1
|
Lan H, Dong Z, Zhang M, Li W, Chong C, Wu Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Liu Z, Qin X, Jiang T, Song J. Sinapic acid modulates oxidative stress and metabolic disturbances to attenuate ovarian fibrosis in letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome SD rats. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:2917-2931. [PMID: 38628198 PMCID: PMC11016395 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Sinapic acid (SA) is renowned for its many pharmacological activities as a polyphenolic compound. The cause of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a commonly encountered array of metabolic and hormonal abnormalities in females, has yet to be determined. The present experiment was performed to evaluate the antifibrotic properties of SA in rats with letrozole-induced PCOS-related ovarian fibrosis. SA treatment successfully mitigated the changes induced by letrozole in body weight (BW) (p < .01) and relative ovary weight (p < .05). Histological observation revealed that SA reduced the number of atretic and cystic follicles (AFs) and (CFs) (p < .01), as well as ovarian fibrosis, in PCOS rats. Additionally, SA treatment impacted the serum levels of sex hormones in PCOS rats. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) levels were decreased (p < .01, p < .05), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were increased (p < .05). SA administration also decreased triglyceride (TG) (p < .01) and total cholesterol (TC) levels (p < .05) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p < .01), thereby alleviating letrozole-induced metabolic dysfunction in PCOS rats. Furthermore, SA treatment targeted insulin resistance (IR) and increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of antioxidant enzymes in the ovaries of PCOS rats. Finally, SA treatment enhanced the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), reduced the activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smads, and decreased collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) levels in the ovaries of PCOS rats. These observations suggest that SA significantly ameliorates metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress and ultimately reduces ovarian fibrosis in rats with letrozole-induced PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- College of Chinese Material MedicaGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhe‐Wen Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- College of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Ming‐Yu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Wan‐Ying Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Chao‐Jie Chong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Ya‐Qi Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Zi‐Xian Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Jun‐Yang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Xiao‐Hui Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Tie‐Min Jiang
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child HealthGuilin University of TechnologyGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Jia‐Le Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle HealthGuilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child HealthGuilin University of TechnologyGuilinGuangxiChina
- Department of Obstetrics and Clinical NutritionThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Health Care Food Science and TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouGuangxiChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Polat B, Okur DT, Çolak A, Yilmaz K, Özkaraca M, Çomakli S. The effects of low-level laser therapy on polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats: three different dosages. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:177. [PMID: 37544939 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this in vivo study was to investigate the effect of different low-level laser therapy (LLLT) doses on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In the present experimental study, a single dosage of estradiol valerate (EV) was administered to induce PCOS in female rats. After administration of the EV for induction of PCOS, rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 8/group): C group (animals that were not exposed to any form of procedure), PC group (no treatment following EV induction), L1 group (1 J/cm2 LLLT treatment following EV induction), L2 group (2 J/cm2 LLLT treatment following EV induction), L3 group (6 J/cm2 LLLT treatment following EV induction). The results indicated that no significant difference was found in the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone (P4) between the C and L2 groups (p < 0.05). Although the serum levels of testosterone (T) were significantly higher in the C group compared with other groups (p < 0.05), the L2 group was determined to be the closest to the C group. Additionally, the LH, FSH, and T receptor level of the L2 group was closest to the C group. In conclusion, a 2 J/cm2 dosage of LLLT (L2 group) can be considered the most potentially effective treatment of PCOS in the rat. However, more studies are needed to determine the optimal dose of LLLT for the treatment of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Polat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- BIL-TEC, TEKNOKENT, TR-25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Damla Tuğçe Okur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Armağan Çolak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kader Yilmaz
- Celal Oruç Animal Production School, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özkaraca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Selim Çomakli
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alkan I, Kaplan S. An investigation of the potential effects of amitriptyline on polycystic ovary syndrome induced by estradiol valerate. Histochem Cell Biol 2023:10.1007/s00418-023-02188-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
4
|
Yadaorao Raut S, Fu K, Taichun H, Gahane A, Chaudhari D, Kushwah V, Suresh Managuli R, Hegde AR, Jain S, Kalthur G, Bandu Joshi M, Chang HI, Dai NT, Mutalik S. Engineered Nano-carrier Systems for the oral targeted delivery of Follicle Stimulating Hormone: Development, characterization, and, assessment of in vitro and in vivo performance and targetability. Int J Pharm 2023; 637:122868. [PMID: 36958606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is widely used for the treatment of female infertility, where the level of FSH is suboptimal due to which arrest in follicular development and anovulation takes place. Currently, only parenteral formulations are available for FSH in the market. Due to the drawbacks of parenteral administration and the high market shares of FSH, there is a need for easily accessible oral formulation. Therefore, enteric coated capsules filled with FSH loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) or liposomes were prepared. Preliminary studies such as circular dichroism, SDS-PAGE, FTIR and ELISA were conducted to analyze FSH. Prepared formulations were optimized with respect to the size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency using the design of experiments. Optimized formulations were subjected to particle counts and distribution analysis, TEM analysis, in vitro drug release, dissolution of enteric coated capsules, cell line studies, everted sac rat's intestinal uptake study, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and stability studies. In the case of liposomes, RGD conjugation was done by carbodiimide chemistry and conjugation was confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR and Raman spectroscopy. The prepared formulations were discrete and spherical. The release of FSH from enteric coated capsules was slow and sustained. The increased permeability of nano-formulations was observed in Caco-2 monoculture as well as in Caco-2 and Raji-B co-culture models. NLCs and liposomes showed an improvement in oral bioavailability and efficacy of FSH in rats. This may be due to mainly chylomicron-assisted lymphatic uptake of NLCs; whereas, in the case of liposomes, RGD-based targeting of β1 integrins of M cells on Peyer's patches may be the main reason for the better effect by FSH. FSH was found to be stable chemically and conformationally. Overall, the study reveals the successful development and evaluation of FSH loaded NLCs and liposomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Yadaorao Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Kengyen Fu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 114
| | - Huang Taichun
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 114
| | - Avinash Gahane
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh State, India
| | - Dasharath Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab State, India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab State, India
| | - Renuka Suresh Managuli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Aswathi R Hegde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab State, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Manjunath Bandu Joshi
- Department of Aging Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Hsin-I Chang
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Niann-Tzyy Dai
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 114
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ullah A, Pervaz S, Adu-Gyamfi EA, Czika A, Guo M, Wang MJ, Wang YX. CXCL13 and CXCR5 are upregulated in PCOS mice ovaries but downregulated following metformin administration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 556:111730. [PMID: 35921919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is becoming a common pathology among women, yet its pathogenesis remains enigmatic. The chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 13 (CXCL13) and its receptor type 5 (CXCR5) regulate inflammatory responses but their roles in PCOS remain unknown. Metformin is commonly administered to PCOS patients but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to determine the expression of CXCL13 and CXCR5 in the ovaries of PCOS mice and to evaluate the therapeutic effect of metformin on them. The study comprised four groups of mice: control, PCOS, PCOS plus metformin, and PCOS plus vehicle. CXCL13 and CXCR5 were found to be elevated in the ovarian tissues of the PCOS mice. Metformin reduced ovarian CXCL13 and CXCR5 expressions in the PCOS mice. Hence, CXCL13 and CXCR5 are potentially involved in PCOS pathogenesis; and metformin may help alleviate the symptoms of PCOS by inhibiting CXCL13 expression and actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sadaf Pervaz
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Enoch Appiah Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Armin Czika
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Man Guo
- Department of Physiology of School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Jiao Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Physiology of School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying-Xiong Wang
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barath B, Varga A, Matrai AA, Deak-Pocsai K, Nemeth N, Deak A. Estradiol Valerate Affects Hematological and Hemorheological Parameters in Rats. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070602. [PMID: 35888726 PMCID: PMC9320590 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinological diseases in women. Although the risk of cardiovascular diseases is high in PCOS, the number of scientific publications describing hemorheological changes is not significant. We aimed to perform a comprehensive hematological and micro-rheological study on experimentally induced PCOS in rats.Wistar rats were divided into control (n = 9) and PCOS groups (n = 9), in which animals received single-dose estradiol valerate. Measurements were carried out before treatment and monthly for four months. Bodyweight, blood glucose concentration, hematological parameters, red blood cell (RBC) deformability, and aggregation were measured. A histological examination of the ovary was performed at the end of the experiment. The blood glucose level and the bodyweight were significantly elevated vs. base in the PCOS group. A significant decrease was seen in RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. The maximal elongation index showed a significant increase. PCOS also resulted in a significant increase in RBC aggregation index parameters. The histological and hormone examinations confirmed developed PCOS. The administration of estradiol valerate caused significant changes during the examined period in hematological and hemorheological parameters. Our results draw attention to the possible usefulness of micro-rheological investigations in further studies on PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Barath
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.); (N.N.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adam Varga
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.); (N.N.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adam Attila Matrai
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.); (N.N.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Deak-Pocsai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Norbert Nemeth
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.); (N.N.)
| | - Adam Deak
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.); (N.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-52-416-915
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang X, Yuan Y, Shi M, Zhang S, Sui M, Zhou H. Bu-shen-zhu-yun decoction inhibits granulosa cell apoptosis in rat polycystic ovary syndrome through estrogen receptor α-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114862. [PMID: 34861362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bu-shen-zhu-yun decoction (BSZYD) is a traditional chinese herbal prescription is widely used in the treatment of infertility. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to elucidate the impact of a traditional herbal prescription BSZYD on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The candidate active compounds in BSZYD and their putative targets were investigated by bioinformatics analysis. A deydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rat model was then constructed using female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Serum hormone levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pathological changes in ovarian tissues were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The expressions of estrogen receptor α (ER α)-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were measured by immunofluorescence and western blotting. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed that the putative targets of active compound candidates in BSZYD were enriched in PI3K/AKT and estrogen signaling pathways related to regulating ovarian ovulation. Animal experiments showed that BSZYD significantly alleviated pathological changes in the ovary, altered hormone levels of serum and reduced apoptosis rate of granulosa cells. In addition, BSZYD treatment notably upregulated the expressions of proteins in ER α-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and downregulated apoptosis-related proteins in PCOS rats. CONCLUSION BSZYD can restore ovary lesions and ameliorate apoptosis through ER α-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which might partly contribute to the treatment of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Xuzhou City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Xuzhou 221003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhen Yuan
- Department of Gynecology, Wuxi City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqing Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Sui
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Xuzhou 221003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manchanda RK, Gupta M, Gupta A, Haselen RV. The Clinical and Biological Effects of Homeopathically Prepared Signaling Molecules: A Scoping Review. HOMEOPATHY 2021; 111:10-21. [PMID: 34798672 PMCID: PMC8803477 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling molecules such as cytokines and interleukins are key mediators for the immune response in responding to internal or external stimuli. Homeopathically prepared signaling molecules have been used therapeutically for about five decades. However, these types of products are not available in many countries and their usage by homoeopaths is also infrequent. The aim of this scoping review is to map the available pre-clinical and clinical data related to the therapeutic use of homeopathically prepared signaling molecules. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of clinical and pre-clinical studies of therapeutically used signaling molecules that have been prepared in accordance with an officially recognized homeopathic pharmacopoeia. Articles in peer-reviewed journals reporting original clinical or pre-clinical research of homeopathically prepared signaling molecules such as interleukins, cytokines, antibodies, growth factors, neuropeptides and hormones, were eligible. Non-English language papers were excluded, unless we were able to obtain an English translation. An appraisal of eligible studies took place by rating the direction of the outcomes on a five-point scale. The quality of the papers was not systematically assessed. RESULTS Twenty-eight eligible papers, reporting findings for four different manufacturers' products, were identified and reviewed. Seventeen papers reported pre-clinical studies, and 11 reported clinical studies (six experimental, five observational). A wide range of signaling molecules, as well as normal T-cell expressed specific nucleic acids, were used. A majority of the products (21 of 28) contained two or more signaling molecules. The most common clinical indications were psoriasis, vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory allergies, polycystic ovary syndrome, and herpes. The direction of the outcomes was positive in 26 papers and unclear in two papers. CONCLUSION This scoping review found that there is a body of evidence on the use of homeopathically prepared signaling molecules. From a homeopathy perspective, these substances appear to have therapeutic potential. Further steps to explore this potential are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Manchanda
- Directorate of AYUSH, Health & Family Welfare Department, Govt of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Meeta Gupta
- Directorate of AYUSH, Health & Family Welfare Department, Govt of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Gupta
- Directorate of AYUSH, Health & Family Welfare Department, Govt of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhen J, Li J, Li X, Wang X, Xiao Y, Sun Z, Yu Q. Downregulating lncRNA NEAT1 induces proliferation and represses apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in polycystic ovary syndrome via microRNA-381/IGF1 axis. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:53. [PMID: 34266430 PMCID: PMC8281489 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers have revealed the combined functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to understand the role of nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) and miR-381 involving insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in PCOS. METHODS PCOS rat model was established by dehydroepiandrosterone induction. NEAT1, miR-381 and IGF1 expression in ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS patients and ovarian tissues of PCOS rats were tested. Bioinformatics website and dual luciferase reporter gene assay were utilized to verify the relationship between NEAT1 and miR-381 and that between miR-381 and IGF1. Levels of sex hormone, pathological changes and ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis in ovarian tissues of PCOS rats were detected. Ovarian granulosa cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed in vitro. RESULTS NEAT1 and IGF1 expression increased while miR-381 expression decreased in the ovarian granulosa cells of patients with PCOS and the ovarian tissues of PCOS rats. In in vivo experiments, interference with NEAT1 improved the levels of sex hormones, alleviated pathological changes and suppressed ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis in the ovarian tissues of PCOS rats. In in vitro cell experiments, interference with NEAT1 suppressed apoptosis and enhanced cell proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells. NEAT1 interference-mediated effect would be reversed by up-regulating miR-381. NEAT1 acted as a ceRNA to adsorb miR-381 to target IGF1. Overexpression of IGF1 reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-381 on ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Interference with NEAT1 increases miR-381 and reduces IGF1 levels, effectively improving the levels of sex hormones and reducing the pathological damage of ovarian tissue in rats with PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Zhen
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproduction Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 41 Damucang Hutong, Xicheng, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangli Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongguancun Hospital, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Xia Li
- Community Health Service Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproduction Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 41 Damucang Hutong, Xicheng, Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Xiao
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproduction Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 41 Damucang Hutong, Xicheng, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyi Sun
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproduction Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 41 Damucang Hutong, Xicheng, Beijing, China.
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproduction Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 41 Damucang Hutong, Xicheng, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Emincik A, Gungor ZB, Guzel E. Effects of salubrinal on ER stress in an experimental model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Ultrastruct Pathol 2021; 44:422-435. [PMID: 33393432 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1850963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the effect of salubrinal (SAL) on this role. Animals were divided into four groups as control, PCOS, PCOS+SAL and SAL. Weights and serum testosterone levels were increased in the PCOS group while serum LH and ATF4 expressions were decreased. Morphometrically, number of follicles with a diameter between 150 and 300 µm were declined and number of follicles larger than 300 µm as well as the percentage of cystic follicles (CFs) were increased. Immunoreactivities of GRP78 and p-eIF2α were decreased, whereas oxidative stress (OS) dependent PAR expression was increased. Ultrastructurally, the PCOS group had no ER enlargement which was observed in the control group, while there were mitochondrial damage in granulosa cells (GCs). Elevated OS levels did not induce but rather decreased ER stress in GCs, and SAL injection in the PCOS model was ineffective on searched parameters. Since ER stress plays roles in certain physiological processes, we suggest that inhibitors of ER stress may not be always useful for reproductive tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Emincik
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Beykent University , Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Histology & Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Banu Gungor
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Guzel
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang D, Guo Y, Chai S, Shen K, Li Y, Zhao R. Expression of angiopoietin-like protein 2 in ovarian tissue of rat polycystic ovarian syndrome model and its correlation study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:94. [PMID: 32988397 PMCID: PMC7520960 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the expression of angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) in the tissues of rat models of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its correlation with PCOS. METHODS Six-weeks-old female specific pathogen-free rats (n = 60) were divided into blank control, PCOS model, and metformin groups (n = 20/group). After 21 days of metformin intervention, the serum sex hormones, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance (IR) of rats in each group were measured. The mRNA levels of ANGPTL2, Foxol, and Akt in the ovarian tissues were monitored by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the levels of serum sex hormones, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and IR in the model group showed significant increases, and the levels of ANGPTL2, Foxol, and Akt in the ovarian tissue also showed significant increases. Compared with the PCOS group, the serum sex hormones, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and IR of rats in the metformin group were significantly decreased, and the levels of ANGPTL2, Foxol, and Akt in ovarian tissues also showed significant decreases. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ANGPTL2 might participate in the development of PCOS through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Metformin improves IR by reducing the expression of ANGPTL2, thus improving the endocrine environment of PCOS and might change the disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yihong Guo
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Shujuan Chai
- Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ke Shen
- Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhao
- Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vass RA, Roghair RD, Bell EF, Colaizy TT, Johnson KJ, Schmelzel ML, Walker JR, Ertl T. Pituitary Glycoprotein Hormones in Human Milk before and after Pasteurization or Refrigeration. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030687. [PMID: 32143273 PMCID: PMC7146501 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aims were to investigate the presence of pituitary glycoprotein hormones in preterm and donor milk, and to examine the effects of Holder pasteurization and refrigeration on the levels of these hormones. We measured follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in milk samples from mothers who delivered prematurely (n = 27) and in samples of mothers who delivered at term and donated milk to the Mother's Milk Bank of Iowa (n = 30). The gonadotropins and TSH were present in similar amounts within human milk produced for preterm and term infants. FSH increased 21% after refrigeration (p < 0.05), while LH declined by 39% (p < 0.05). Holder pasteurization decreased LH by 24% (p < 0.05) and increased TSH by 17% (p < 0.05). Holder pasteurization followed by refrigeration resulted in a 21% increase in FSH and a 41% decrease in LH (both p < 0.05), resulting in more than a 3-fold increase in donor milk FSH:LH ratios (p < 0.05 versus fresh donor milk). Despite structural similarities, the gonadotropins are differentially impacted by Holder pasteurization and refrigeration, and this results in marked alterations in the relative amount of FSH and LH that may be administered to preterm infants, potentially swinging hormonal balance towards ovarian hyperstimulation in females and hypogonadism in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Réka A. Vass
- Departments of Neonatology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.A.V.); (T.E.)
- MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Robert D. Roghair
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.F.B.); (T.T.C.); (K.J.J.); (M.L.S.); (J.R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-335-9895
| | - Edward F. Bell
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.F.B.); (T.T.C.); (K.J.J.); (M.L.S.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Tarah T. Colaizy
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.F.B.); (T.T.C.); (K.J.J.); (M.L.S.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Karen J. Johnson
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.F.B.); (T.T.C.); (K.J.J.); (M.L.S.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Mendi L. Schmelzel
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.F.B.); (T.T.C.); (K.J.J.); (M.L.S.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Jacky R. Walker
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.F.B.); (T.T.C.); (K.J.J.); (M.L.S.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Tibor Ertl
- Departments of Neonatology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.A.V.); (T.E.)
- MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kalhori Z, Mehranjani MS, Azadbakht M, Shariatzadeh MA. L-Carnitine improves endocrine function and folliculogenesis by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice following induction of polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:282-293. [PMID: 31039949 DOI: 10.1071/rd18131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is related to low levels of serum l-carnitine, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of l-carnitine on folliculogenesis in mice following induction of PCOS. PCOS was induced by daily injections of testosterone enanthate (1mg per 100g, s.c., for 35 days). NMRI mice (21 days old) were divided into four groups (n=6 per group): Control, Control+l-carnitine, PCOS and PCOS+l-carnitine. Mice were treated with 500mgkg-1, i.p., l-carnitine every second day for 28 days. Ovaries were studied stereologically and serum concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined using ELISA kits. Serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were also analysed. Apoptosis of follicles was evaluated by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL). CD31 was assessed immunohistochemically. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test, differences considered significant at P<0.05.The total volume of the ovary, cortex volume, oocyte volume, zona pellucida thickness and the number of antral follicles increased significantly, whereas the number of primary and preantral follicles decreased significantly, in the PCOS+l-carnitine versus PCOS group. In the PCOS+l-carnitine group, serum concentrations of FSH and FRAP increased significantly, whereas there were significant decreases in serum concentrations of testosterone, LH, MDA, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as in the percentage of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, compared with the PCOS group. l-Carnitine improves folliculogenesis and is therefore suggested as a therapeutic supplement in the treatment of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kalhori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, PO Box 381-5688138, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Mehri Azadbakht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, PO Box 6714967346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh A, Bora P, Krishna A. Systemic adiponectin treatment reverses polycystic ovary syndrome-like features in an animal model. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:571-584. [PMID: 28911368 DOI: 10.1071/rd17255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the efficacy of adiponectin for regulating the reproductive, metabolic and fertility status of mice with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS was induced in prepubertal (21- to 22-day-old) mice using dehydroepiandrosterone (6mg 100g-1day-1 for 25days), after which mice were administered either a low or high dose of adiponectin (5 or 15µgmL-1, s.c., respectively). PCOS mice exhibited typical features, including the presence of numerous cystic follicles, increased circulating androgens, increased body mass, altered steroidogenesis, decreased insulin receptor expression and increased serum triglycerides, serum glucose, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 (a marker of inflammation) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; a marker of angiogenesis). These parameters were significantly correlated with a reduction in adiponectin in PCOS mice compared with vehicle-treated control mice. Exogenous adiponectin treatment of PCOS mice restored body mass and circulating androgen, triglyceride and glucose levels. Adiponectin also restored ovarian expression of steroidogenic markers (LH receptors, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), insulin receptor, TLR-4 and VEGF levels in control mice. Adiponectin restored ovulation in PCOS mice, as indicated by the presence of a corpus luteum and attainment of pregnancy. These findings suggest that adiponectin effectively facilitates fertility in anovulatory PCOS. We hypothesise that systemic adiponectin treatment may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Puran Bora
- Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Amitabh Krishna
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Silencing of LncRNA steroid receptor RNA activator attenuates polycystic ovary syndrome in mice. Biochimie 2019; 157:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
16
|
Kalhori Z, Azadbakht M, Soleimani Mehranjani M, Shariatzadeh MA. Improvement of the folliculogenesis by transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in mice with induced polycystic ovary syndrome. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1445-1458. [PMID: 30523787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported that inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation properties. In this study, we investigate the beneficial effect of stem cell therapy on folliculogenesis in mice with induced PCOS METHODS: Mouse model of PCOS was performed through daily injection of testosterone enanthate (1 mg/100 g/body weight subcutaneous (s.c).) for a period of 5 weeks. Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice (21 days old) were divided into three groups: control, PCOS and PCOS + BM-MSCs. BM-MSCs were labeled with Hoechst 33342 (0.5 µg/mL) and then injected into the mice (106/animal, via the tail vein) at 1 and 14 days after PCOS confirmation. Mice were humanely killed at 2 weeks after last transplantation. Ovarian stereological studies were done. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α serum levels were measured. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum were analyzed. Apoptotic index for ovarian follicles was assessed using Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL). CD31 expression in ovarian vessels was assessed with the immunohistochemistry. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the total volume of ovary, cortex, number of antral follicles, volume of oocyte and zona pellucida thickness, and there was a significant decrease in the primary and preantral follicles number in the PCOS + BM-MSCs group compared with the PCOS group. There was a significant increase in the serum level of FSH and TAC and a significant decrease in the serum level of testosterone, LH, MDA and percentage of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in the PCOS + BM-MSCs group in comparison with the PCOS group. DISCUSSION BM-MSC transplantation improves folliculogenesis in mice with induced PCOS. BM-MSC therapy can be an operative treatment for PCOS via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kalhori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehri Azadbakht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tamadon A, Hu W, Cui P, Ma T, Tong X, Zhang F, Li X, Shao LR, Feng Y. How to choose the suitable animal model of polycystic ovary syndrome? TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND MODERN MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s2575900018300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a gynecological metabolic and endocrine disorder with uncertain etiology. To understand the etiology of PCOS or the evaluation of various therapeutic agents, different animal models have been introduced. Considering this fact that is difficult to develop an animal model that mimics all aspects of this syndrome, but, similarity of biological, anatomical, and/or biochemical features of animal model to the human PCOS phenotypes can increase its application. This review paper evaluates the recently researched animal models and introduced the best models for different research purposes in PCOS studies. During January 2013 to January 2017, 162 studies were identified which applied various kinds of animal models of PCOS including rodent, primate, ruminant and fish. Between these models, prenatal and pre-pubertal androgen rat models and then prenatal androgen mouse model have been studied in detail than others. The comparison of main features of these models with women PCOS demonstrates higher similarity of these three models to human conditions. Thereafter, letrozole models can be recommended for the investigation of various aspects of PCOS. Interestingly, similarity of PCOS features of post-pubertal insulin and human chorionic gonadotropin rat models with women PCOS were considerable which can make it as a good choice for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Tamadon
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Tong Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tong
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Linus R. Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Y, He J, Yang J. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Improves Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Rats via Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1 (SREBP-1)/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2091-2097. [PMID: 29627845 PMCID: PMC5907624 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats with PCOS were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of EPA. Levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) were measured using corresponding kits. HE staining was used to observe lesions in ovarian tissue. Levels of inflammatory factors in ovarian tissue of rats were detected by ELISA. RT-PCR was to detect the expression of SREBP1 mRNA and Western blot was used to detect the expression of SREBP1 and TLR4 protein. RESULTS The levels of LH and T were significantly higher and FDH was significantly lower in the Model group compared with the Control group. EPA treatment increased the number of follicular cell layers and promoted maturation of oocytes. Levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18 were significantly reduced after EPA treatment. Content of IL-10 was significantly increased after EPA treatment. Expression levels of SREBP1 and TLR4 were significantly deceased after EPA treatment. CONCLUSIONS EPA can improve PCOS through the SREBP1/TLR4 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jinying He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Çelik LS, Kuyucu Y, Yenilmez ED, Tuli A, Dağlıoğlu K, Mete UÖ. Effects of vitamin D on ovary in DHEA-treated PCOS rat model: A light and electron microscopic study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 42:55-64. [PMID: 29192811 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1385668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D treatment on ovary in experimentally designed polycystic ovary syndrome of female rats using light and electron microscopic techniques. METHODS Twenty-four female pre-pubertal rats were divided into control, DHEA and DHEA+Vit.D groups. In DHEA group, the PCOS rat model was developed by 6mg/kg/day dehydroepiandrosterone administration as subcutaneously injections. In DHEA+Vit.D group, 6 mg/kg/day DHEA and 120ng/100g/week 1,25(OH)2D3 was performed simultaneously. Controls were injected with vehicle alone. At the end of the 28 days, blood samples were collected and the ovarian tissues were taken for histological examinations. RESULTS FSH, LH levels, LH/FSH ratio, and testosterone levels showed a significant increase in DHEA group when compared with the control group. Moreover, these measurements were lower in the treatment group than the DHEA group. In DHEA group, increased number of atretic follicles and cystic follicles were seen with light microscopic analysis. Cystic follicles with attenuated granulosa cell layers and thickened theca cell layers and lipid accumulation in interstitial cells were observed by electron microscope. It is observed that atretic and cystic follicles were decreased as a result of vitamin D treatment. CONCLUSION Our results indicate the curative role of vitamin D treatment on the androgen excess in PCOS rat model which causes abnormalities in ovarian morphology and functions. Vitamin D has positive effects on the hormonal and structural changes observed in PCOS, but it has been concluded that long-term use may be more beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latife Seyran Çelik
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Yurdun Kuyucu
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Ebru Dündar Yenilmez
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tuli
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Kenan Dağlıoğlu
- c Experimental Research and Application Center of Medical Scienses, Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Ufuk Özgü Mete
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao H, Zhou D, Chen Y, Liu D, Chu S, Zhang S. Beneficial effects of Heqi san on rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome through the PI3K/AKT pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 25:21. [PMID: 29020999 PMCID: PMC5637260 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-017-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heqi San, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been reported to regulate hormone levels in patients with metabolic disease, suggesting a potential clinical application. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of Heqi San on rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHOD PCOS model was established in female SD rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control, untreated PCOS model, Heqi San treated PCOS model (8.1 g/kg) and metformin (MET) treated PCOS model (135 mg/kg) groups. All animals were subcutaneously injected with 6 mg/100 g dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the neck once a day for 20 consecutive days. The serum hormone levels were measured by ELISA. The ovarian tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to undergo pathological examination. The expression levels of GLTU4 and PTEN mRNA were examined by real time PCR. The crucial proteins in the PI3K/APT pathway were analyzed by western blotting. Then, the functions of the target genes were analyzed using bioinformatics approaches. RESULTS We found that Heqi San was able to recover the serum hormone levels and improve insulin resistance in PCOS rat model. A morphological lesion of the ovary was also restored with the Heqi San treatment. More importantly, we discovered a correlation between the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the beneficial effects of Heqi San, demonstrating that its application could alter the expression levels of p-ERK, p-AKT, p-GSK3β, IRS-1, PTEN and GLTU4, all key factors in the PI3K/APT pathway. Through a bioinformatical analysis, we predicted the related gene function and pathway of the pathological mechanism of PCOS and found miRNAs that are likely to be critical in PCOS occurrence, including rno-miR-144-3p, rno-miR-30c-2-3p, rno-miR-486, rno-miR-3586-3p and rno-miR-146b-5p. CONCLUSION The beneficial effects of Heqi on PCOS, including alter serum hormone levels, recover ovary morphological lesions and improve insulin resistance, which is mediated through the PI3K/AKT pathway. The potential role of miRNA-144-3p in PCOS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengxia Zhao
- Department of Endocrine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Daocheng Zhou
- Department of Endocrine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China.
| | - Ye Chen
- Longhua Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Deliang Liu
- Department of Endocrine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Shufang Chu
- Department of Endocrine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Shimao Zhang
- Department of Endocrine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Long-term treatment with low-dose medicine in chronic childhood eczema: a double-blind two-stage randomized control trial. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43:78. [PMID: 28874171 PMCID: PMC5585968 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-017-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of low-dose medicine (LDM) in childhood mild/moderate eczema is not known. We conducted a double-blind, two-stage, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, lasting 23 months, to address this issue. METHOD Eighty children with chronic mild/moderate eczema were randomly allocated to Group A (placebo) or Group B (treatment group; Galium-Heel®, a low-dose multicomponent medicine based upon natural substances; Guna-Interleukin 12 and Guna-Interferon-γ administered twice a day for six non-consecutive months for each stage). LDM is characterized by the use of biological molecules, such as cytokines, neuropeptides, growth factors, hormones at very low concentrations, which correspond to physiological levels within the human body. The dosage of the cytokines used in this trial (IFN-γ and IL-12) is 10 fg/ml. The SCORAD index was evaluated by the same operator: subjects with a SCORAD index below 20 were considered to have mild eczema (61/80; mean: 10.79), whereas a SCORAD index between 20-50 indicated moderate eczema (19/80; mean: 26.84). The data of 66/80 children were analyzed in stage 1 and those of 62/66 children in stage 2. The primary outcome measure was reduction of eczema severity assessed by the SCORAD index. Secondary outcomes were disease-free interval, and treatment safety and tolerability. RESULTS The decrease in disease severity was greater in Group B than in Group A already in stage 1 (a decrease 63.9% versus 53.2%), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.16). Moreover, subjective symptoms (itching and sleep disturbances) initially decreased and then worsened in Group A, whereas itching decreased linearly and sleep disturbances decreased significantly (p=0.049) in Group B. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary evidence suggests potential benefit, but further work is needed to validate this approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered with EudraCT number 2010-018640-13 through the database of the National Clinical Trials Monitoring Centre Database (Osservatorio delle Sperimentazioni Cliniche, OsSC) of the Italian Medicines Agency.
Collapse
|
22
|
Xia Y, Zhao P, Huang H, Xie Y, Lu R, Dong L. Cryptotanshinone reverses reproductive disturbances in rats with dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:2447-2456. [PMID: 28559995 PMCID: PMC5446527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), with a prevalence of 5-8%, is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Although cryptotanshinone (CRY) has been shown to effectively reverse reproductive disturbances, it remains poorly understood whether it can be used to treat PCOS. Here we used an established rat model of PCOS. Prepubertal female Sprague-Dawley rats were subcutaneously injected with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 60 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks. Those in the DHEA group were given normal saline, while the CRY group was given 27 mg/kg by gastrogavage for 3 weeks. DHEA-treated rats had irregular estrous cycles and significantly increased ovarian weight compared to control rats (P < 0.05), and 3 weeks of treatment with CRY in DHEA-treated rats significantly decreased ovarian weight (P < 0.05). CRY decreased the levels of testosterone, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as the LH/follicle stimulating hormone ratio (P < 0.05). CRY decreased inhibin B and follistatin mRNA and protein expression but upregulated activin A mRNA and protein expression in the ovarian tissue of rats with PCOS (P < 0.05). These results suggest that CRY treatment could reverse reproductive disturbances in rats with PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Xia
- Department of Gynecology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200437, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200437, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Gynecology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200437, China
| | - Rong Lu
- School of Basic Medical Science of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Gynecology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200437, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tessaro I, Modina S, Lodde V, Sivelli G, Franciosi F, Terzaghi L, Luchini P, Rumio C, Luciano AM. Ultra-low Doses of Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Progesterone Attenuate the Severity of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Features in a Hyperandrogenized Mouse Model. J Reprod Infertil 2017; 18:288-297. [PMID: 29062793 PMCID: PMC5641438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic-ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive illness characterized by hyperandrogenism and anovulation. Using hyperandrogenized mice, it was demonstrated that the oral administration of incremental dose of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) attenuated some of PCOS characteristics. This work aimed to study the effect of ultra-low doses of combined FSH and progesterone orally administered on PCOS murine model. Moreover, the effect of sequential kinetic activation of administered hormones was tested. METHODS Thirty-two female mice were used as animal model (four groups of eight animals each). Mice were hyperandrogenized by injection of dehyidroepiandrosterone diluted in sesame oil. Control group received only oil. Simultaneously, each animal daily received per os an activated or a not-activated combination of FSH (0.44 pg) plus progesterone (0.44 pg) or saline solution as control. Serum testosterone, estradiol, progesterone and luteinizing hormone were analyzed as endocrine markers and a morphological study of antral follicle was conducted. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by multiple comparison test. The p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Dehyidroepiandrosterone treatment increased both estradiol and progesterone serum levels, besides testosterone, while reduced luteinizing hormone (p<0.05); histological examination revealed an increase of cystic follicles (p<0.05). Irrespective of activation, the combined FSH and progesterone treatments restored estradiol level (p>0.05 vs. control group) and reduced cystic signs in the follicles (p<0.05 vs. dehyidroepiandrosterone treatment). CONCLUSION This study indicate that ultra-low doses of FSH and progesterone orally administrated can reduce the sternness of PCOS in the mouse model and open a route for the study of innovative approaches for PCOS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tessaro
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Modina
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Interdepartmental Centre for the Study of Biological Effects of Nano-Concentrations (CREBION), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Lodde
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Sivelli
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Franciosi
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Terzaghi
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Luchini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiano Rumio
- Interdepartmental Centre for the Study of Biological Effects of Nano-Concentrations (CREBION), University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Luciano
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Interdepartmental Centre for the Study of Biological Effects of Nano-Concentrations (CREBION), University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Corresponding Author: Alberto M. Luciano, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10 - 20133 Milano, Italy E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunology: A Psychobiological Concept. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:123-134. [PMID: 29124696 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunology (P.N.E.I.) is a scientific field of study that investigates the link between bidirectional communications among the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system and the correlations of this cross-talk with physical health. The P.N.E.I. innovative medical approach represents a paradigm shift from a strictly biomedical view of health and disease taken as hermetically sealed compartments to a more interdisciplinary one. The key element of P.N.E.I. approach is represented by the concept of bidirectional cross-talk between the psychoneuroendocrine and immune systems. The Low Dose Medicine is one of the most promising approaches able to allow the researchers to design innovative therapeutic strategies for the treatment of skin diseases based on the rebalance of the immune response.
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu AL, Liao HQ, Li ZL, Liu J, Zhou CL, Guo ZF, Xie HY, Peng CY. New Insights into mTOR Signal Pathways in Ovarian-Related Diseases: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Ovarian Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:5087-5094. [PMID: 28122439 PMCID: PMC5454641 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2016.17.12.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR, the mammalian target of rapamycin, is a conserved serine/threonine kinase which belongs to the phosphatidyl-linositol kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family. It has two complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. It is well established that mTOR plays important roles in cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Over-activation of the mTOR pathway is considered to have a relationship with the development of many types of diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer (OC). mTOR pathway inhibitors, such as rapamycin and its derivatives, can directly or indirectly treat or relieve the symptoms of patients suffering from PCOS or OC. Moreover, mTOR inhibitors in combination with other chemical-molecular agents may have extraordinary efficacy. This paper will discuss links between mTOR signaling and PCOS and OC, and explore the mechanisms of mTOR inhibitors in treating these two diseases, with conclusions regarding the most effective therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ling Liu
- Institute of Biological Science, The Key Laboratory of Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration of Hengyang City, School of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of South China, Heng yang 421001, Hunan Province, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|