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Kitawi R, Ledger S, Kelleher AD, Ahlenstiel CL. Advances in HIV Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2771. [PMID: 38474018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Early gene therapy studies held great promise for the cure of heritable diseases, but the occurrence of various genotoxic events led to a pause in clinical trials and a more guarded approach to progress. Recent advances in genetic engineering technologies have reignited interest, leading to the approval of the first gene therapy product targeting genetic mutations in 2017. Gene therapy (GT) can be delivered either in vivo or ex vivo. An ex vivo approach to gene therapy is advantageous, as it allows for the characterization of the gene-modified cells and the selection of desired properties before patient administration. Autologous cells can also be used during this process which eliminates the possibility of immune rejection. This review highlights the various stages of ex vivo gene therapy, current research developments that have increased the efficiency and safety of this process, and a comprehensive summary of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) gene therapy studies, the majority of which have employed the ex vivo approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Kitawi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Scott Ledger
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chantelle L Ahlenstiel
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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Ruan Z, Takamatsu-Yukawa K, Wang Y, Ushman ML, Labadorf AT, Ericsson M, Ikezu S, Ikezu T. Functional genome-wide short hairpin RNA library screening identifies key molecules for extracellular vesicle secretion from microglia. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110791. [PMID: 35545052 PMCID: PMC9133589 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia release extracellular vesicles (EVs) as modulators of brain homeostasis and innate immunity. However, the molecules critical for regulating EV production from microglia are poorly understood. Here we establish a murine microglial cell model to monitor EV secretion by measuring the fluorescence signal of tdTomato, which is linked to tetraspanin CD63. Stimulation of tdTomato+ cells with ATP induces rapid secretion of EVs and a reduction in cellular tdTomato intensity, reflecting EV secretion. We generate a GFP+ tdTomato+ cell library expressing TurboGFP and barcoded short hairpin RNAs for genome-wide screening using next-generation sequencing. We identify Mcfd2, Sepp1, and Sdc1 as critical regulators of ATP-induced EV secretion from murine microglia. Small interfering RNA (siRNA-based) silencing of each of these genes suppresses lipopolysaccharide- and ATP-induced inflammasome activation, as determined by interleukin-1β release from primary cultured murine microglia. These molecules are critical for microglial EV secretion and are potential therapeutic targets for neuroinflammatory disorders. Ruan et al. report genome-wide shRNA library screening on a tdTomato-CD63+ microglia cell model to identify factors implicated in the process of extracellular vesicle (EV) release. The molecules Sepp1, Mcfd2, and Sdc1 are critical for ATP-induced secretion of EV and EV-associated interleukin-1β from murine microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ruan
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kayo Takamatsu-Yukawa
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Margaret L Ushman
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Adam Thomas Labadorf
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Govorkova P, Candice Lam CK, Truong K. Design of Synthetic Mammalian Promoters Using Highly Palindromic Subsequences. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1096-1105. [PMID: 35225601 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To express transgenes in specific cell types and states, promoters for endogenous genes are commonly created by truncating the sequence upstream of the transcriptional start site until the promoter is no longer functional. In this paper, we developed a method to design shorter synthetic mammalian promoters for endogenous genes by concatenating only its highly palindromic subsequences with a minimal core promoter. After developing metrics for palindromic density, analysis across all the human and mouse promoters showed higher palindromic density than expected by random. As experimental demonstrations, we applied the method to the CMV promoter (reduced to 432 nucleotides) and the mouse synapsin-1 promoter (383 nucleotides) to express fluorescent protein as reporters. Remarkably, the highly palindromic subsequences of these synthetic promoters contained sites important for strong constitutive expression and neuron-specific expression. As a resource to the community, we created enhancer sequences for all the human and mouse promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Govorkova
- Edward S. Rogers, Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Chee Ka Candice Lam
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Kevin Truong
- Edward S. Rogers, Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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Radhiyanti PT, Konno A, Matsuzaki Y, Hirai H. Comparative study of neuron-specific promoters in mouse brain transduced by intravenously administered AAV-PHP.eB. Neurosci Lett 2021; 756:135956. [PMID: 33989730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)- PHP.B and AAV-PHP.eB (PHP.eB), a capsid variant of AAV serotype 9, efficiently penetrates the mouse blood-brain barrier and predominantly infects neurons. Thus, the PHP.B / PHP.eB capsid and a neuron-specific promoter is a reasonable combination for effective neuronal transduction. However, the transduction characteristics of intravenously administered PHP.B / PHP.eB carrying different neuron-specific promoters have not been studied systematically. In this study, using an intravenous infusion of PHP.eB in mice, we performed a comparative study of the ubiquitous CBh and three neuron-specific promoters, the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase subunit α (CaMKII) promoter, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter, and synapsin I with a minimal CMV sequence (SynI-minCMV) promoter. Expression levels of a transgene by three neuron-specific promoters were comparable to or higher than those of the CBh promoter. Among the promoters examined, the NSE promoter showed the highest transgene expression. All neuron-specific promoters were activated specifically in the neurons. PHP.eB carrying the CaMKII promoter, which is generally believed to exert its function exclusively in the excitatory neurons, transduced both the excitatory and inhibitory neurons without bias, whereas PHP.eB with the NSE and SynI-minCMV promoters transduced neurons with significant bias toward inhibitory neurons. These results are useful in neuron-targeted broad transgene expression through systemic infusion of blood-brain-barrier-penetrating AAV vectors carrying the neuron-specific promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putri T Radhiyanti
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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Trapani I. Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors as a Tool for Large Gene Delivery to the Retina. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040287. [PMID: 30970639 PMCID: PMC6523333 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors currently represents the most promising approach for the treatment of many inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), given AAV's ability to efficiently deliver therapeutic genes to both photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium, and their excellent safety and efficacy profiles in humans. However, one of the main obstacles to widespread AAV application is their limited packaging capacity, which precludes their use from the treatment of IRDs which are caused by mutations in genes whose coding sequence exceeds 5 kb. Therefore, in recent years, considerable effort has been made to identify strategies to increase the transfer capacity of AAV vectors. This review will discuss these new developed strategies, highlighting the advancements as well as the limitations that the field has still to overcome to finally expand the applicability of AAV vectors to IRDs due to mutations in large genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Trapani
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy has evolved from bench to bedside, and now is the therapy of choice for certain inherited diseases. However, the small packaging capacity of AAV vectors prevents this technique from treating genetic diseases with mutations of large genes. Multiple strategies, including split AAV gene delivery and oversized AAV gene delivery, have been explored to deliver large gene expression cassettes. These strategies have gained some success in animal experiments. In this chapter, we review the progress of AAV-mediated delivery of large expression cassettes. We also review using AAV to deliver multiple transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Patel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Junling Zhao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yi Lai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Corney BPA, Widnall CL, Rees DJ, Davies JS, Crunelli V, Carter DA. Regulatory Architecture of the Neuronal Cacng2/Tarpγ2 Gene Promoter: Multiple Repressive Domains, a Polymorphic Regulatory Short Tandem Repeat, and Bidirectional Organization with Co-regulated lncRNAs. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:282-294. [PMID: 30478755 PMCID: PMC6373327 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CACNG2 (TARPγ2, Stargazin) is a multi-functional regulator of excitatory neurotransmission and has been implicated in the pathological processes of several brain diseases. Cacng2 function is dependent upon expression level, but currently, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control expression of this gene. To address this deficit and investigate disease-related gene variants, we have cloned and characterized the rat Cacng2 promoter and have defined three major features: (i) multiple repressive domains that include an array of RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) elements, and a calcium regulatory element-binding factor (CaRF) element, (ii) a (poly-GA) short tandem repeat (STR), and (iii) bidirectional organization with expressed lncRNAs. Functional activity of the promoter was demonstrated in transfected neuronal cell lines (HT22 and PC12), but although selective removal of REST and CaRF domains was shown to enhance promoter-driven transcription, the enhanced Cacng2 promoter constructs were still about fivefold weaker than a comparable rat Synapsin-1 promoter sequence. Direct evidence of REST activity at the Cacng2 promoter was obtained through co-transfection with an established dominant-negative REST (DNR) construct. Investigation of the GA-repeat STR revealed polymorphism across both animal strains and species, and size variation was also observed in absence epilepsy disease model cohorts (Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats, Strasbourg [GAERS] and non-epileptic control [NEC] rats). These data provide evidence of a genotype (STR)-phenotype correlation that may be unique with respect to proximal gene regulatory sequence in the demonstrated absence of other promoter, or 3' UTR variants in GAERS rats. However, although transcriptional regulatory activity of the STR was demonstrated in further transfection studies, we did not find a GAERS vs. NEC difference, indicating that this specific STR length variation may only be relevant in the context of other (Cacna1h and Kcnk9) gene variants in this disease model. Additional studies revealed further (bidirectional) complexity at the Cacng2 promoter, and we identified novel, co-regulated, antisense rat lncRNAs that are paired with Cacng2 mRNA. These studies have provided novel insights into the organization of a synaptic protein gene promoter, describing multiple repressive and modulatory domains that can mediate diverse regulatory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P A Corney
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF103AX, Cardiff, UK
| | - C L Widnall
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF103AX, Cardiff, UK
| | - D J Rees
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - J S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - V Crunelli
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF103AX, Cardiff, UK
| | - D A Carter
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF103AX, Cardiff, UK.
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Kumar N, Stanford W, de Solis C, Aradhana, Abraham ND, Dao TMJ, Thaseen S, Sairavi A, Gonzalez CU, Ploski JE. The Development of an AAV-Based CRISPR SaCas9 Genome Editing System That Can Be Delivered to Neurons in vivo and Regulated via Doxycycline and Cre-Recombinase. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:413. [PMID: 30483052 PMCID: PMC6243075 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease, from the type II prokaryotic clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) adaptive immune system, has been adapted by scientists to enable site specific genome editing of eukaryotic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Previously, we reported the development of an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated CRISPR Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) Cas9 system, in which the genome editing function can be regulated by controlling the expression of the guide RNA (sgRNA) in a doxycycline (Dox)-dependent manner. Here, we report the development of an AAV vector tool kit utilizing the Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9). We demonstrate in vitro genome editing in human derived 293FT cells and mouse derived Neuro2A (N2A) cells and in vivo in neurons of the mouse brain. We also demonstrate the ability to regulate the induction of genome editing temporally with Dox and spatially with Cre-recombinase. The combination of these systems enables AAV-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to be regulated both spatially and temporally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Kumar
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - William Stanford
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Christopher de Solis
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Aradhana
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Nigel D Abraham
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Trieu-Mi J Dao
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Sadiqa Thaseen
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Anusha Sairavi
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Cuauhtemoc Ulises Gonzalez
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan E Ploski
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
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Development of lentiviral vectors for efficient glutamatergic-selective gene expression in cultured hippocampal neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15156. [PMID: 30310105 PMCID: PMC6181963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting gene expression to a particular subset of neurons helps study the cellular function of the nervous system. Although neuron-specific promoters, such as the synapsin I promoter and the α-CaMKII promoter, are known to exhibit selectivity for excitatory glutamatergic neurons in vivo, the cell type-specificity of these promoters has not been thoroughly tested in culture preparations. Here, by using hippocampal culture preparation from the VGAT-Venus transgenic mice, we examined the ability of five putative promoter sequences of glutamatergic-selective markers including synapsin I, α-CaMKII, the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), Dock10 and Prox1. Among these, a genomic fragment containing a 2.1 kb segment upstream of the translation start site (TSS) of the VGLUT1 implemented in a lentiviral vector with the Tet-Off inducible system achieved the highest preferential gene expression in glutamatergic neurons. Analysis of various lengths of the VGLUT1 promoter regions identified a segment between −2.1 kb and −1.4 kb from the TSS as a responsible element for the glutamatergic selectivity. Consistently, expression of channelrhodopsin under this promoter sequence allowed for selective light-evoked activation of excitatory neurons. Thus, the lentiviral system carrying the VGLUT1 promoter fragment can be used to effectively target exogenous gene expression to excitatory glutamatergic neurons in cultures.
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Sehara Y, Shimazaki K, Kurosaki F, Kaneko N, Uchibori R, Urabe M, Kawai K, Mizukami H. Efficient transduction of adeno-associated virus vectors into gerbil hippocampus with an appropriate combination of viral capsids and promoters. Neurosci Lett 2018; 682:27-31. [PMID: 29885449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is an ideal vector for gene transduction into the central nervous system because of its safety and efficiency. While it is currently widely used for clinical trials and is expected to become more widespread, the appropriate combination of viral serotypes and promoters have not been fully investigated. In this study, we compared the transduced gene expression of AAVrh10 to AAV5 in gerbil hippocampus using three different promoters, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), chicken β-actin promoter with the CMV immediate-early enhancer (CAG), and the Synapsin 1 (Syn1) promoter. Four-week-old male gerbils underwent stereotaxic injection with 1 × 1010 viral genome of AAV carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP). Quantification of the GFP-positive areas 3 weeks after injection showed that AAVrh10-CMV and AAVrh10-CAG were the most efficient (p < 0.001, compared with the control) and AAVrh10-Syn1 and AAV5-CMV were the next most efficient (p < 0.05, compared with the control). On the other hand, AAV5-Syn1 showed little expression, which was only observed at the injected site. In conclusion, we should note that some combinations of viral capsids and promoters can result in failure of gene delivery, while most of them will work appropriately in the transgene expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Sehara
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kuniko Shimazaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fumio Kurosaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ryosuke Uchibori
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masashi Urabe
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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11
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Therapeutic potential of combined viral transduction and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in treating neurodegenerative diseases. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1827-1835. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Koga K, Shimoyama S, Yamada A, Furukawa T, Nikaido Y, Furue H, Nakamura K, Ueno S. Chronic inflammatory pain induced GABAergic synaptic plasticity in the adult mouse anterior cingulate cortex. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918783478. [PMID: 29956582 PMCID: PMC6096674 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918783478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain is a persistent unpleasant sensation that produces pathological synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Both human imaging study and animal studies consistently demonstrate that the anterior cingulate cortex is a critical cortical area for nociceptive and chronic pain processing. Thus far, the mechanisms of excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity have been well characterized in the anterior cingulate cortex for various models of chronic pain. By contrast, the potential contribution of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the anterior cingulate cortex, in models of chronic pain, is not fully understood. Methods Chronic inflammation was induced by complete Freund adjuvant into the adult mice left hindpaw. We performed in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from layer II/III pyramidal neurons in two to three days after the complete Freund adjuvant injection and examined if the model could cause plastic changes, including transient and tonic type A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission, in the anterior cingulate cortex. We analyzed miniature/spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, GABAA receptor-mediated tonic currents, and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Finally, we studied if GABAergic transmission-related proteins in the presynapse and postsynapse of the anterior cingulate cortex were altered. Results The complete Freund adjuvant model reduced the frequency of both miniature and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents compared with control group. By contrast, the average amplitude of these currents was not changed between two groups. Additionally, the complete Freund adjuvant model did not change GABAA receptor-mediated tonic currents nor the set of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents when compared with control group. Importantly, protein expression of vesicular GABA transporter was reduced within the presynpase of the anterior cingulate cortex in complete Freund adjuvant model. In contrast, the complete Freund adjuvant model did not change the protein levels of GABAA receptors subunits such as α1, α5, β2, γ2, and δ. Conclusion Our results suggest that the induction phase of inflammatory pain involves spontaneous GABAergic plasticity at presynaptic terminals of the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Koga
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,2 Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shuji Shimoyama
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,3 Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamada
- 2 Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tomonori Furukawa
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nikaido
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- 2 Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- 3 Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Ueno
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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13
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Genome modification of CXCR4 by Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 renders cells resistance to HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2017; 14:51. [PMID: 29141633 PMCID: PMC5688617 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely used for genome editing in mammalian cells. CXCR4 is a co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry, and loss of CXCR4 function can protect cells from CXCR4 (X4)-tropic HIV-1 infection, making CXCR4 an important target for HIV-1 gene therapy. However, the large size of the CRISPR/SpCas9 system presents an obstacle to its efficient delivery into primary CD4+ T cells. Recently, a small Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) has been developed as a genome editing tool can address this question. Therefore, it provides a promising strategy for HIV-1 gene therapy if it is used to target CXCR4. RESULTS Here, we employed a short version of Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) for targeting CXCR4. We demonstrated that transduction of lenti-virus expressing SaCas9 and selected single-guided RNAs of CXCR4 in human CD4+ T cell lines efficiently induced the editing of the CXCR4 gene, making these cell lines resistant to X4-tropic HIV-1 infection. Moreover, we efficiently transduced primary human CD4+ T cells using adeno-associated virus-delivered CRISPR/SaCas9 and disrupted CXCR4 expression. We also showed that CXCR4-edited primary CD4+ T cells proliferated normally and were resistant to HIV-1 infection. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a basis for possible application of CXCR4-targeted genome editing by CRISPR/SaCas9 in HIV-1 gene therapy.
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Poling BC, Tsai K, Kang D, Ren L, Kennedy EM, Cullen BR. A lentiviral vector bearing a reverse intron demonstrates superior expression of both proteins and microRNAs. RNA Biol 2017; 14:1570-1579. [PMID: 28594311 PMCID: PMC5785219 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1334755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While lentiviral expression vectors are widely used in many facets of molecular biology, due to their ability to stably express heterologous genes in both dividing and non-dividing cells, they suffer from the disadvantage that introns inserted into the vector genome are generally rapidly lost by splicing in packaging cell lines. The presence of an intron, if achievable, has the potential to facilitate the expression of transgene cDNAs, as splicing has been extensively shown to facilitate mRNA biogenesis and function. Moreover, if a stable intron could be introduced into a lentiviral vector, this could greatly facilitate the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), and especially miRNA clusters, as the introduction of pri-miRNA stems into the exonic region of a lentiviral vector can strongly reduce both vector titer and the expression of any miRNA-linked indicator gene due to cleavage of the vector RNA genome by cellular Drosha. Here, we describe a novel lentiviral vector design in which transgenes and/or miRNAs are expressed using an antisense-orientated, inducible promoter driving an expression cassette bearing a functional intron. We demonstrate that this lentiviral vector, called pTREX, is able to express higher levels of both transgenes and pri-miRNA clusters when compared with a closely similar conventional lentiviral vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Chiyoko Poling
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Tsai
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dong Kang
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda Ren
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward M. Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bryan R. Cullen
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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de Solis CA, Ho A, Holehonnur R, Ploski JE. The Development of a Viral Mediated CRISPR/Cas9 System with Doxycycline Dependent gRNA Expression for Inducible In vitro and In vivo Genome Editing. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:70. [PMID: 27587996 PMCID: PMC4988984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease, from the type II prokaryotic Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) adaptive immune system, has been adapted and utilized by scientists to edit the genomes of eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the development of a viral mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system that can be rendered inducible utilizing doxycycline (Dox) and can be delivered to cells in vitro and in vivo utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV). Specifically, we developed an inducible gRNA (gRNAi) AAV vector that is designed to express the gRNA from a H1/TO promoter. This AAV vector is also designed to express the Tet repressor (TetR) to regulate the expression of the gRNAi in a Dox dependent manner. We show that H1/TO promoters of varying length and a U6/TO promoter can edit DNA with similar efficiency in vitro, in a Dox dependent manner. We also demonstrate that our inducible gRNAi vector can be used to edit the genomes of neurons in vivo within the mouse brain in a Dox dependent manner. Genome editing can be induced in vivo with this system by supplying animals Dox containing food for as little as 1 day. This system might be cross compatible with many existing S. pyogenes Cas9 systems (i.e., Cas9 mouse, CRISPRi, etc.), and therefore it likely can be used to render these systems inducible as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A de Solis
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Ho
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Roopashri Holehonnur
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan E Ploski
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX, USA
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Overexpression of NTRK1 Promotes Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells into Cholinergic Neurons. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:857202. [PMID: 26509167 PMCID: PMC4609807 DOI: 10.1155/2015/857202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase type 1 (NTRK1) plays critical roles in proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cholinergic neurons; however, it remains unknown whether enhanced expression of NTRK1 in neural stem cells (NSCs) can promote their differentiation into mature neurons. In this study, a plasmid encoding the rat NTRK1 gene was constructed and transfected into C17.2 mouse neural stem cells (NSCs). NTRK1 overexpression in C17.2 cells was confirmed by western blot. The NSCs overexpressing NTRK1 and the C17.2 NSCs transfected by an empty plasmid vector were treated with or without 100 ng/mL nerve growth factor (NGF) for 7 days. Expression of the cholinergic cell marker, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), was detected by florescent immunocytochemistry (ICC). In the presence of NGF induction, the NSCs overexpressing NTRK1 differentiated into ChAT-immunopositive cells at 3-fold higher than the NSCs transfected by the plasmid vector (26% versus 9%, P < 0.05). The data suggest that elevated NTRK1 expression increases differentiation of NSCs into cholinergic neurons under stimulation of NGF. The approach also represents an efficient strategy for generation of cholinergic neurons.
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