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Daniels RJ, Grenet D, Knight CA. Impaired performance of rapid grip in people with Parkinson's disease and motor segmentation. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 95:103201. [PMID: 38507858 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Bradykinesia, or slow movement, is a defining symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the underlying neuromechanical deficits that lead to this slowness remain unclear. People with PD often have impaired rates of motor output accompanied by disruptions in neuromuscular excitation, causing abnormal, segmented, force-time curves. Previous investigations using single-joint models indicate that agonist electromyogram (EMG) silent periods cause motor segmentation. It is unknown whether motor segmentation is evident in more anatomically complex and ecologically important tasks, such as handgrip tasks. Aim 1 was to determine how handgrip rates of force change compare between people with PD and healthy young and older adults. Aim 2 was to determine whether motor segmentation is present in handgrip force and EMG measures in people with PD. Subjects performed rapid isometric handgrip pulses to 20-60% of their maximal voluntary contraction force while EMG was collected from the grip flexors and extensors. Dependent variables included the time to 90% peak force, the peak rate of force development, the duration above 90% of peak force, the number of segments in the force-time curve, the number of EMG bursts, time to relaxation from 90% of peak force, and the peak rate of force relaxation. People with PD had longer durations and lower rates of force change than young and older adults. Six of 22 people with PD had motor segmentation. People with PD had more EMG bursts compared to healthy adults and the number of EMG bursts covaried with the number of segments. Thus, control of rapid movement in Parkinson's disease can be studied using isometric handgrip. People with PD have impaired rate control compared to healthy adults and motor segmentation can be studied in handgrip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Daniels
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 211AC The Tower at STAR, 100 Discovery Blvd, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - David Grenet
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Christopher A Knight
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 344 The Tower at STAR, 100 Discovery Blvd, Newark, DE, USA.
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Reyes-Pérez P, García-Marín LM, Aman AM, Antar T, Flores-Ocampo V, Mitchell BL, Medina-Rivera A, Rentería ME. Investigating the Shared Genetic Etiology Between Parkinson's Disease and Depression. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:483-493. [PMID: 38457145 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Depression is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD), resulting from underlying neuropathological processes and psychological factors. However, the extent to which shared genetic risk factors contribute to the relationship between depression and PD is poorly understood. Objective To examine the effects of common genetic variants influencing the etiology of PD and depression risk at the genome-wide and local genomic regional level. Methods We comprehensively investigated the genetic relationship between PD and depression using genome-wide association studies data. First, we estimated the genetic correlation at the genome-wide level using linkage-disequilibrium score regression, followed by local genetic correlation analysis using the GWAS-pairwise method and functional annotation to identify genes that may jointly influence the risk for both traits. Also, we performed Latent Causal Variable, Latent Heritable Confounder Mendelian Randomization, and traditional Mendelian Randomization analyses to investigate the potential causal relationship. Results Although the genetic correlation between PD and depression was not statistically significant at the genome-wide level, GWAS-pairwise analyses identified 16 genomic segments associated with PD and depression, implicating nine genes. Further analyses revealed distinct patterns within individual genes, suggesting an intricate pattern. These genes involve various biological processes, including neurotransmitter regulation, senescence, and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport mechanisms. We did not observe genetic evidence of causality between PD and depression. Conclusions Our findings did not support a genome-wide genetic correlation or a causal association between both conditions. However, we identified genomic segments but identified genomic segments linked to distinct biological pathways influencing their etiology.Further research is needed to understand their functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Reyes-Pérez
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Luis M García-Marín
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Asma M Aman
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tarek Antar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor Flores-Ocampo
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
- Licenciatura en Ciencias Genómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Brittany L Mitchell
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alejandra Medina-Rivera
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
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Howard SL, Grenet D, Bellumori M, Knight CA. Measures of motor segmentation from rapid isometric force pulses are reliable and differentiate Parkinson's disease from age-related slowing. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2205-2217. [PMID: 35768733 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Some people with Parkinson's disease (PD) have disruptions in motor output during rapid isometric muscle contractions. Measures of such disruptions (motor segmentation) may help clarify disease subtype, progression, or effects of therapeutic interventions. We investigated the potential utility of segmentation measures by testing two hypotheses that are fundamental to measurement and evaluation. First, measures of motor segmentation are reliable from day to day (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.8). Second, that measures of motor segmentation have the sensitivity to differentiate between people with PD and older adults. 10 subjects with PD had a mean age of 70.1 years, Hoehn-Yahr stage < 3, and median levodopa equivalent daily dose of 350 mg. Older adult (mean age 81.9 years) reference data are from a previously published study. Each subject provided approximately 87 rapid isometric index finger abduction force pulses up to 65% of their maximal isometric force for calculation of force pulse measures. Measures were computed for the excitation, transition, and relaxation phases of each force pulse. Measures of motor segmentation had high reliability and presented large (Cohen's D > 0.8) and significant (p < 0.05) group differences. In bivariate plots of selected measures, motor segmentation marked a departure of PD from age-related slowing. Across all subjects, greater segmentation was associated with greater impairments in rate control and a longer time to reach peak force (all Spearman's ρ > 0.8). These results support the potential utility of the motor segmentation measures by satisfying requirements for reliability and the sensitivity to indicate deviations from age-related slowing in motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherron L Howard
- Dept. of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David Grenet
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Kinesiology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Knight
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 344 The Tower at STAR, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Smajić S, Prada-Medina CA, Landoulsi Z, Ghelfi J, Delcambre S, Dietrich C, Jarazo J, Henck J, Balachandran S, Pachchek S, Morris CM, Antony P, Timmermann B, Sauer S, Pereira SL, Schwamborn JC, May P, Grünewald A, Spielmann M. Single-cell sequencing of human midbrain reveals glial activation and a Parkinson-specific neuronal state. Brain 2022; 145:964-978. [PMID: 34919646 PMCID: PMC9050543 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, but the exact disease aetiology remains largely unknown. To date, Parkinson's disease research has mainly focused on nigral dopaminergic neurons, although recent studies suggest disease-related changes also in non-neuronal cells and in midbrain regions beyond the substantia nigra. While there is some evidence for glial involvement in Parkinson's disease, the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the contribution of all cell types of the midbrain to Parkinson's disease pathology by single-nuclei RNA sequencing and to assess the cell type-specific risk for Parkinson's disease using the latest genome-wide association study. We profiled >41 000 single-nuclei transcriptomes of post-mortem midbrain from six idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients and five age-/sex-matched controls. To validate our findings in a spatial context, we utilized immunolabelling of the same tissues. Moreover, we analysed Parkinson's disease-associated risk enrichment in genes with cell type-specific expression patterns. We discovered a neuronal cell cluster characterized by CADPS2 overexpression and low TH levels, which was exclusively present in idiopathic Parkinson's disease midbrains. Validation analyses in laser-microdissected neurons suggest that this cluster represents dysfunctional dopaminergic neurons. With regard to glial cells, we observed an increase in nigral microglia in Parkinson's disease patients. Moreover, nigral idiopathic Parkinson's disease microglia were more amoeboid, indicating an activated state. We also discovered a reduction in idiopathic Parkinson's disease oligodendrocyte numbers with the remaining cells being characterized by a stress-induced upregulation of S100B. Parkinson's disease risk variants were associated with glia- and neuron-specific gene expression patterns in idiopathic Parkinson's disease cases. Furthermore, astrocytes and microglia presented idiopathic Parkinson's disease-specific cell proliferation and dysregulation of genes related to unfolded protein response and cytokine signalling. While reactive patient astrocytes showed CD44 overexpression, idiopathic Parkinson's disease microglia revealed a pro-inflammatory trajectory characterized by elevated levels of IL1B, GPNMB and HSP90AA1. Taken together, we generated the first single-nuclei RNA sequencing dataset from the idiopathic Parkinson's disease midbrain, which highlights a disease-specific neuronal cell cluster as well as 'pan-glial' activation as a central mechanism in the pathology of the movement disorder. This finding warrants further research into inflammatory signalling and immunomodulatory treatments in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Smajić
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Zied Landoulsi
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Ghelfi
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sylvie Delcambre
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carola Dietrich
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Javier Jarazo
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- OrganoTherapeutics SARL-S, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jana Henck
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sinthuja Pachchek
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Christopher M. Morris
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Genomics Group, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandro L. Pereira
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C. Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- OrganoTherapeutics SARL-S, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Kiel University, D-42118 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
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