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Abd Elmaaboud MA, Awad MM, El-Shaer RAA, Kabel AM. The immunomodulatory effects of ethosuximide and sodium butyrate on experimentally induced fibromyalgia: The interaction between IL-4, synaptophysin, and TGF-β1/NF-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110061. [PMID: 36989891 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fibromyalgia is a widespread chronic pain syndrome associated with several comorbid conditions that affect the quality of patients' life. Its pathogenesis is complex, and the treatment strategies are limited by partial efficacy and potential adverse effects. So, our aim was to investigate the possible ameliorative effects of ethosuximide and sodium butyrate on fibromyalgia and compare their effects to pregabalin. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a mouse model of reserpine induced fibromyalgia, the effect of ethosuximide, sodium butyrate, and pregabalin was investigated. Evaluation of mechanical allodynia, cold hypersensitivity, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and depression was performed. Also, the brain and spinal cord tissue serotonin, dopamine and glutamate in addition to the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were assayed. Moreover, the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) synaptophysin was immunoassayed in the hippocampal tissues. KEY FINDINGS Ethosuximide and sodium butyrate restored the behavioral tests to the normal values except for the antidepressant effect which was evident only with ethosuximide. Both drugs elevated the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TGF-β1, reduced the hippocampal NF-κB, and increased synaptophysin expression with superiority of sodium butyrate. Ethosuximide reduced only spinal cord and brain glutamate while improved brain dopamine while sodium butyrate elevated spinal cord dopamine and serotonin with no effect on glutamate. Also, sodium butyrate elevated brain serotonin and reduced glutamate with no effect on brain dopamine. SIGNIFICANCE Each of sodium butyrate and ethosuximide would serve as a promising therapeutic modality for management of fibromyalgia and its comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwa M Awad
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rehab A A El-Shaer
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Kabel
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Cytokines and chemokines modulation of itch. Neuroscience 2022; 495:74-85. [PMID: 35660453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Itch (pruritus) is a common cutaneous symptom widely associated with many skin complaints, and chronic itch can be a severe clinical problem. The onset and perpetuation of itch are linked to cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-31, IL-4, IL-13, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and chemokines, such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10. This review highlights research that has attempted to determine the attributes of various cytokines and chemokines concerning the development and modulation of itch. Through such research, clinical approaches targeting cytokines and/or chemokines may arise, which may further the development of itch therapeutics.
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Kevin RC, Mirlohi S, Manning JJ, Boyd R, Cairns EA, Ametovski A, Lai F, Luo JL, Jorgensen W, Ellison R, Gerona RR, Hibbs DE, McGregor IS, Glass M, Connor M, Bladen C, Zamponi GW, Banister SD. Putative Synthetic Cannabinoids MEPIRAPIM, 5F-BEPIRAPIM (NNL-2), and Their Analogues Are T-Type Calcium Channel (Ca V3) Inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1395-1409. [PMID: 35442021 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a large and growing class of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Two recently identified compounds, MEPIRAPIM and 5F-BEPIRAPIM (NNL-2), have not been confirmed as agonists of either cannabinoid receptor subtype but share structural similarities with both SCRAs and a class of T-type calcium channel (CaV3) inhibitors under development as new treatments for epilepsy and pain. In this study, MEPIRAPIM and 5F-BEPIRAPIM and 10 systematic analogues were synthesized, analytically characterized, and pharmacologically evaluated using in vitro cannabinoid receptor and CaV3 assays. Several compounds showed micromolar affinities for CB1 and/or CB2, with several functioning as low potency agonists of CB1 and CB2 in a membrane potential assay. 5F-BEPIRAPIM and four other derivatives were identified as potential CaV3 inhibitors through a functional calcium flux assay (>70% inhibition), which was further confirmed using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. Additionally, MEPIRAPIM and 5F-BEPIRAPIM were evaluated in vivo using a cannabimimetic mouse model. Despite detections of MEPIRAPIM and 5F-BEPIRAPIM in the NPS market, only the highest MEPIRAPIM dose (30 mg/kg) elicited a mild hypothermic response in mice, with no hypothermia observed for 5F-BEPIRAPIM, suggesting minimal central CB1 receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Somayeh Mirlohi
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jamie J. Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Rochelle Boyd
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Cairns
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Adam Ametovski
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felcia Lai
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Ross Ellison
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Roy R. Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David E. Hibbs
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Chris Bladen
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gerald W. Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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