PABPC1-induced stabilization of IFI27 mRNA promotes angiogenesis and malignant progression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through exosomal miRNA-21-5p

SLC39A14 promotes the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the expression of solute carrier family 39 member 14 (SLC39A14) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues and its prognosis, as well as the impact of SLC39A14 expression on the biological behavior of ESCC cells and associated mechanisms.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis was utilized to compare the differential expression of SLC39A14 mRNA between esophageal cancer tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate SLC39A14 protein expression in human ESCC tissues and normal esophageal tissues, followed by an analysis of its association with clinicopathological parameters in esophageal cancer patients. Through cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and Western blot assays, we deeply evaluated the specific effects of SLC39A14 gene knockdown (or overexpression) on ESCC cells and explored its potential biological functions in ESCC. Subsequently, we validated the role of SLC39A14 in ESCC in a xenograft model. Furthermore, LY294002 drug intervention was used to verify the regulatory effect of SLC39A14 on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

RESULTS

Both mRNA and protein levels of SLC39A14 were significantly elevated in tumor tissues from ESCC patients compared to adjacent normal tissues. Notably, higher levels of SLC39A14 expression positively correlated with ESCC tumor size (p = 0.010) and clinical T stage (p = 0.025), while exhibiting a negative correlation with overall patient survival rates (p = 0.023). In vitro experiments demonstrated that knocking down SLC39A14 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In vivo study showed that SLC39A14 facilitated progression within murine models bearing ESCC tumors. Mechanistic analyses suggested that pro-carcinogenic effects exerted by SLC39A14 are mediated through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that SLC39A14 may serve as a potential biomarker for ESCC due to its pro-oncogenic role during ESCC progression.

LINC00261 triggers DNA damage via the miR-23a-3p/CELF2 axis to mitigate the malignant characteristics of 131I-resistant papillary thyroid carcinoma cells

Background

Long-chain non-coding RNA (LINC00261) in the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with 131I is still unknown despite its proven anti-tumour effect in thyroid cancer (TC) and other types of cancer.

Methods

The database and RT-qPCR were used to analyze the expression level of LINC00261 in PTC and cell lines. PTC cells resistant to 131I (TPC-1/R) were created through ongoing exposure to a lethal dose of 131I, and a subcutaneous xenotransplantation model was developed using PTC mice. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated the interaction between LINC00261, miR-23a-3p, and CELF2. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of LINC00261, miR-23a-3p, and CELF2. Additionally, CCK-8, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (IF), Western blot, and comet assay were employed to measure cell viability level and DNA damage.

Results

PTC cell lines exhibited a decrease in the expression of LINC00261. The growth and progression through the S-phase of TPC-1/R cells were suppressed by LINC00261, leading to increased apoptosis and DNA damage. The objective of LINC00261 was to regulate the axis of miR-23a-3p/CELF2. Downregulating LINC00261 enhances the growth and advancement of 131I-resistant cells in the S-phase by activating the miR-23a-3p/CELF2 pathway while suppressing cell death and DNA harm. The miR-23a-3p/CELF2 axis activates DNA damage in 131I-resistant PTC cells by LINC00261.

Conclusions

LINC00261 activates DNA damage in 131I-resistant PTC cells caused by miR-23a-3p/CELF2 axis, improving the progression of cancer cells of PTC.

Exosomes in esophageal cancer: function and therapeutic prospects

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles produced by eukaryotic cells and present in all body fluids. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes can be used as a tool for cell signaling and have great potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies. This article reviews the research progress of exosomes in EC in recent years, mainly including the mechanism of action, diagnostic markers, therapeutic targets, and drug carriers. The challenges faced are discussed to provide guidelines for further research in future.

Endostatin-expressing endometrial mesenchymal stem cells inhibit angiogenesis in endometriosis through the miRNA-21-5p/TIMP3/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory and neoangiogenic disease. Endostatin is one of the most effective inhibitors of angiogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated as compelling options for cell therapy. However, the effect and mechanism of action of endostatin-expressing endometrial MSCs (EMSCs) in endometriosis are unclear. Here, EMSCs were genetically modified to overexpress endostatin (EMSCs-Endo). A reduction in the angiogenic capacity of HUVECs was observed in vitro after treatment with EMSCs-Endo. EMSCs-Endo significantly suppressed endometriotic lesion growth in vivo. The limited efficacy was associated with suppressed angiogenesis. The miRNA-21-5p level and the levels of p-PI3K, p-mTOR, and p-Akt in HUVECs and mouse endometriotic lesions significantly decreased after treatment with EMSCs-Endo, whereas TIMP3 expression significantly increased. In summary, targeted gene therapy with EMSCs-Endo is feasible, and its efficacy in regulating endometriosis can be attributed to the inhibition of angiogenesis, suggesting that EMSCs could be used as promising vehicles for targeted gene therapy.

Mechanism of cold exposure delaying wound healing in mice

Cold temperatures have been shown to slow skin wound healing. However, the specific mechanisms underlying cold-induced impairment of wound healing remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that small extracellular vesicles derived from cold-exposed mouse plasma (CT-sEVs) decelerate re-epithelialization, increase scar width, and weaken angiogenesis. CT-sEVs are enriched with miRNAs involved in the regulation of wound healing-related biological processes. Functional assays revealed that miR-423-3p, enriched in CT-sEVs, acts as a critical mediator in cold-induced impairment of angiogenic responses and poor wound healing by inhibiting phosphatase and poly(A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1). These findings indicate that cold delays wound healing via miR-423-3p in plasma-derived sEVs through the inhibition of the ERK or AKT phosphorylation pathways. Our results enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which cold exposure delays soft tissue wound healing.

LINC00882, transcriptionally activated by CEBP-β and post-transcriptionally stabilized by METTL14-mediated m6A modification, exerts tumorigenesis by promoting PABPC1-mediated stabilization of ELK3 mRNA

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor in women, and the majority of BC-related deaths are due to tumor metastasis. There is emerging evidence for the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumor progression. Nevertheless, lncRNAs that drive metastasis in patients with BC and the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs are still largely elusive. In this study, we showed that LINC00882 was highly expressed in metastatic BC tissues, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was able to distinguish well between BC cases with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and those without LNM. Functionally, LINC00882 promoted BC invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, at the transcriptional level, CEBP-β could bind directly to the LINC00882 promoter region and activate its transcription. Moreover, at the posttranscriptional level, m6A modification of LINC00882 mediated by methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) promoted its expression via an IGF2BP2-dependent pathway. Furthermore, 514-615 nucleotides of LINC00882 could directly interact with poly (A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) and promote the interaction between PABPC1 and ELK3 mRNA, thereby stabilizing ELK3 mRNA and enhancing the ELK3 protein level. E-cadherin expression was suppressed via ELK3-mediated transcription inhibition, subsequently activating epithelial-mesenchymal transition to promote BC metastasis. These results highlight the role of LINC00882 in BC, and LINC00882 may be a diagnostic and therapeutic target for BC.

Roles of noncoding RNAs in diabetic retinopathy: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes that leads to vision loss. The striking features of DR are hard exudate, cotton-wool spots, hemorrhage, and neovascularization. The dysregulated retinal cells, encompassing microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, Müller cells, and adjacent retinal pigment epithelial cells, are involved in the pathological processes of DR. According to recent research, oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis contribute to DR. Recent advancements have highlighted that noncoding RNAs could regulate diverse targets in pathological processes that contribute to DR. Noncoding RNAs, including long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNA), and circular RNAs, are dysregulated in DR, and interact with miRNA, mRNA, or proteins to control the pathological processes of DR. Hence, modulation of noncoding RNAs may have therapeutic effects on DR. Small extracellular vesicles may be valuable tools for transferring noncoding RNAs and regulating the genes involved in progression of DR. However, the roles of noncoding RNA in developing DR are not fully understood; it is critical to summarize the mechanisms for noncoding RNA regulation of pathological processes and pathways related to DR. This review provides a fundamental understanding of the relationship between noncoding RNAs and DR, exploring the mechanism of how noncoding RNA modulates different signaling pathways, and pave the way for finding potential therapeutic strategies for DR.

Exploring the roles and molecular mechanisms of RNA binding proteins in the sorting of noncoding RNAs into exosomes during tumor progression

BACKGROUND

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play a role in sorting non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) into exosomes. These ncRNAs, carried by exosomes, are involved in regulating various aspects of tumor progression, including metastasis, angiogenesis, control of the tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the RBP-ncRNA-exosome mechanism in tumor regulation.

AIM OF REVIEW

This comprehensive review aims to explore the RBP-ncRNA-exosome mechanism and its influence on tumor development. By understanding this intricate mechanism provides novel insights into tumor regulation and may lead to innovative treatment strategies in the future.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

The review discusses the formation of exosomes and the complex relationships among RBPs, ncRNAs, and exosomes. The RBP-ncRNA-exosome mechanism is shown to affect various aspects of tumor biology, including metastasis, multidrug resistance, angiogenesis, the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and tumor progression. Tumor development relies on the transmission of information between cells, with RBPs selectively mediating sorting of ncRNAs into exosomes through various mechanisms, which in turn carry ncRNAs to regulate RBPs. The review also provides an overview of potential therapeutic strategies, such as targeted drug discovery and genetic engineering for modifying therapeutic exosomes, which hold great promise for improving cancer treatment.

CRISPR-Cas-based biosensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers

Along with discovering cancer biomarkers, non-invasive detection methods have played a critical role in early cancer diagnosis and prognostic improvement. Some traditional detection methods have been used for detecting cancer biomarkers, but they are time-consuming and involve materials and human costs. With great flexibility, sensitivity and specificity, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated system provides a wide range of application prospects in this field. Herein, we introduce the background of the CRISPR-Cas (CRISPR-associated) system and comprehensively summarize the diagnosis strategies of cancer mediated by the CRISPR-Cas system, including four kinds of biochemical-based markers: nucleic acid, enzyme, tumor-specific protein and exosome. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges in implementing the CRISPR-Cas system in clinical applications.

KLHL21 suppresses gastric tumourigenesis via maintaining STAT3 signalling equilibrium in stomach homoeostasis

OBJECTIVE

Precancerous metaplasia transition to dysplasia poses a risk for subsequent intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma. However, the molecular basis underlying the transformation from metaplastic to cancerous cells remains poorly understood.

DESIGN

An integrated analysis of genes associated with metaplasia, dysplasia was conducted, verified and characterised in the gastric tissues of patients by single-cell RNA sequencing and immunostaining. Multiple mouse models, including homozygous conditional knockout Klhl21-floxed mice, were generated to investigate the role of Klhl21 deletion in stemness, DNA damage and tumour formation. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics and ribosome sequencing were used to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

Kelch-like protein 21 (KLHL21) expression progressively decreased in metaplasia, dysplasia and cancer. Genetic deletion of Klhl21 enhances the rapid proliferation of Mist1+ cells and their descendant cells. Klhl21 loss during metaplasia facilitates the recruitment of damaged cells into the cell cycle via STAT3 signalling. Increased STAT3 activity was confirmed in cancer cells lacking KLHL21, boosting self-renewal and tumourigenicity. Mechanistically, the loss of KLHL21 promotes PIK3CB mRNA translation by stabilising the PABPC1-eIF4G complex, subsequently causing STAT3 activation. Pharmacological STAT3 inhibition by TTI-101 elicited anticancer effects, effectively impeding the transition from metaplasia to dysplasia. In patients with gastric cancer, low levels of KLHL21 had a shorter survival rate and a worse response to adjuvant chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlighted that KLHL21 loss triggers STAT3 reactivation through PABPC1-mediated PIK3CB translational activation, and targeting STAT3 can reverse preneoplastic metaplasia in KLHL21-deficient stomachs.

Particular exosomal micro-RNAs and gastrointestinal (GI) cancer cells' roles: Current theories

A diverse range of gastrointestinal tract disorders are called gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. The transformation of normal cells into precursor cells, precursor cells into premalignant cells, and premalignant cells into cancerous cells is facilitated by the interaction of many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Developing relevant therapy alternatives based on a better knowledge of the illness's aetiology is essential to enhance patient outcomes. The exosome is crucial in regulating intercellular interaction because it may send molecular signals to nearby or distant cells. Exosomes produced from cancer can introduce a variety of chemicals and vast concentrations of microRNA (miRNA) into the tumour microenvironment. These miRNAs significantly impact immunological evasion, metastasis, apoptosis resistance, and cell growth. Exosomal miRNAs, or exosomal miRNAs, are essential for controlling cancer resistance to apoptosis, according to mounting data. Exosomal miRNAs function as an interaction hub between cancerous cells and the milieu around them, regulating gene expression and various signalling pathways. Our research examines the regulatory function of exosomal miRNAs in mediating interactions between cancer cells and the stromal and immunological cells that make up the surrounding milieu.

miR-30c-5p inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by repressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, with high incidence and poor prognosis. Revealing mechanisms of ESCC progression and developing new therapeutic targets remains crucial. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of miR-30c-5p in regulating the malignant progression of ESCC.

METHODS

TCGA, GEO, and other datasets were used to analyze the differential expression of miR-30c-5p in ESCC and adjacent tissues, and its impact on prognosis. Then the effects of miR-30c-5p on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TE-1 and Eca9706 cells were investigated through proliferation experiments, transwell and wounding healing assays. The regulatory mechanism of miR-30c-5p on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and its interaction in cancer progression were investigated through Western blots, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and rescue experiments.

RESULTS

miR-30c-5p was significantly downregulated in ESCC tissue and represented a poor prognosis. miR-30c-5p mimic significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of ESCC, while miR-30c-5p inhibitor significantly promoted tumor cell progression. Through bioinformatic analysis and experimental results, miR-30c-5p interacted directly with PIK3CA mRNA and inhibited subsequent signaling pathway activation. PIK3CA activator could eliminate the inhibitory effects of miR-30c-5p mimic on the progression of ESCC, while PIK3CA inhibitors could rescue the promoting effect of miR-30c-5p inhibitor group cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, we found that miR-30c-5p inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of ESCC by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway for the first time, and this study is expected to provide a novel insight and potential therapeutic target for managing ESCC.

Construction and clinical significance of prognostic risk markers based on cancer driver genes in lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Cancer driver genes (CDGs) have been reported as key factors influencing the progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the role of CDGs in LUAD prognosis has not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

LUAD transcriptome data and CDG-related data were obtained from public databases and literature. Differentially expressed CDGs (DE-CDGs) greatly associated with LUAD survival (P < 0.05) were identified to establish a prognostic model. In addition, immune analysis of high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) groups was conducted by utilizing the CIBERSORT and single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithms to assess immune differences. Subsequently, mutation analysis was conducted using maftools. Finally, candidate drugs were identified using the CellMiner database.

RESULTS

40 DE-CDGs significantly associated with LUAD survival and 11 DE-CDGs associated with prognosis were identified through screening. Regression analysis revealed that risk score can independently predict LUAD prognosis (P < 0.05). Immune landscape analysis revealed that compared to the HR group, the LR group had higher immune scores and high infiltration of various immune cells such as follicular helper B cells and T cells. Mutation landscape analysis demonstrated that missense mutation was the most common mutation type in both risk groups. Drug prediction analysis revealed strong correlations of fulvestrant, S-63845, sapacitabine, lomustine, BLU-667, SR16157, motesanib, AZD-9496, XK-469, dimethylfasudil, P-529, and imatinib with the model genes, suggesting their potential as candidate drugs targeting the model genes.

CONCLUSION

This study identified 11 effective biomarkers, DE-CDGs, which can predict LUAD prognosis and explored the biological significance of CDGs in LUAD prognosis, immunotherapy, and treatment.

Exosomes in esophageal cancer: Promising nanocarriers in cancer progression, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most fatal cancers all over the world. Sensitive detection modalities for early-stage EC and efficient treatment methods are urgently needed for the improvement of the prognosis of EC. Exosomes are small vesicles for intercellular communication, mediating many biological responses including cancer progression, which are not only promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis but also therapeutic tools for EC. This review provides an overview of the relationships between exosomes and EC progression, as well as the application of exosomes in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of EC. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

The TDP-43/TP63 Positive Feedback Circuit Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies with a 5-year survival rate of only 15% in patients with advanced diseases. Tumor protein 63 (TP63), a master transcription factor (TF) in ESCC, cooperates with other TFs to regulate enhancers and/or promoters of target oncogenes, which in turn promotes tumorigenesis. TAR-DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) is an RNA/DNA binding protein with elevated expression in several neoplasms. However, it remains unclear how TDP-43 contributes to ESCC progression. In this study, TDP-43 is identified as a novel oncogene with markedly upregulated expression in ESCC tissues through profiling expression levels of one hundred and fifty canonical RNA binding protein (RBP) genes in multiple ESCC patient cohorts. Importantly, TDP-43 boosted TP63 expression via post-transcriptionally stabilizing TP63 mRNAs as a RBP and promoting TP63 transcription as a TF binding to the TP63 promoter in ESCC cells. In contrast, the master TF TP63 also bound to the TDP-43 promoter, accelerated TDP-43 transcription, and caused a noticeable increase in TDP-43 expression in ESCC cells. The findings highlight TDP-43 as a viable therapeutic target for ESCC and uncover a hitherto unrecognized TDP-43/TP63 circuit in cancer.

miR-493-5p Silenced by DNA Methylation Promotes Angiogenesis via Exosomes and VEGF-A-Mediated Intracellular Cross-Talk Between ESCC Cells and HUVECs

Background

Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in the tumor microenvironment play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression by participating in intercellular cross-talk. However, the functions of exosomal miRNAs and the mechanisms by which they regulate esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression are unclear.

Methods

RNA sequencing and GEO analysis were conducted to identify candidate exosomal miRNAs involved in ESCC development. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic value of plasma exosomal miR-493-5p. EdU, tube formation and Transwell assays were used to investigate the effects of exosomal miR-493-5p on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). A subcutaneous xenograft model was used to evaluate the antitumor effects of miR-493-5p and decitabine (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor). The relationship between miR-493-5p and SP1/SP3 was revealed via a dual-luciferase reporter assay. A series of rescue assays were subsequently performed to investigate whether SP1/SP3 participate in exosomal miR-493-5p-mediated ESCC angiogenesis.

Results

We found that miR-493-5p expression was notably reduced in the plasma exosomes of ESCC patients, which showed the high potential value in early ESCC diagnosis. Additionally, miR-493-5p, as a candidate tumor suppressor, inhibited the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs by suppressing the expression of VEGFA and exerted its angiostatic effect via exosomes. Moreover, we found that SP1/SP3 are direct targets of miR-493-5p and that re-expression of SP1/SP3 could reverse the inhibitory effects of miR-493-5p. Further investigation revealed that miR-493-5p expression could be regulated by DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) and DNMT3B, and either miR-493-5p overexpression or restoration of miR-493-5p expression with decitabine increased the antitumor effects of bevacizumab.

Conclusion

Exosomal miR-493-5p is a highly valuable ESCC diagnosis marker and inhibits ESCC-associated angiogenesis. miR-493-5p can be silenced via DNA methylation, and restoration of miR-493-5p expression with decitabine increases the antitumor effects of bevacizumab, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.

MEG3-Mediated Oral Squamous-Cell-Carcinoma-Derived Exosomal miR-421 Activates Angiogenesis by Targeting HS2ST1 in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) from cancer cells play a key role in mediating the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) microenvironment. The objective of this study was to investigate how the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3 affects OSCC angiogenesis through exosomal miR-421. Global miRNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to determine the level of miRNAs in OSCC cell-derived exosomes. Cell migration, invasion, tube formation, immunohistochemistry, and hemoglobin concentrations were used to study the effects of exosomal miR-421 in angiogenesis. Western blotting was used to determine the expression level of HS2ST1 and VEGFR2-related downstream proteins. MiRNA array and qRT-PCR identified the upregulation of miR-421 in OSCC cell-derived exosomes. Furthermore, exosomal miR-421 can be taken up by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and then target HS2ST1 through VEGF-mediated ERK and AKT phosphorylation, thereby promoting HUVEC migration, invasion, and tube formation. Additionally, forced expression of the lncRNA MEG3 in OSCC cells reduced exosomal miR-421 levels and then increased HS2ST1 expression, thereby reducing the VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway in HUVECs. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which lncRNA MEG3 can act as a tumor suppressor and regulate endothelial angiogenesis through the exosomal miR-421/HS2ST1 axis, which provides a potential therapeutic strategy for OSCC angiogenesis.

Therapeutic implications of signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment interactions in esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer (EC) is significantly influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME) and altered signaling pathways. Downregulating these pathways in EC is essential for suppressing tumor development, preventing metastasis, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This approach can increase tumor sensitivity to treatments, enhance patient outcomes, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and spread. The TME, comprising cellular and non-cellular elements surrounding the tumor, significantly influences EC's development, course, and treatment responsiveness. Understanding the complex relationships within the TME is crucial for developing successful EC treatments. Immunotherapy is a vital TME treatment for EC. However, the heterogeneity within the TME limits the application of anticancer drugs outside clinical settings. Therefore, identifying reliable microenvironmental biomarkers that can detect therapeutic responses before initiating therapy is crucial. Combining approaches focusing on EC signaling pathways with TME can enhance treatment outcomes. This integrated strategy aims to interfere with essential signaling pathways promoting cancer spread while disrupting factors encouraging tumor development. Unraveling aberrant signaling pathways and TME components can lead to more focused and efficient treatment approaches, identifying specific cellular targets for treatments. Targeting the TME and signaling pathways may reduce metastasis risk by interfering with mechanisms facilitating cancer cell invasion and dissemination. In conclusion, this integrative strategy has significant potential for improving patient outcomes and advancing EC research and therapy. This review discusses the altered signaling pathways and TME in EC, focusing on potential future therapeutics.

Protumorigenic Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose production is triggered by interferons, are known to defend the host from pathogenic and cancer-specific antigens, one of which is by inducing apoptosis in infected or mutated cells. It has been reported recently that specific ISGs aid cancer cells in evading immunosurveillance and inflammatory cells by inhibiting the apoptosis process. This report reviewed four apoptosis-regulating ISG proteins: interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), interferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27), interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), and radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2), demonstrating anti-apoptosis function, and considered them protumorigenic.

Liquid biopsy of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: implications in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignant tumour of the gastrointestinal tract. Early detection and access to appropriate treatment are crucial for the long-term survival of patients. However, limited diagnostic and monitoring methods are available for identifying early stage ESCC. Endoscopic screening and surgical resection are commonly used to diagnose and treat early ESCC. However, these methods have disadvantages, such as high recurrence, lethality, and mortality rates. Therefore, methods to improve early diagnosis of ESCC and reduce its mortality rate are urgently required. In 1961, Gary et al. proposed a novel liquid biopsy approach for clinical diagnosis. This involved examining exosomes, circulating tumour cells, circulating free DNA, and circulating free RNA in body fluids. The ability of liquid biopsy to obtain samples repeatedly, wide detection range, and fast detection speed make it a feasible option for non-invasive tumour detection. In clinical practice, liquid biopsy technology has gained popularity for early screening, diagnosis, treatment efficacy monitoring, and prognosis assessment. Thus, this is a highly promising examination method. However, there have been no comprehensive reviews on the four factors of liquid biopsy in the context of ESCC. This review aimed to analyse the progress of liquid biopsy research for ESCC, including its classification, components, and potential future applications.

PABPC1 silencing inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and EMT, and induces apoptosis via PI3K/AKT pathway

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to manage owing to the challenges involved in its treatment and nursing. This study aimed to clarify the roles and mechanisms of action of Poly (A)-binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) on pancreatic cancer. The expression of PABPC1 in pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines was detected using RT-qPCR and western blotting. The effects of PABPC1 on proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells were further investigated using MTT assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting. The expression of PABPC1 was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells, whereas PABPC1 downregulation inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, decreased the expression of EMT-associated proteins, and exerted a regulatory effect by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, the findings indicated that PABPC1 over-expression significantly promoted pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, decreased the expression of E-cadherin, enhanced N-cadherin expression, and activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PABPC1 silencing significantly inhibited proliferation and EMT and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. These findings provide novel insights into the role of PABPC1 in the development of pancreatic cancer.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-024-00626-1.

Chemokines and Their Receptors: Predictors of Therapeutic Potential in Tumor Microenvironment on Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) is an aggressive solid tumor. The 5-year survival rate for patients with ESCA is estimated to be less than 20%, mainly due to tumor invasion and metastasis. Therefore, it is urgent to improve early diagnostic tools and effective treatments for ESCA patients. Tumor microenvironment (TME) enhances the ability of tumor cells to proliferate, migrate, and escape from the immune system, thus promoting the occurrence and development of tumor. TME contains chemokines. Chemokines consist of four major families, which are mainly composed of CC and CXC families. The main purpose of this review is to understand the CC and CXC chemokines and their receptors in ESCA, to improve the understanding of tumorigenesis of ESCA and determine new biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ESCA. We reviewed the literature on CC and CXC chemokines and their receptors in ESCA identified by PubMed database. This article introduces the general structures and functions of CC, CXC chemokines and their receptors in TME, as well as their roles in the progress of ESCA. Chemokines are involved in the development of ESCA, such as cancer cell invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and radioresistance, and are key determinants of disease progression, which have a great impact on patient prognosis and treatment response. In addition, a full understanding of their mechanism of action is essential to further verify that these chemokines and their receptors may serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets of ESCA.

Deciphering the impact of circRNA-mediated autophagy on tumor therapeutic resistance: a novel perspective

Cancer therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge in the pursuit of effective treatment strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have recently emerged as key regulators of various biological processes, including cancer progression and drug resistance. This review highlights the emerging role of circRNAs-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance, a cellular process that plays a dual role in cancer by promoting both cell survival and death. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs can modulate autophagy pathways, thereby influencing the response of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this context, the intricate interplay between circRNAs, autophagy, and therapeutic resistance is explored. Various mechanisms are discussed through which circRNAs can impact autophagy, including direct interactions with autophagy-related genes, modulation of signaling pathways, and cross-talk with other non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, the review delves into specific examples of how circRNA-mediated autophagy regulation can contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Understanding these intricate molecular interactions provides valuable insights into potential strategies for overcoming therapeutic resistance in cancer. Exploiting circRNAs as therapeutic targets or utilizing them as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers opens new avenues for developing personalized treatment approaches. In summary, this review underscores the importance of circRNA-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance and proposes future directions for research in this exciting and rapidly evolving field.

Targeting the "tumor microenvironment": RNA-binding proteins in the spotlight in colorectal cancer therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and has the second highest mortality rate among cancers. The development of CRC involves both genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, and recent research has focused on exploring the ex-transcriptome, particularly post-transcriptional modifications. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging epigenetic regulators that play crucial roles in post-transcriptional events. Dysregulation of RBPs can result in aberrant expression of downstream target genes, thereby affecting the progression of colorectal tumors and the prognosis of patients. Recent studies have shown that RBPs can influence CRC pathogenesis and progression by regulating various components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Although previous research on RBPs has primarily focused on their direct regulation of colorectal tumor development, their involvement in the remodeling of the TME has not been systematically reported. This review aims to highlight the significant role of RBPs in the intricate interactions within the CRC tumor microenvironment, including tumor immune microenvironment, inflammatory microenvironment, extracellular matrix, tumor vasculature, and CRC cancer stem cells. We also highlight several compounds under investigation for RBP-TME-based treatment of CRC, including small molecule inhibitors such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), siRNAs, agonists, gene manipulation, and tumor vaccines. The insights gained from this review may lead to the development of RBP-based targeted novel therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the TME, potentially inhibiting the progression and metastasis of CRC.

BST2 promotes gastric cancer metastasis under the regulation of HOXD9 and PABPC1

Gastric cancer (GC) constitutes substantial cancer mortality worldwide. Several cancer types aberrantly express bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), yet its functional and underlying mechanisms in GC progression remain unknown. In our study, RNA sequencing data revealed that BST2 was transcriptionally activated by homeobox D9 (HOXD9). BST2 was significantly upregulated in GC tissues and promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of GC. BST2 knockdown reversed HOXD9's oncogenic effect on GC metastasis. Moreover, BST2 messenger RNA stability could be enhanced by poly(A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) through the interaction between BST2 3'-UTR and PABPC1 in GC cells. PABPC1 promoted GC metastasis, which BST2 silencing attenuated in vitro and in vivo. In addition, positive correlations among HOXD9, BST2, and PABPC1 were established in clinical samples. Taken together, increased expression of BST2 induced by HOXD9 synergizing with PABPC1 promoted GC cell migration and invasion capacity.

Aberrant H3K4me3 modification of immune response genes in CD4+ T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

BACKGROUND

Increasing evidence has highlighted the significant role of histone modifications in pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, few studies have comprehensively analyzed trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) features at specific immune gene loci in SLE patients.

METHODS

We conducted H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) on CD4+ T cells from SLE patients and healthy controls (HC). Differential H3K4me3 peaks were identified, followed by enrichment analysis. We integrated online RNA-seq and DNA methylation datasets to explore the relationship between H3K4me3 modification, DNA methylation and gene expression. We validated several upregulated peak regions by ChIP-qPCR and confirmed their impact on gene expression using RT-qPCR. Finally, we investigated the impact of H3K4 methyltransferases KMT2A on the expression of immune response genes.

RESULTS

we identified 147 downregulated and 2701 upregulated H3K4me3 peaks in CD4+ T cells of SLE. The upregulated peaks primarily classified as gained peaks and enriched in immune response genes such as FCGR2A, C5AR1, SERPING1 and OASL. Genes with upregulated H3K4me3 and downregulated DNA methylations in the promoter were highly expressed in SLE patients. These genes, including OAS1, IFI27 and IFI44L, were enriched in immune response pathways. The IFI44L locus also showed increased H3K27ac modification, chromatin accessibility and chromatin interactions in SLE. Moreover, knockdown of KMT2A can downregulate the expression of immune response genes in T cells.

CONCLUSION

Our study uncovers dysregulated H3K4me3 modification patterns in immune response genes loci, which also exhibit downregulated DNA methylation and higher mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells of SLE patients.

LncRNA PRBC induces autophagy to promote breast cancer progression through modulating PABPC1-mediated mRNA stabilization

Breast cancer is one of the major malignant tumors among women worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been documented as significant modulators in the development and progression of various cancers; however, the contribution of lncRNAs to breast cancer remains largely unknown. In this study, we found a novel lncRNA (NONHSAT137675) whose expression was significantly increased in the breast cancer tissues. We named the novel lncRNA as lncRNA PRBC (PABPC1-related lncRNA in breast cancer) and identified it as a key lncRNA associated with breast cancer progression and prognosis. Functional analysis displayed that lncRNA PRBC could promote autophagy and progression of breast cancer. Mechanistically, we verified that lncRNA PRBC physically interacted with PABPC1 through RIP assay, and PABPC1 overexpression could reverse the inhibiting effect of lncRNA PRBC knockdown on the malignant behaviors in breast cancer cells. Knockdown of lncRNA PRBC interfered the translocation of PABPC1 from nucleus to cytoplasm as indicated by western blot and IF assays. Significantly, the cytoplasmic location of PABPC1 was required for the interaction between PABPC1 and AGO2, which could be enhanced by lncRNA PRBC overexpression, leading to strengthened recruitment of mRNA to RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and thus reinforcing the inhibition efficiency of miRNAs. In general, lncRNA PRBC played a critical role in malignant progression of breast cancer by inducing the cytoplasmic translocation of PABPC1 to further regulate the function of downstream miRNAs. This study provides novel insight on the molecular mechanism of breast cancer progression, and lncRNA PRBC might be a promising therapeutic target and prognostic predictor for breast cancer.

Research progress of exosomes in the angiogenesis of digestive system tumour

Malignant tumours of the digestive system cover a wide range of diseases that affect the health of people to a large extent. Angiogenesis is indispensable in the development, and metastasis of tumours, mainly in two ways: occupation or formation. Vessels can provide nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors for tumours to encourage growth and metastasis, so cancer progression depends on simultaneous angiogenesis. Recently, exosomes have been proven to participate in the angiogenesis of tumours. They influence angiogenesis by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 with different affinities, regulating Yap-VEGF pathway, Akt pathway or other signaling pathway. Additionally, exosomes are potential therapeutic vectors that can deliver many types of cargoes to different cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of exosomes in the angiogenesis of digestive system tumours and highlight the clinical application prospects, directly used as targers or delivery vehicles, in antiangiogenic therapy.

Epstein-Barr virus lytic gene BNRF1 promotes B-cell lymphomagenesis via IFI27 upregulation

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human lymphotropic herpesvirus that is causally associated with several malignancies. In addition to latent factors, lytic replication contributes to cancer development. In this study, we examined whether the lytic gene BNRF1, which is conserved among gamma-herpesviruses, has an important role in lymphomagenesis. We found that lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) established by BNRF1-knockout EBV exhibited remarkably lower pathogenicity in a mice xenograft model than LCLs produced by wild-type EBV (LCLs-WT). RNA-seq analyses revealed that BNRF1 elicited the expression of interferon-inducible protein 27 (IFI27), which promotes cell proliferation. IFI27 knockdown in LCLs-WT resulted in excessive production of reactive oxygen species, leading to cell death and significantly decreased their pathogenicity in vivo. We also confirmed that IFI27 was upregulated during primary infection in B-cells. Our findings revealed that BNRF1 promoted robust proliferation of the B-cells that were transformed by EBV latent infection via IFI27 upregulation both in vitro and in vivo.

Identification and validation of SLCO4C1 as a biological marker in hepatocellular carcinoma based on anoikis classification features

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibits a high degree of invasiveness and is closely associated with rapid disease progression. Multiple lines of evidence indicate a strong correlation between anoikis resistance and tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Nevertheless, the classification of anoikis in HCC and the investigation of novel biological target mechanisms in this context continue to pose challenges, requiring further exploration.

METHODS

Combined with HCC samples from TCGA, GEO and ICGC databases, cluster analysis was conducted on anoikis genes, revealing novel patterns among different subtypes. Significant gene analysis of different gene subtypes was performed using WCGNA. The anoikis prognostic risk model was established by Lasso-Cox. Go, KEGG, and GSEA were applied to investigate pathway enrichment primarily observed in risk groups. We compared the disparities in immune infiltration, TMB, tumor microenvironment (TME), and drug sensitivity between the two risk groups. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were performed to validate the expression levels of SLCO4C1 in HCC. The biological functions of SLCO4C1 in HCC cells were assessed through various experiments, including CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, invasion migration assay, wound healing assay, and flow cytometry analysis.

RESULTS

HCC was divided into 2 anoikis subtypes, and the subtypeB had a better prognosis. An anoikis prognostic model based on 12 (COPZ2, ACTG2, IFI27, SPP1, EPO, SLCO4C1, RAB26, STC2, RAC3, NQO1, MYCN, HSPA1B) risk genes is important for survival and prognosis. Significant differences were observed in immune cell infiltration, TME, and drug sensitivity analysis between the risk groups. SLCO4C1 was downregulated in HCC. SLCO4C1 downregulation promoted the proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of HCC cells. The tumor-suppressive role of SLCO4C1 in HCC has been confirmed.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study presents a novel anoikis classification method for HCC that reveals the association between anoikis features and HCC. The anoikis feature is a critical biomarker bridging tumor cell death and tumor immunity. In this study, we provided the first evidence of SLCO4C1 functioning as a tumor suppressor in HCC.

RNA Binding Protein PTBP1 Promotes the Metastasis of Gastric Cancer by Stabilizing PGK1 mRNA

Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common type of malignant tumor within the gastrointestinal tract, and GC metastasis is associated with poor prognosis. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is an RNA-binding protein implicated in various types of tumor development and metastasis. However, the role of PTBP1 in GC metastasis remains elusive. In this study, we verified that PTBP1 was upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines, and higher PTBP1 level was associated with poorer prognosis. It was shown that PTBP1 knockdown in vitro inhibited GC cell migration, whereas PTBP1 overexpression promoted the migration of GC cells. In vivo, the knockdown of PTBP1 notably reduced both the size and occurrence of metastatic nodules in a nude mice liver metastasis model. We identified phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) as a downstream target of PTBP1 and found that PTBP1 increased the stability of PGK1 by directly binding to its mRNA. Furthermore, the PGK1/SNAIL axis could be required for PTBP1's function in the promotion of GC cell migration. These discoveries suggest that PTBP1 could be a promising therapeutic target for GC.

EXOSC5 maintains cancer stem cell activity in endometrial cancer by regulating the NTN4/integrin β1 signalling axis

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a common type of uterine cancer in developed countries, originating from the uterine epithelium. The incidence rate of EC in Taiwan has doubled from 2005. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that have high tumorigenicity and play a crucial role in the malignant processes of cancer. Targeting molecules associated with CSCs is essential for effective cancer treatments. This study delves into the role of Exosome component 5 (EXOSC5) in EC. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas suggests a correlation between high EXOSC5 mRNA expression and unfavorable EC prognosis. EXOSC5 knockdown diminished EC-CSC self-renewal and reduced expression of key cancer stemness proteins, including c-MYC and SOX2. Intriguingly, this knockdown significantly curtailed tumorigenicity and CSC frequency in EC tumor spheres. A mechanistic examination revealed a reduction in netrin4 (NTN4) levels in EXOSC5-depleted EC cells. Moreover, NTN4 treatment amplified EC cell CSC activity and, when secreted, NTN4 partnered with integrin β1, subsequently triggering the FAK/SRC axis to elevate c-MYC activity. A clear positive relation between EXOSC5 and NTN4 was evident in 93 EC tissues. In conclusion, EXOSC5 augments NTN4 expression, activating c-MYC via the integrin β1/FAK/SRC pathway, offering potential avenues for EC diagnosis and treatment.

Deubiquitinating PABPC1 by USP10 upregulates CLK2 translation to promote tumor progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is extremely malignant with limited treatment options. Deubiquitinases (DUBs), which cleave ubiquitin on substrates, can regulate tumor progression and are appealing therapeutic targets, but there are few related studies in PDAC. In our study, we screened the expression levels and prognostic value of USP family members based on published databases and selected USP10 as the potential interventional target in PDAC. IHC staining of the PDAC microarray revealed that USP10 expression was an adverse clinical feature of PDAC. USP10 promoted tumor growth both in vivo and in vitro in PDAC. Co-IP experiments revealed that USP10 directly interacts with PABPC1. Deubiquitination assays revealed that USP10 decreased the K27/29-linked ubiquitination level of the RRM2 domain of PABPC1. Deubiquitinated PABPC1 was able to couple more CLK2 mRNA and eIF4G1, which increased the translation efficiency. Replacing PABPC1 with a mutant that could not be ubiquitinated impaired USP10 knock-down-mediated tumor suppression in PDAC. Targeting USP10 significantly delayed the growth of cell-derived xenograft and patient-derived xenograft tumors. Collectively, our study first identified USP10 as the DUB of PABPC1 and provided a rationale for potential therapeutic options for PDAC with high USP10 expression.

Extracellular shuttling miR-21 contributes to esophageal cancers and human umbilical vein endothelial cell communication in the tumor microenvironment and promotes tumor angiogenesis by targeting phosphatase and tensinhomolog

BACKGROUND

Cell-cell communication by carcinoma-derived exosomes can influence the tumor microenvironment (TME) and regulate cancer progression. Based on the overexpression of microRNA-21-5p (miR-21) in plasma from patients diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and exosomes from ESCC cell lines identified earlier, this study aimed to explore the influence of exosomal miR-21 within the TME.

METHOD

ScRNA-Seq and Bulk RNA-Seq were integrated to elucidate the communication between cancer and endothelial cells. The functionality and mechanisms by which exo-miR-21 derived from carcinoma regulate endothelial cell-mediated angiogenesis were assessed using a cocultivation model of EC9706 cells and recipient human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), through blood vessel formation experiments, luciferase reporter assays, RT-qPCR, and western blot analysis.

RESULT

A total of 3842 endothelial cells were extracted from the scRNA-seq data of ESCC samples and reclustered into five cell subtype. Cell-cell communication analysis revealed cancer cells presented a strong interaction with angiogenesis-like endothelial cells in secreted signaling. MiR-21 was unregulated in ESCC and the carcinoma-derived exo-miR-21 was significantly raised in HUVECs. The exo-miR-21 promoted the proliferation and migration of HUVECs while also enhancing, closed mesh count, and junction number in HUVECs. Mechanistically, dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that PTEN was the target of miR-21. Meanwhile, p-Akt was significantly increased and suppressed by inhibition of miR-21 and PI3K inhibitor LY294002.

CONCLUSION

Exo-miR-21-mediated communication between endothelial and cancer cells plays a pivotal role in promoting the angiogenesis of ESCC. Therefore, controlling exo-miR-21 could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for ESCC by targeting angiogenesis.

Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: Implications in esophageal carcinoma progression and tumor microenvironment remodeling

Esophageal carcinoma is among the most fatal malignancies with increasing incidence globally. Tumor onset and progression can be driven by metabolic reprogramming, especially during esophageal carcinoma development. Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles, display an average size of ∼100 nanometers, containing multifarious components (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, etc.). An increasing number of studies have shown that exosomes are capable of transferring molecules with biological functions into recipient cells, which play crucial roles in esophageal carcinoma progression and tumor microenvironment that is a highly heterogeneous ecosystem through rewriting the metabolic processes in tumor cells and environmental stromal cells. The review introduces the reprogramming of glucose, lipid, amino acid, mitochondrial metabolism in esophageal carcinoma, and summarize current pharmaceutical agents targeting such aberrant metabolism rewiring. We also comprehensively overview the biogenesis and release of exosomes, and recent advances of exosomal cargoes and functions in esophageal carcinoma and their promising clinical application. Moreover, we discuss how exosomes trigger tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance, and immunosuppression as well as tumor microenvironment remodeling through focusing on their capacity to transfer materials between cells or between cells and tissues and modulate metabolic reprogramming, thus providing a theoretical reference for the design potential pharmaceutical agents targeting these mechanisms. Altogether, our review attempts to fully understand the significance of exosome-based metabolic rewriting in esophageal carcinoma progression and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, bringing novel insights into the prevention and treatment of esophageal carcinoma in the future.

Emerging role of exosome-shuttled noncoding RNAs in gastrointestinal cancers: From intercellular crosstalk to clinical utility

Gastrointestinal cancer remains a significant global health burden. The pursuit of advancing the comprehension of tumorigenesis, along with the identification of reliable biomarkers and the development of precise therapeutic strategies, represents imperative objectives in this field. Exosomes, small membranous vesicles released by most cells, commonly carry functional biomolecules, including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are specifically sorted and encapsulated by exosomes. Exosome-mediated communication involves the release of exosomes from tumor or stromal cells and the uptake by nearby or remote recipient cells. The bioactive cargoes contained within these exosomes exert profound effects on the recipient cells, resulting in significant modifications in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and distinct alterations in gastrointestinal tumor behaviors. Due to the feasibility of isolating exosomes from various bodily fluids, exosomal ncRNAs have shown great potential as liquid biopsy-based indicators for different gastrointestinal cancers, using blood, ascites, saliva, or bile samples. Moreover, exosomes are increasingly recognized as natural delivery vehicles for ncRNA-based therapeutic interventions. In this review, we elucidate the processes of ncRNA-enriched exosome biogenesis and uptake, examine the regulatory and functional roles of exosomal ncRNA-mediated intercellular crosstalk in gastrointestinal TME and tumor behaviors, and explore their potential clinical utility in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.

Evolving Acquired Vemurafenib Resistance in a BRAF V600E Mutant Melanoma PDTX Model to Reveal New Potential Targets

Malignant melanoma is challenging to treat, and metastatic cases need chemotherapy strategies. Targeted inhibition of commonly mutant BRAF V600E by inhibitors is efficient but eventually leads to resistance and progression in the vast majority of cases. Numerous studies investigated the mechanisms of resistance in melanoma cell lines, and an increasing number of in vivo or clinical data are accumulating. In most cases, bypassing BRAF and resulting reactivation of the MAPK signaling, as well as alternative PI3K-AKT signaling activation are reported. However, several unique changes were also shown. We developed and used a patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) model to screen resistance evolution in mice in vivo, maintaining tumor heterogeneity. Our results showed no substantial activation of the canonical pathways; however, RNAseq and qPCR data revealed several altered genes, such as GPR39, CD27, SLC15A3, IFI27, PDGFA, and ABCB1. Surprisingly, p53 activity, leading to apoptotic cell death, was unchanged. The found biomarkers can confer resistance in a subset of melanoma patients via immune modulation, microenvironment changes, or drug elimination. Our resistance model can be further used in testing specific inhibitors that could be used in future drug development, and combination therapy testing that can overcome inhibitor resistance in melanoma.

PABPC1 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma by regulating COL12A1 expression

BACKGROUND

The expression of cytoplasmic poly (A) binding protein-1 (PABPC1) has been reported in multiple cancer types. This protein is known to modulate cancer progression. However, the effects of PABPC1 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) have not been investigated. Here, we investigate the regulatory targets and molecular mechanisms of PABPC1 in PAAD.

METHODS

PABPC1 and collagen type XII α1 chain (COL12A1) expression in PAAD and their role in tumor prognosis and tumor stage were investigated using The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis. After silencing PABPC1, messenger RNA sequencing and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed. The expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), cell viability, apoptosis, and cell migration and invasion were explored using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry assay, and transwell assay, respectively. The relationship between PABPC1 and COL12A1 expression was assessed by Pearson's correlation analysis. The regulatory function of COL12A1 in PABPC1-affected BXPC3 cell behavior was studied after COL12A1 was overexpressed.

RESULTS

PABPC1 and COL12A1 expression was upregulated in patients with PAAD and was linked to poor prognosis. Four hundred and seventy-four DEGs were observed in BXPC3 cells after PABPC1 silencing. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the top 10 DEGs were enriched in cell adhesion pathways. Additionally, PABPC1 silencing inhibited cell viability, migration, and invasion and accelerated apoptosis in BXPC3 cells. PABPC1 silencing increased AZGP1 and ARHGAP30 expression and decreased CAV1 and COL12A1 expression in BXPC3 cells. PABPC1 positively mediated COL12A1 expression, whereas PABPC1 knockdown induced the inhibition of BXPC3 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study indicate that PABPC1 may function as a tumor promoter in PAAD, accelerating BXPC3 cell proliferation and metastasis by regulating COL12A1 expression.

Mechanisms of esophageal cancer metastasis and treatment progress

Esophageal cancer is a prevalent tumor of the digestive tract worldwide. The detection rate of early-stage esophageal cancer is very low, and most patients are diagnosed with metastasis. Metastasis of esophageal cancer mainly includes direct diffusion metastasis, hematogenous metastasis, and lymphatic metastasis. This article reviews the metabolic process of esophageal cancer metastasis and the mechanisms by which M2 macrophages, CAF, regulatory T cells, and their released cytokines, including chemokines, interleukins, and growth factors, form an immune barrier to the anti-tumor immune response mediated by CD8+ T cells, impeding their ability to kill tumor cells during tumor immune escape. The effect of Ferroptosis on the metastasis of esophageal cancer is briefly mentioned. Moreover, the paper also summarizes common drugs and research directions in chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy for advanced metastatic esophageal cancer. This review aims to serve as a foundation for further investigations into the mechanism and management of esophageal cancer metastasis.

Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Shippers for Noncoding RNA-Based Modulation of Angiogenesis: Insights from Ischemic Stroke and Cancer

Ischemic stroke and systemic cancer are two of the leading causes of mortality. Hypoxia is a central pathophysiological component in ischemic stroke and cancer, representing a joint medical function. This function includes angiogenesis regulation. Vascular remodeling coupled with axonal outgrowth following cerebral ischemia is critical in improving poststroke neurological functional recovery. Antiangiogenic strategies can inhibit cancer vascularization and play a vital role in impeding cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Although there are significant differences in the cause of angiogenesis across both pathophysiological conditions, emerging evidence states that common signaling structures, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), are involved in this context. EVs, heterogeneous membrane vesicles encapsulating proteomic genetic information from parental cells, act as multifunctional regulators of intercellular communication. Among the multifaceted roles in modulating biological responses, exhaustive evidence shows that ncRNAs are selectively sorted into EVs, modulating common specific aspects of cancer development and stroke prognosis, namely, angiogenesis. This review will discuss recent advancements in the EV-facilitated/inhibited progression of specific elements of angiogenesis with a particular concern about ncRNAs within these vesicles. The review is concluded by underlining the clinical opportunities of EV-derived ncRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic agents.

Insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding protein 3 promotes cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells by targeting zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 mRNA

The role and mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) in the metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unclear. In this study, IGF2BP3 mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated in ESCC tissues. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), plasmid overexpression, and stable lentivirus transfection were used to manipulate intracellular IGF2BP3 expression levels. The role of IGF2BP3 in ESCC tumorigenesis was investigated in vitro and in vivo. IGF2BP3 target transcripts were detected, and the acetylation effect ratios of the IGF2BP3 promoter region by H3K27ac were determined. IGF2BP3 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in ESCC tissues than in normal esophageal tissues. Increased IGF2BP3 expression levels were detected in node-negative ESCC tissues and correlated with greater lesion depth in ESCC. Overexpression of IGF2BP3 promoted ESCC development in vitro and in vivo, and IGF2BP3 knockdown caused an opposite effect. IGF2BP3 was found to directly bind to the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1) mRNA, and the downregulation of IGF2BP3 reduced the stability of Zeb1 mRNA. IGF2BP3 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ESCC cells in a Zeb1-dependent manner. IGF2BP3 was transcriptionally activated in ESCC cell lines via H3K27 acetylation. Our results demonstrate that IGF2BP3 plays a vital role in ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis and is a potential therapeutic target for treating ESCC.

CircPTK2/PABPC1/SETDB1 axis promotes EMT-mediated tumor metastasis and gemcitabine resistance in bladder cancer

Bladder cancer (BCa), characterized by high invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance, is one of the most prevalent urologic malignant tumors. Recent studies have highlighted the potential impact of the circRNAs-protein complex in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms by which the circRNAs-protein complex regulates BCa metastasis and chemoresistance remain elusive. Herein, we identified an upregulated circRNA, circPTK2, which could regulate SETDB1 expression by analyzing the transcriptome by RNA-sequencing. Importantly, using circRNA pulldown assay and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation, we identified PABPC1 as a robust novel interacting protein of circPTK2. Mechanistically, circPTK2 could bind to PABPC1 and enhance its ability to stabilize SETDB1 mRNA, thereby specifically promoting SETDB1 expression and facilitating SETDB1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Functionally, overexpression of the circPTK2-SETDB1 axis markedly promoted migration, invasion, and gemcitabine resistance in vitro and enhanced lymph node metastasis in vivo. Collectively, our findings clarified a hitherto unexplored mechanism of the circPTK2/PABPC1/SETDB1 axis in EMT-mediated tumor metastasis and gemcitabine resistance in BCa.

Loss of cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomal DACT3-AS1 promotes malignant transformation and ferroptosis-mediated oxaliplatin resistance in gastric cancer

AIMS

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as one of the components of exosomes derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), exhibit a crucial role in the pathogenesis and chemoresistance of gastric cancer (GC). Herein, we investigated the role and mechanism of a novel lncRNA disheveled binding antagonist of beta catenin3 antisense1 (DACT3-AS1) and its involvement in GC.

METHODS

DACT3-AS1 was identified by RNA-sequencing and verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The functional role of DACT3-AS1 in GC was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo experiments including Transwell assay, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, immunoblotting, and xenograft tumor mouse model. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to assess the association between genes.

RESULTS

DACT3-AS1 was downregulated and involved in poor prognosis of patients with GC. The results from both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that DACT3-AS1 suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through targeting miR-181a-5p/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) axis. Additionally, DACT3-AS1 was transmitted from CAFs to GC cells mainly via exosomes. Exosomal DACT3-AS1 alleviated xenograft tumor growth. DACT3-AS1 conferred sensitivity of cancer cells to oxaliplatin through SIRT1-mediated ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

CAFs-derived exosomal DACT3-AS1 is a suppressive regulator in malignant transformation and oxaliplatin resistance. DACT3-AS1 could be used for diagnosis and treatment of GC.

PABPC1--mRNA stability, protein translation and tumorigenesis

Mammalian poly A-binding proteins (PABPs) are highly conserved multifunctional RNA-binding proteins primarily involved in the regulation of mRNA translation and stability, of which PABPC1 is considered a central regulator of cytoplasmic mRNA homing and is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes by regulating almost every aspect of RNA metabolism. Alterations in its expression and function disrupt intra-tissue homeostasis and contribute to the development of various tumors. There is increasing evidence that PABPC1 is aberrantly expressed in a variety of tumor tissues and cancers such as lung, gastric, breast, liver, and esophageal cancers, and PABPC1 might be used as a potential biomarker for tumor diagnosis, treatment, and clinical application in the future. In this paper, we review the abnormal expression, functional role, and molecular mechanism of PABPC1 in tumorigenesis and provide directions for further understanding the regulatory role of PABPC1 in tumor cells.

Exploiting the Molecular Basis of Oesophageal Cancer for Targeted Therapies and Biomarkers for Drug Response: Guiding Clinical Decision-Making

Worldwide, oesophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of deaths related to cancer and represents a major health concern. Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the regions of the world with the highest incidence and mortality rates for oesophageal cancer and most of the cases of oesophageal cancer in this region are oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The development and progression of OSCC is characterized by genomic changes which can be utilized as diagnostic or prognostic markers. These include changes in the expression of various genes involved in signaling pathways that regulate pathways that regulate processes that are related to the hallmarks of cancer, changes in the tumor mutational burden, changes in alternate splicing and changes in the expression of non-coding RNAs such as miRNA. These genomic changes give rise to characteristic profiles of altered proteins, transcriptomes, spliceosomes and genomes which can be used in clinical applications to monitor specific disease related parameters. Some of these profiles are characteristic of more aggressive forms of cancer or are indicative of treatment resistance or tumors that will be difficult to treat or require more specialized specific treatments. In Sub-Saharan region of Africa there is a high incidence of viral infections such as HPV and HIV, which are both risk factors for OSCC. The genomic changes that occur due to these infections can serve as diagnostic markers for OSCC related to viral infection. Clinically this is an important distinction as it influences treatment as well as disease progression and treatment monitoring practices. This underlines the importance of the characterization of the molecular landscape of OSCC in order to provide the best treatment, care, diagnosis and screening options for the management of OSCC.