, Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Illinois.
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31
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Van Loo H, Pascottini OB, Ribbens S, Hooyberghs J, Pardon B, Opsomer G. Retrospective study of factors associated with bovine infectious abortion and perinatal mortality. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105366. [PMID: 33930623 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abortion and perinatal mortality, leading causes of economic loss in cattle industry, are the consequence of both non-infectious and a wide range of infectious causes. However, the relative contribution of pathogens to bovine abortion and perinatal mortality is poorly documented, since available studies involved only a limited number of pathogens. Therefore, the objectives of the present monitoring study were to determine the prevalence of infectious agents associated with bovine abortion and perinatal mortality, and to identify differences in production type, gestation length, parity and seasonality by using mixed effect models (logistic regression). A pre-established sampling protocol based on the collection of the aborted fetus/calf and a corresponding maternal blood sample, involving diagnostic testing for 10 pathogens, was performed. At least one potential causal agent of the abortion or perinatal mortality was detected in 39 % of cases. In these diagnosed cases, Neospora caninum was the most detected pathogen, followed by Trueperella pyogenes, BVDv, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Neospora caninum [odds ratio (OR): 0.4; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.3-0.7] and Aspergillus fumigatus (OR: 0.1; 95 % CI: 0.1-0.3) were detected less in late versus early gestation. Aspergillus fumigatus was less common in dairy in comparison to beef abortion cases (OR: 0.2; 95 % CI: 0.1-0.6). Winter was associated with a lower positivity for Neospora caninum and BVDv in comparison to warmer seasons. Despite extensive diagnostic testing, an etiological diagnosis was not reached in 61 % of cases, highlighting the need for even more extensive (non-)infectious disease testing or more accurate tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Van Loo
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - O Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Gamete Research Center, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Ribbens
- Animal Health Services Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - J Hooyberghs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Kruidtuinlaan 55, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Mee JF, Jawor P, Stefaniak T. Role of Infection and Immunity in Bovine Perinatal Mortality: Part 1. Causes and Current Diagnostic Approaches. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1033. [PMID: 33917506 PMCID: PMC8067527 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While non-infectious causes are more commonly diagnosed in cases of bovine perinatal mortality (PM), the proportion caused by infections is highly variable between studies (~5-35%); the reasons for this variation, and possible underestimation, are discussed. The most important pathogen-specific infectious causes of PM are bacteria (in particular, Bacillus licheniformis and Leptospira spp.), viruses (in particular BVDv) and a parasite (Neospora caninum). However, co-infection may occur in a small proportion of cases and in many cases no single pathogen is detected but gross or microscopic lesions of an inflammatory response are identified. Diagnosis is complicated by the criteria required to establish exposure, infection and causation. Additionally, pathogens can be classified as primary or secondary though such differentiation can be arbitrary. The majority of infectious cases of PM are due to in utero infections but postnatal infections (0-2 days) can also cause PM. Diagnosis of infectious PM is based on a systematic investigation of the herd health history and dam and cohort sampling and examination of the perinate and its placenta. Gross and histopathologic examinations and maternal/herd and perinate serology form the basis of current infectious PM investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, P61 P302 Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Paulina Jawor
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (P.J.); (T.S.)
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (P.J.); (T.S.)
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33
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Nguyen VG, Kim CU, Do HQ, Shin S, Jang KC, Park YH, Park BK, Chung HC. Characteristics of Aerococcus viridans isolated from porcine fetuses in Korean farms. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1325-1331. [PMID: 33624943 PMCID: PMC8294361 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine abortion caused by viruses as well as bacteria has caused many economic losses in domestic farms over the years; however, bacterial abortion has not yet been studied in Korea. Several bacterial species were isolated from aborted fetuses (n = 103) for which the cause of death was not viral abortion. Among them, we focused on Aerococcus viridans, which had the highest positive rate within three provinces (Gangwon, Jeonnam and Gyeongnam). A total of 16 isolates were identified as A. viridans by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS), and 13 were characterized by both antibiotic resistance and 16S rRNA gene analysis. Based on antibiotic susceptibility testing result, eight antimicrobials could not effectively eliminate the present isolation (more than 40% of isolates can resist these antibiotics), while all except two strains were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Molecular analysis indicated genetic variation among these strains. This study is the first report detecting A. viridans from aborted fetuses in Korean domestic farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cheong Ung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Quynh Do
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Chan Jang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Wolf-Jäckel GA, Strube ML, Schou KK, Schnee C, Agerholm JS, Jensen TK. Bovine Abortions Revisited-Enhancing Abortion Diagnostics by 16S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623666. [PMID: 33708810 PMCID: PMC7940352 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abortion in cattle causes significant economic losses for cattle farmers worldwide. The diversity of abortifacients makes abortion diagnostics a complex and challenging discipline that additionally is restrained by time and economy. Microbial culture has traditionally been an important method for the identification of bacterial and mycotic abortifacients. However, it comes with the inherent bias of favoring the easy-to-culture species, e.g., those that do not require cell culture, pre-enrichment, a variety of selective growth media, or different oxygen levels for in vitro growth. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing have been established as alternatives to traditional microbial culturing methods in several diagnostic fields including abortion diagnostics. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a bridging microscopy technique that combines molecular accuracy with culture independence, and spatial resolution of the pathogen-lesion relation, is also gaining influence in several diagnostic fields. In this study, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and FISH were applied separately and in combination in order to (i) identify potentially abortifacient bacteria without the bias of culturability, (ii) increase the diagnostic rate using combined molecular methods, (iii) investigate the presence of the difficult-to-culture zoonotic agents Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia spp., and Leptospira spp. in bovine abortions in Denmark. Tissues from 162 aborted or stillborn bovine fetuses and placentas submitted for routine diagnostics were screened for pathogenic bacteria using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Lesion association of fungal elements, as well as of selection of bacterial abortifacients, was assessed using specific FISH assays. The presence of Chlamydia spp. and chlamydia-like organisms was assessed using qPCR. The study focused on bacterial and fungal abortifacients, because Danish cattle is free from most viral abortifacients. The 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing-guided FISH approach was suitable for enhancing abortion diagnostics, i.e., the diagnostic rate for cases with tissue lesions (n = 115) was increased from 46 to 53% when compared to routine diagnostic methods. Identification of Bacillus licheniformis, Escherichia coli, and Trueperella pyogenes accounted for the majority of additional cases with an established etiology. No evidence for emerging or epizootic bacterial pathogens was found. The difficult-to-culture abortifacients were either not detected or not identified as abortifacients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikael Lenz Strube
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jørgen S Agerholm
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Tim Kåre Jensen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Häfliger IM, Seefried F, Drögemüller C. Trisomy 29 in a stillborn Swiss Original Braunvieh calf. Anim Genet 2020; 51:483-484. [PMID: 32196694 DOI: 10.1111/age.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Monika Häfliger
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | | | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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Yuan L, Hensley C, Mahsoub HM, Ramesh AK, Zhou P. Microbiota in viral infection and disease in humans and farm animals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:15-60. [PMID: 32475521 PMCID: PMC7181997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on viral infection susceptibility and disease outcome is undisputable although varies among viruses. The purpose of understanding the interactions between microbiota, virus, and host is to identify practical, effective, and safe approaches that target microbiota for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases in humans and animals, as currently there are few effective and reliable antiviral therapies available. The initial step for achieving this goal is to gather clinical evidences, focusing on the viral pathogens-from human and animal studies-that have already been shown to interact with microbiota. The subsequent step is to identify mechanisms, through experimental evidences, to support the development of translational applications that target microbiota. In this chapter, we review evidences of virus infections altering microbiota and of microbiota enhancing or suppressing infectivity, altering host susceptibility to certain viral diseases, and influencing vaccine immunogenicity in humans and farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hassan M Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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