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Liu H, Li X, Shi Y, Ye Z, Cheng X. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PRL-3: A Key Player in Cancer Signaling. Biomolecules 2024; 14:342. [PMID: 38540761 PMCID: PMC10967961 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatases are primarily responsible for dephosphorylation modification within signal transduction pathways. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a dual-specific phosphatase implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Understanding PRL-3's intricate functions and developing targeted therapies is crucial for advancing cancer treatment. This review highlights its regulatory mechanisms, expression patterns, and multifaceted roles in cancer progression. PRL-3's involvement in proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance is discussed. Regulatory mechanisms encompass transcriptional control, alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications. PRL-3 exhibits selective expressions in specific cancer types, making it a potential target for therapy. Despite advances in small molecule inhibitors, further research is needed for clinical application. PRL-3-zumab, a humanized antibody, shows promise in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Our review summarizes the current understanding of the cancer-related cellular function of PRL-3, its prognostic value, and the research progress of therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Zu Ye
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
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2
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He K, Gan WJ. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in the Development and Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2023; 15:435-448. [PMID: 37250384 PMCID: PMC10224676 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s411168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a growth control pathway involved in various biological processes as well as the development and progression of cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. The hyperactivation of Wnt signaling is observed in almost all CRC and plays a crucial role in cancer-related processes such as cancer stem cell (CSC) propagation, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), chemoresistance, and metastasis. This review will discuss how the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of CRC and related therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang He
- Department of Pathology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Gan
- Department of Pathology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou J, Toh SHM, Tan TK, Balan K, Lim JQ, Tan TZ, Xiong S, Jia Y, Ng SB, Peng Y, Jeyasekharan AD, Fan S, Lim ST, Ong CAJ, Ong CK, Sanda T, Chng WJ. Super-enhancer-driven TOX2 mediates oncogenesis in Natural Killer/T Cell Lymphoma. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:69. [PMID: 37032358 PMCID: PMC10084643 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) is an aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with dismal outcome. A better understanding of disease biology and key oncogenic process is necessary for the development of targeted therapy. Super-enhancers (SEs) have been shown to drive pivotal oncogenes in various malignancies. However, the landscape of SEs and SE-associated oncogenes remain elusive in NKTL. METHODS We used Nano-ChIP-seq of the active enhancer marker histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) to profile unique SEs NKTL primary tumor samples. Integrative analysis of RNA-seq and survival data further pinned down high value, novel SE oncogenes. We utilized shRNA knockdown, CRISPR-dCas9, luciferase reporter assay, ChIP-PCR to investigate the regulation of transcription factor (TF) on SE oncogenes. Multi-color immunofluorescence (mIF) staining was performed on an independent cohort of clinical samples. Various function experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of TOX2 on the malignancy of NKTL in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS SE landscape was substantially different in NKTL samples in comparison with normal tonsils. Several SEs at key transcriptional factor (TF) genes, including TOX2, TBX21(T-bet), EOMES, RUNX2, and ID2, were identified. We confirmed that TOX2 was aberrantly overexpressed in NKTL relative to normal NK cells and high expression of TOX2 was associated with worse survival. Modulation of TOX2 expression by shRNA, CRISPR-dCas9 interference of SE function impacted on cell proliferation, survival and colony formation ability of NKTL cells. Mechanistically, we found that RUNX3 regulates TOX2 transcription by binding to the active elements of its SE. Silencing TOX2 also impaired tumor formation of NKTL cells in vivo. Metastasis-associated phosphatase PRL-3 has been identified and validated as a key downstream effector of TOX2-mediated oncogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our integrative SE profiling strategy revealed the landscape of SEs, novel targets and insights into molecular pathogenesis of NKTL. The RUNX3-TOX2-SE-TOX2-PRL-3 regulatory pathway may represent a hallmark of NKTL biology. Targeting TOX2 could be a valuable therapeutic intervene for NKTL patients and warrants further study in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Sabrina Hui-Min Toh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Tze King Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Kalpnaa Balan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Jing Quan Lim
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Genomics and Data Analytics Core (GeDaC), Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Sinan Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yunlu Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Siok-Bian Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Yanfen Peng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Shuangyi Fan
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Soon Thye Lim
- Director's office, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- Office of Education, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chin-Ann Johnny Ong
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- Laboratory of Applied Human Genetics, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Choon Kiat Ong
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore (NCIS), National University Health System (NUHS), 1E, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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Chia PL, Ang KH, Thura M, Zeng Q. PRL3 as a therapeutic target for novel cancer immunotherapy in multiple cancer types. Theranostics 2023; 13:1876-1891. [PMID: 37064866 PMCID: PMC10091880 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-3 (PRL3) was discovered in 1998 and was subsequently found to be correlated with cancer progression and metastasis in 2001. Extensive research in the past two decades has produced significant findings on PRL3-mediated cancer signaling and functions, as well as its clinical relevance in diverse types of cancer. PRL3 has been established to play a role in many cancer-related functions, including but not limited to metastasis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Importantly, the tumor-specific expression of PRL3 protein in multiple cancer types has made it an attractive therapeutic target. Much effort has been made in developing PRL3-targeted therapy with small chemical inhibitors against intracellular PRL3, and notably, the development of PRL3-zumab as a novel cancer immunotherapy against PRL3. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of PRL3 in cancer-related cellular functions, its prognostic value, as well as perspectives on PRL3 as a target for unconventional immunotherapy in the clinic with PRL3-zumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ling Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Koon Hwee Ang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Min Thura
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
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Skelding KA, Barry DL, Theron DZ, Lincz LF. Bone Marrow Microenvironment as a Source of New Drug Targets for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:563. [PMID: 36614005 PMCID: PMC9820412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with one of the worst survival rates of all cancers. The bone marrow microenvironment is increasingly being recognised as an important mediator of AML chemoresistance and relapse, supporting leukaemia stem cell survival through interactions among stromal, haematopoietic progenitor and leukaemic cells. Traditional therapies targeting leukaemic cells have failed to improve long term survival rates, and as such, the bone marrow niche has become a promising new source of potential therapeutic targets, particularly for relapsed and refractory AML. This review briefly discusses the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in AML development and progression, and as a source of novel therapeutic targets for AML. The main focus of this review is on drugs that modulate/target this bone marrow microenvironment and have been examined in in vivo models or clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Skelding
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Daniel L. Barry
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Danielle Z. Theron
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Lisa F. Lincz
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Hunter Hematology Research Group, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
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Notum leads to potential pro-survival of OSCC through crosstalk between Shh and Wnt/β-catenin signaling via p-GSK3β. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 153:106316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cystathionine β-Synthase Regulates the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8678363. [PMID: 35795862 PMCID: PMC9252770 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8678363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is considered to be one of the most common endocrine tumors worldwide. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of several types of malignancies. And yet, the mechanism of action of CBS in the growth of thyroid carcinoma cells is still unrevealed. We found that CBS level in thyroid carcinoma tissue was higher than that in adjacent normal tissue. The overexpression of CBS enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of thyroid cancer cells, while the downregulation of CBS exerted reverse effects. CBS overexpression reduced the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase in thyroid cancer cells, whereas CBS knockdown showed reverse trends. CBS overexpression decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels but increased the levels of Wnt3a and phosphorylations of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), β-catenin, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, while CBS knockdown exerted opposite effects. In addition, CBS overexpression promoted the growth of xenografted thyroid carcinoma, whereas CBS knockdown decreased the tumor growth by modulating angiogenesis, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, aminooxyacetic acid (an inhibitor of CBS) dose-dependently inhibited thyroid carcinoma cell growth. CBS can regulate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human thyroid cancer cells via ROS-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. CBS can be a potential biomarker for diagnosing or prognosing thyroid carcinoma. Novel donors that inhibit the expression of CBS can be developed in the treatment of thyroid carcinoma.
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8
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Geng G, Li Q, Guo X, Ni Q, Xu Y, Ma Z, Wang Y, Ming M. FOXO3a‑modulated DEPDC1 promotes malignant progression of nephroblastoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:272. [PMID: 35795985 PMCID: PMC9309542 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) and forkhead box transcription factor 3a (FOXO3a) serve a role in tumor cells. To the best of our knowledge, however, the expression of DEPDC1 and FOXO3a in nephroblastoma and their role and potential mechanisms in nephroblastoma cells have not been reported. The aim of the present study was to characterize the expression of DEPDC1 and FOXO3a in nephroblastoma, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The expression levels of DEPDC1 and FOXO3a were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. Cell viability, proliferation, invasion and migration were detected using Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, Transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. The activity of DEPDC1 promoter was detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay and the association between FOXO3a and DEPDC1 was detected using immunoprecipitation. DEPDC1 expression was significantly increased in nephroblastoma cells, particularly WiT49 cells. Compared with the negative control, DEPDC1 knockdown significantly inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration of WiT49 cells, while DEPDC1 overexpression (Ov) reversed these effects. By contrast, expression of FOXO3a was decreased in WiT49 cells and immunoprecipitation showed that FOXO3a bound to the DEPDC1 promoter. Ov-FOXO3a inhibited WiT49 cell proliferation, invasion and migration, as well as protein expression levels of phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase-3β, Wnt3a and β-catenin, while DEPDC1 Ov reversed the inhibitory effects of FOXO3a Ov on WiT49 cells. In conclusion, DEPDC1 promoted malignant progression of nephroblastoma via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; this may be regulated by FOXO3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Geng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Qinghao Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xingqing Guo
- Department of Pediatric Respirology and Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qingbin Ni
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Yongtao Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaolong Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Ming
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Targeting β-catenin in acute myeloid leukaemia: past, present, and future perspectives. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231097. [PMID: 35352805 PMCID: PMC9069440 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive disease of the bone marrow with a poor prognosis. Evidence suggests long established chemotherapeutic regimens used to treat AML are reaching the limits of their efficacy, necessitating the urgent development of novel targeted therapies. Canonical Wnt signalling is an evolutionary conserved cascade heavily implicated in normal developmental and disease processes in humans. For over 15 years its been known that the central mediator of this pathway, β-catenin, is dysregulated in AML promoting the emergence, maintenance, and drug resistance of leukaemia stem cells. Yet, despite this knowledge, and subsequent studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of targeting Wnt activity in haematological cancers, β-catenin inhibitors have not yet reached the clinic. The aim of this review is to summarise the current understanding regarding the role and mechanistic dysregulation of β-catenin in AML, and assess the therapeutic merit of pharmacologically targeting this molecule, drawing on lessons from other disease contexts.
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10
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Yu L, Wei J, Liu P. Attacking the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway for targeted therapeutic treatment in human cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 85:69-94. [PMID: 34175443 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of human death globally. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is one of the most frequently dysregulated signaling pathways observed in cancer patients that plays crucial roles in promoting tumor initiation, progression and therapy responses. This is largely due to that PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is indispensable for many cellular biological processes, including cell growth, metastasis, survival, metabolism, and others. As such, small molecule inhibitors targeting major kinase components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway have drawn extensive attention and been developed and evaluated in preclinical models and clinical trials. Targeting a single kinase component within this signaling usually causes growth arrest rather than apoptosis associated with toxicity-induced adverse effects in patients. Combination therapies including PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors show improved patient response and clinical outcome, albeit developed resistance has been reported. In this review, we focus on revealing the mechanisms leading to the hyperactivation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in cancer and summarizing efforts for developing PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors as either mono-therapy or combination therapy in different cancer settings. We hope that this review will facilitate further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing dysregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR oncogenic signaling in cancer and provide insights into possible future directions for targeted therapeutic regimen for cancer treatment, by developing new agents, drug delivery systems, or combination regimen to target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This information will also provide effective patient stratification strategy to improve the patient response and clinical outcome for cancer patients with deregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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11
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Evans JF, Obraztsova K, Lin SM, Krymskaya VP. CrossTORC and WNTegration in Disease: Focus on Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052233. [PMID: 33668092 PMCID: PMC7956553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and wingless-related integration site (Wnt) signal transduction networks are evolutionarily conserved mammalian growth and cellular development networks. Most cells express many of the proteins in both pathways, and this review will briefly describe only the key proteins and their intra- and extracellular crosstalk. These complex interactions will be discussed in relation to cancer development, drug resistance, and stem cell exhaustion. This review will also highlight the tumor-suppressive tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) mutated, mTOR-hyperactive lung disease of women, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). We will summarize recent advances in the targeting of these pathways by monotherapy or combination therapy, as well as future potential treatments.
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12
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Chong PSY, Chooi JY, Lim JSL, Toh SHM, Tan TZ, Chng WJ. SMARCA2 Is a Novel Interactor of NSD2 and Regulates Prometastatic PTP4A3 through Chromatin Remodeling in t(4;14) Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2332-2344. [PMID: 33602783 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NSD2 is the primary oncogenic driver in t(4;14) multiple myeloma. Using SILAC-based mass spectrometry, we demonstrate a novel role of NSD2 in chromatin remodeling through its interaction with the SWI/SNF ATPase subunit SMARCA2. SMARCA2 was primarily expressed in t(4;14) myeloma cells, and its interaction with NSD2 was noncanonical and independent of the SWI/SNF complex. RNA sequencing identified PTP4A3 as a downstream target of NSD2 and mapped NSD2-SMARCA2 complex on PTP4A3 promoter. This led to a focal increase in the permissive H3K36me2 mark and transcriptional activation of PTP4A3. High levels of PTP4A3 maintained MYC expression and correlated with a 54-gene MYC signature in t(4;14) multiple myeloma. Importantly, this mechanism was druggable by targeting the bromodomain of SMARCA2 using the specific BET inhibitor PFI-3, leading to the displacement of NSD2 from PTP4A3 promoter and inhibiting t(4;14) myeloma cell viability. In vivo, treatment with PFI-3 reduced the growth of t(4;14) xenograft tumors. Together, our study reveals an interplay between histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin remodelers in the regulation of myeloma-specific genes that can be clinically intervened. SIGNIFICANCE: This study uncovers a novel, SWI/SNF-independent interaction between SMARCA2 and NSD2 that facilitates chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation of oncogenes in t(4;14) multiple myeloma, revealing a therapeutic vulnerability targetable by BET inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis S Y Chong
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jing Yuan Chooi
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julia S L Lim
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sabrina Hui Min Toh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Heamatology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
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13
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Zhang Y, Wang X. Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:165. [PMID: 33276800 PMCID: PMC7716495 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway facilitates cancer stem cell renewal, cell proliferation and differentiation, thus exerting crucial roles in tumorigenesis and therapy response. Accumulated investigations highlight the therapeutic potential of agents targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer. Wnt ligand/ receptor interface, β-catenin destruction complex and TCF/β-catenin transcription complex are key components of the cascade and have been targeted with interventions in preclinical and clinical evaluations. This scoping review aims at outlining the latest progress on the current approaches and perspectives of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway targeted therapy in various cancer types. Better understanding of the updates on the inhibitors, antagonists and activators of Wnt/β-catenin pathway rationalizes innovative strategies for personalized cancer treatment. Further investigations are warranted to confirm precise and secure targeted agents and achieve optimal use with clinical benefits in malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,School of medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 250021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,School of medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 250021, China.
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14
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Ruan Y, Kim HN, Ogana H, Kim YM. Wnt Signaling in Leukemia and Its Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176247. [PMID: 32872365 PMCID: PMC7503842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is an aggressive hematologic neoplastic disease. Therapy-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs) may contribute to the relapse of the disease. LSCs are thought to be protected in the leukemia microenvironment, mainly consisting of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC), endothelial cells, and osteoblasts. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways play a critical role in the maintenance of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and LSCs. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of Wnt signaling in leukemia and its microenvironment and provide information on the currently available strategies for targeting Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (Y.R.); (H.N.K.); (H.O.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hye Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (Y.R.); (H.N.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Heather Ogana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (Y.R.); (H.N.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (Y.R.); (H.N.K.); (H.O.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Liu Q, Garcia M, Wang S, Chen CW. Therapeutic Target Discovery Using High-Throughput Genetic Screens in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081888. [PMID: 32806592 PMCID: PMC7465943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput gene manipulating tools such as short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and CRISPR/Cas9 libraries has enabled robust characterization of novel functional genes contributing to the pathological states of the diseases. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), these genetic screen approaches have been used to identify effector genes with previously unknown roles in AML. These AML-related genes centralize alongside the cellular pathways mediating epigenetics, signaling transduction, transcriptional regulation, and energy metabolism. The shRNA/CRISPR genetic screens also realized an array of candidate genes amenable to pharmaceutical targeting. This review aims to summarize genes, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic strategies found via high-throughput genetic screens in AML. We also discuss the potential of these findings to instruct novel AML therapies for combating drug resistance in this genetically heterogeneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Q.L.); (S.W.)
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Michelle Garcia
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Shaoyuan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Q.L.); (S.W.)
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Soares-Lima SC, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Carneiro FRG. The multiple ways Wnt signaling contributes to acute leukemia pathogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1081-1099. [PMID: 32573851 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0420-707r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT proteins constitute a very conserved family of secreted glycoproteins that act as short-range ligands for signaling with critical roles in hematopoiesis, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis. These proteins transduce signals via the canonical pathway, which is β-catenin-mediated and better-characterized, or via more diverse noncanonical pathways that are β-catenin independent and comprise the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the WNT/Ca++ pathways. Several proteins regulate Wnt signaling through a variety of sophisticated mechanisms. Disorders within the pathway can contribute to various human diseases, and the dysregulation of Wnt pathways by different molecular mechanisms is implicated in the pathogenesis of many types of cancer, including the hematological malignancies. The types of leukemia differ considerably and can be subdivided into chronic, myeloid or lymphocytic, and acute, myeloid or lymphocytic, leukemia, according to the differentiation stage of the predominant cells, the progenitor lineage, the diagnostic age strata, and the specific molecular drivers behind their development. Here, we review the role of Wnt signaling in normal hematopoiesis and discuss in detail the multiple ways canonical Wnt signaling can be dysregulated in acute leukemia, including alterations in gene expression and protein levels, epigenetic regulation, and mutations. Furthermore, we highlight the different impacts of these alterations, considering the distinct forms of the disease, and the therapeutic potential of targeting Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C Soares-Lima
- Epigenetics Group, Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria S Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program Research Center, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia R G Carneiro
- FIOCRUZ, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,FIOCRUZ, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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The Role Played by Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031098. [PMID: 32046053 PMCID: PMC7037748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive hematologic neoplastic disorder that arises from the clonal expansion of transformed T-cell or B-cell precursors. Thanks to progress in chemotherapy protocols, ALL outcome has significantly improved. However, drug-resistance remains an unresolved issue in the treatment of ALL and toxic effects limit dose escalation of current chemotherapeutics. Therefore, the identification of novel targeted therapies to support conventional chemotherapy is required. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a conserved signaling axis involved in several physiological processes such as development, differentiation, and adult tissue homeostasis. As a result, deregulation of this cascade is closely related to initiation and progression of various types of cancers, including hematological malignancies. In particular, deregulation of this signaling network is involved in the transformation of healthy HSCs in leukemic stem cells (LSCs), as well as cancer cell multi-drug-resistance. This review highlights the recent findings on the role of Wnt/β-catenin in hematopoietic malignancies and provides information on the current status of Wnt/β-catenin inhibitors with respect to their therapeutic potential in the treatment of ALL.
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18
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Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Cappellini A, Paganelli F, Fini M, Santi S, Martelli AM, Neri LM, Evangelisti C. Targeting Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5413-5428. [PMID: 31904116 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological disorder that results from the clonal transformation of T-cell precursors. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways play a crucial role in T-cell development and in self-renewal of healthy and leukemic stem cells. Notably, β-catenin is a transcriptional regulator of several genes involved in cancer cell proliferation and survival. In this way, aberrations of components belonging to the aforementioned networks contribute to T-ALL pathogenesis. For this reason, inhibition of both pathways could represent an innovative strategy in this hematological malignancy. Here, we show that combined targeting of Wnt/β-catenin pathway through ICG-001, a CBP/β-catenin transcription inhibitor, and of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis through ZSTK-474, a PI3K inhibitor, downregulated proliferation, survival, and clonogenic activity of T-ALL cells. ICG-001 and ZSTK-474 displayed cytotoxic effects, and, when combined together, induced a significant increase in apoptotic cells. This induction of apoptosis was associated with the downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. All these findings were confirmed under hypoxic conditions that mimic the bone marrow niche where leukemic stem cells are believed to reside. Taken together, our findings highlight potentially promising treatment consisting of cotargeting Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways in T-ALL settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cappellini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Spartaco Santi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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19
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Liu X, Gong Y. Isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia. Biomark Res 2019; 7:22. [PMID: 31660152 PMCID: PMC6806510 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a key enzyme involved in the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. IDH mutation produces a neomorphic enzyme, which can lead to the abnormal accumulation of R-2-HG and promotes leukemogenesis. IDH mutation occurs in 20% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, mainly including IDH1 R132, IDH2 R140, and IDH2 R172. Different mutant isoforms have different prognostic values. In recent years, IDH inhibitors have shown good clinical response in AML patients. Hence, enasidenib and ivosidenib, the IDH2 and IDH1 inhibitors developed by Agios Pharmaceuticals, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration on 1 August 2017 and 20 July 2018 for the treatment of adult relapsed or refractory (R/R) AML with IDH2 and IDH1 mutations, respectively. IDH inhibitor monotherapy for R/R AML is efficacious and safe; however, there are problems, such as primary or acquired resistance. Clinical trials of IDH inhibitors combined with hypomethylating agents or standard chemotherapy for the treatment of R/R AML or newly diagnosed AML, as well as in post hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as maintenance therapy, are ongoing. This article summarizes the use of IDH inhibitors in AML with IDH mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan Province China
| | - Yuping Gong
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan Province China
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20
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Hua H, Kong Q, Zhang H, Wang J, Luo T, Jiang Y. Targeting mTOR for cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:71. [PMID: 31277692 PMCID: PMC6612215 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase regulating cell growth, survival, metabolism, and immunity. mTOR is usually assembled into several complexes such as mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2). In cooperation with raptor, rictor, LST8, and mSin1, key components in mTORC1 or mTORC2, mTOR catalyzes the phosphorylation of multiple targets such as ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 (S6K1), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), Akt, protein kinase C (PKC), and type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR), thereby regulating protein synthesis, nutrients metabolism, growth factor signaling, cell growth, and migration. Activation of mTOR promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Many mTOR inhibitors have been developed to treat cancer. While some of the mTOR inhibitors have been approved to treat human cancer, more mTOR inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials. Here, we update recent advances in exploring mTOR signaling and the development of mTOR inhibitors for cancer therapy. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the resistance to mTOR inhibitors in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qingbin Kong
- Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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