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Patton HN, Zhang H, Kennedy AE, Kennedy GD, Rogers JM. An Inexpensive, Portable Shield to Improve Healthcare Worker Safety During Intubation Procedures . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083656 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCW) are exposed to risk of infection during intubation procedures, in particular, in the prehospital setting. Here, we demonstrate a novel shield that can be used during intubation to block aerosols and droplets from reaching the HCW. The device is mounted on the patient's head and provides a barrier between patient and HCW. It incorporates a self-sealing port through which an endotracheal tube can be inserted. The port "floats" in the plane of the shield to facilitate maneuvering of the endotracheal tube. The shield is fabricated from transparent materials to enable the HCW to visualize the procedure. Using two complementary imaging methods, background oriented Schlieren imaging and laser sheet droplet imaging, we show that the device prevents detectable transmission of gas flow and droplets through the shield both before and after endotracheal tube insertion.Clinical Relevance- This device has the potential to protect HCWs from infections during intubation procedures, especially in the prehospital setting.
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Sadeghian P, Bi Y, Cao G, Sadrizadeh S. Reducing the risk of viral contamination during the coronavirus pandemic by using a protective curtain in the operating room. Patient Saf Surg 2022; 16:26. [PMID: 35933393 PMCID: PMC9356414 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-022-00332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airborne transmission diseases can transfer long and short distances via sneezing, coughing, and breathing. These airborne repertory particles can convert to aerosol particles and travel with airflow. During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many surgeries have been delayed, increasing the demand for establishing a clean environment for both patient and surgical team in the operating room. Methods This study aims to investigate the hypothesis of implementing a protective curtain to reduce the transmission of infectious contamination in the surgical microenvironment of an operating room. In this regard, the spread of an airborne transmission disease from the patient was evaluated, consequently, the exposure level of the surgical team. In the first part of this study, a mock surgical experiment was established in the operating room of an academic medical center in Norway. In the second part, the computational fluid dynamic technique was performed to investigate the spread of airborne infectious diseases. Furthermore, the field measurement was used to validate the numerical model and guarantee the accuracy of the applied numerical models. Results The results showed that the airborne infectious agents reached the breathing zone of the surgeons. However, using a protective curtain to separate the microenvironment between the head and lower body of the patient resulted in a 75% reduction in the spread of the virus to the breathing zone of the surgeons. The experimental results showed a surface temperature of 40 ˚C, which was about a 20 ˚C increase in temperature, at the wound area using a high intensity of the LED surgical lamps. Consequently, this temperature increase can raise the patient's thermal injury risk. Conclusion The novel method of using a protective curtain can increase the safety of the surgical team during the surgery with a COVID-19 patient in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Sadeghian
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 23, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guangyu Cao
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sasan Sadrizadeh
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 23, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zimmerling A, Chen X. Innovation and possible long-term impact driven by COVID-19: Manufacturing, personal protective equipment and digital technologies. TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY 2021; 65:101541. [PMID: 36540655 PMCID: PMC9754673 DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is known that discrete events causing extreme societal and economic pressures as well as technological opportunity are major driving factors of innovation. Due to the presence of both of these factors during the COVID-19 pandemic it was hypothesized that there would be significant on-going innovation throughout society during the pandemic, with many of the innovations having the ability to have long-term societal impact. Analysis of literature and patent databases determined sectors of accelerated innovation to include manufacturing, personal protective equipment and digital technologies. The ability of flexible and advanced manufacturing technologies to provide more adaptable production capabilities that are less susceptible to disruption, make it likely that these technologies will be incorporated further, changing the way many manufacturing firms operate. Collaboration has increased, demonstrating increases in problem-solving efficiency; however, concerns around intellectual property is likely to reduce the long-term impact of these procedural changes. Advancements in personal protective equipment and disinfection technologies may have the long-term impact of reducing waste production and triggering changes in cleaning protocols throughout society. Digital technologies such as telemedicine, data collection, artificial intelligence and communication technologies were found to have undergone significant innovation, with possible impacts such as large-scale systemic shifts, and changes in how governments, corporations, the scientific community and the public interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Zimmerling
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Mascarenhas RE, Pralhad S, Manaktala N. Pan-dent-emic: safety considerations for dental surgery in the era of COVID-19. Patient Saf Surg 2021; 15:16. [PMID: 33845838 PMCID: PMC8040369 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-021-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spread has seized the entire world and has created extensive health concerns in the general population. Despite various efforts to prevent the pandemic spread, the flare-up of this disease is still soaring due to the community spread in every area. The droplet spread from the afflicted is of the highest concern because of its rapid spread to uninfected individuals. Dental treatments have to be planned and carried out with extreme caution and dental personnel should take extreme care and follow meticulous guidelines when treating an individual with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. This article highlights the clinical picture of COVID-19 (coronavirus diseases 2019) and presents a summary of precautionary and prophylactic measures in preventing the cross-infection and the nosocomial spread of the infection in a dental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Enette Mascarenhas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Swati Pralhad
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Nidhi Manaktala
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India.
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Sorbello M, Rosenblatt W, Hofmeyr R, Greif R, Urdaneta F. Aerosol boxes and barrier enclosures for airway management in COVID-19 patients: a scoping review and narrative synthesis. Br J Anaesth 2020; 125:880-894. [PMID: 32977955 PMCID: PMC7470712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of healthcare providers to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a significant safety concern during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, requiring contact/droplet/airborne precautions. Because of global shortages, limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) has motivated the development of barrier-enclosure systems, such as aerosol boxes, plastic drapes, and similar protective systems. We examined the available evidence and scientific publications about barrier-enclosure systems for airway management in suspected/confirmed COVID-19 patients. MEDLINE/Embase/Google Scholar databases (from December 1, 2019 to May 27, 2020) were searched for all articles on barrier enclosures for airway management in COVID-19, including references and websites. All sources were reviewed by a panel of experts using a Delphi method with a modified nominal group technique. Fifty-two articles were reviewed for their results and level of evidence regarding barrier device feasibility, advantages, protection against droplets and aerosols, effectiveness, safety, ergonomics, and cleaning/disposal. The majority of analysed papers were expert opinions, small case series, technical descriptions, small-sample simulation studies, and pre-print proofs. The use of barrier-enclosure devices adds to the complexity of airway procedures with potential adverse consequences, especially during airway emergencies. Concerns include limitations on the ability to perform airway interventions and the aid that can be delivered by an assistant, patient injuries, compromise of PPE integrity, lack of evidence for added protection of healthcare providers (including secondary aerosolisation upon barrier removal), and lack of cleaning standards. Enclosure barriers for airway management are no substitute for adequate PPE, and their use should be avoided until adequate validation studies can be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sorbello
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele San Marco University Hospital, Catania, Italy.
| | - William Rosenblatt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ross Hofmeyr
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert Greif
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; School of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felipe Urdaneta
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida/North Florida/South Georgia Veteran Health Systems, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Price C, Ben-Yakov M, Choi J, Orchanian-Cheff A, Tawadrous D. Barrier enclosure use during aerosol-generating medical procedures: A scoping review. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 41:209-218. [PMID: 33189515 PMCID: PMC7837026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Barrier enclosure devices were introduced to protect against infectious disease transmission during aerosol generating medical procedures (AGMP). Recent discussion in the medical community has led to new designs and adoption despite limited evidence. A scoping review was conducted to characterize devices being used and their performance. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of formal databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CENTRAL, Scopus), grey literature, and hand-searched relevant journals. Forward and reverse citation searching was completed on included articles. Article/full-text screening and data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers. Studies were categorized by publication type, device category, intended medical use, and outcomes (efficacy - ability to contain particles; efficiency - time to complete AGMP; and usability - user experience). RESULTS Searches identified 6489 studies and 123 met criteria for inclusion (k = 0.81 title/abstract, k = 0.77 full-text). Most articles were published in 2020 (98%, n = 120) as letters/commentaries (58%, n = 71). Box systems represented 42% (n = 52) of systems described, while plastic sheet systems accounted for 54% (n = 66). The majority were used for airway management (67%, n = 83). Only half of articles described outcome measures (54%, n = 67); 82% (n = 55) reporting efficacy, 39% (n = 26) on usability, and 15% (n = 10) on efficiency. Efficacy of devices in containing aerosols was limited and frequently dependent on use of suction devices. CONCLUSIONS While use of various barrier enclosure devices has become widespread during this pandemic, objective data of efficacy, efficiency, and usability is limited. Further controlled studies are required before adoption into routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Price
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Maxim Ben-Yakov
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital - Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Joseph Choi
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital - Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ani Orchanian-Cheff
- Library and Information Services, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Davy Tawadrous
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital - Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Environmental contamination in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) intensive care unit-What is the risk? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 42:669-677. [PMID: 33081858 PMCID: PMC7653228 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: The risk of environmental contamination by severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is unclear. We evaluated the extent of environmental contamination in the ICU and correlated this with patient and disease factors, including the impact of different ventilatory modalities. Methods: In this observational study, surface environmental samples collected from ICU patient rooms and common areas were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Select samples from the common area were tested by cell culture. Clinical data were collected and correlated to the presence of environmental contamination. Results were compared to historical data from a previous study in general wards. Results: In total, 200 samples from 20 patient rooms and 75 samples from common areas and the staff pantry were tested. The results showed that 14 rooms had at least 1 site contaminated, with an overall contamination rate of 14% (28 of 200 samples). Environmental contamination was not associated with day of illness, ventilatory mode, aerosol-generating procedures, or viral load. The frequency of environmental contamination was lower in the ICU than in general ward rooms. Eight samples from the common area were positive, though all were negative on cell culture. Conclusion: Environmental contamination in the ICU was lower than in the general wards. The use of mechanical ventilation or high-flow nasal oxygen was not associated with greater surface contamination, supporting their use and safety from an infection control perspective. Transmission risk via environmental surfaces in the ICUs is likely to be low. Nonetheless, infection control practices should be strictly reinforced, and transmission risk via droplet or airborne spread remains.
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Rajajee V, Williamson CA. Use of a Novel Negative-Pressure Tent During Bedside Tracheostomy in COVID-19 Patients. Neurocrit Care 2020; 33:597-603. [PMID: 32770341 PMCID: PMC7413643 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many COVID-19 patients with neurological manifestations and respiratory failure remain dependent on mechanical ventilation and require tracheostomy, which is an aerosol generating procedure (AGP). The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to healthcare staff during AGPs is well documented, and negative-pressure rooms are often unavailable. Innovative techniques to decrease risk to healthcare providers during AGPs are necessary. Our objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) performed using a novel prefabricated low-cost negative-pressure tent (AerosolVE). METHODS Retrospective review of consecutive PDT procedures performed by neurointensivists on intubated adult patients with COVID-19 using the AerosolVE tent during the pandemic under an innovative clinical care protocol. The AerosolVE negative-pressure tent consists of a clear plastic canopy with slits for hand access attached to a U-shaped base with air vents. Air within the tent is drawn through a high-efficiency particulate air filter and released outside. Preliminary testing during simulated AGPs demonstrated negligible escape of particulate matter beyond the tent. The main outcome measure was successful completion of PDT and bronchoscopy within the AerosolVE tent, without complications. RESULTS The patients were a 53-year-old man with multifocal ischemic stroke and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 53-year-old woman with cerebellar hemorrhage and ARDS, and a 69-year-old man with ARDS. Pre-procedure FiO2 requirement was 40-50% and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 8-12 cm H2O. The tent was successfully positioned around the patient and PDT completed with real-time ultrasound guidance in all 3 patients. Bronchoscopy was performed to confirm tube position and perform pulmonary toilet. No complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to perform PDT on intubated COVID-19 patients using the AerosolVE negative-pressure tent. This is a promising low-cost device to decrease risk to healthcare providers during AGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatakrishna Rajajee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, 3552 Taubman Health Care Center, SPC 5338, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Craig A. Williamson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, 3552 Taubman Health Care Center, SPC 5338, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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Bani Hani D, Altal O, Aleshawi A, Alhowary AA, Obeidat B. Expanding access for COVID-19 patients by transforming a burn unit into a closed-circuit unit for surgical patients: experience from an academic medical center in Jordan. Patient Saf Surg 2020; 14:25. [PMID: 32514313 PMCID: PMC7274061 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-020-00251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diab Bani Hani
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
| | - Omar Altal
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
| | | | - Ala A Alhowary
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
| | - Basil Obeidat
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
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