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Su F, Ye W, Shen Y, Xie Y, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Tang Z, Yu M, Chen Y, He B. Immuno-Nanocomplexes Target Heterogenous Network of Inflammation and Immunity in Myocardial Infarction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402267. [PMID: 39049710 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite the proceeds in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the current therapeutic landscape still suffers from limited success in the clinic. Exaggerated inflammatory immune response and excessive oxidative stress are key pathological features aggravating myocardium damage. Herein, catalytic immunomodulatory nanocomplexes as anti-AMI therapeutics to resolve reactive oxygen species (ROS)-proinflammatory neutrophils-specific-inflammation is engineered. The nanocomplexes contain lyophilic S100A8/9 inhibitor ABR2575 in the core of nanoemulsions, which effectively disrupts the neutrophils-S100A8/A9-inflammation signaling pathway in the AMI microenvironment. Additionally, ROS scavenger ultrasmall CuxO nanoparticles are incorporated into the nanoemulsions via coordinating with SH groups of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-conjugated lipids, which mimic multiple enzymes, dramatically alleviating the oxidative stress damage to myocardial tissue. This combination strategy significantly suppresses the infiltration of pro-inflammatory monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, it potentially triggers cardiac Tert activation, which promotes myocardial function and decreases infarction size in preclinical murine AMI models. This approach offers a new nanomedicine for treating AMI, resulting in a dramatically enhanced therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Weifan Ye
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Qianyun Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqi Tang
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Materdicine, Shanghai, 200051, P. R. China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
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Didriksson I, Lengquist M, Spångfors M, Leffler M, Sievert T, Lilja G, Frigyesi A, Friberg H, Schiopu A. Increasing plasma calprotectin (S100A8/A9) is associated with 12-month mortality and unfavourable functional outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients. J Intensive Care 2024; 12:26. [PMID: 38982551 PMCID: PMC11232228 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-024-00740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) is a pro-inflammatory mediator primarily released from neutrophils. Previous studies have revealed associations between plasma calprotectin, disease severity and in-hospital mortality in unselected COVID-19 patients. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess whether plasma calprotectin dynamics during the first week of intensive care are associated with mortality and functional outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients. METHODS This prospective study included 498 COVID-19 patients admitted to six intensive care units (ICUs) in Sweden between May 2020 and May 2021. Blood samples were collected on ICU admission and on day 7. The primary outcome was 12-month mortality. Secondary outcomes were functional outcome of survivors at 3 and 12 months, and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) during the ICU stay. Functional outcome was assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE, range 1-8, with < 5 representing an unfavourable outcome). Associations between plasma calprotectin and outcomes were examined in binary logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, smoking, and creatinine. RESULTS High plasma calprotectin on admission and day 7 was independently associated with increased 12-month mortality. Increasing calprotectin from admission to day 7 was independently associated with higher mortality at 12 months [OR 2.10 (95% CI 1.18-3.74), p = 0.012], unfavourable functional outcome at 3 months [OR 2.53 (95% CI 1.07-6.10), p = 0.036], and the use of IMV [OR 2.23 (95% CI 1.10-4.53), p = 0.027)] and CRRT [OR 2.07 (95% CI 1.07-4.00), p = 0.031)]. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) model including day 7 calprotectin and age was a good predictor of 12-month mortality [AUC 0.79 (95% CI 0.74-0.84), p < 0.001]. Day 7 calprotectin alone predicted an unfavourable functional outcome at 3 months [AUC 0.67 (95% CI 0.58-0.76), p < 0.001]. CONCLUSION In critically ill COVID-19 patients, increasing calprotectin levels after admission to the ICU are associated with 12-month mortality and unfavourable functional outcome in survivors. Monitoring plasma calprotectin dynamics in the ICU may be considered to evaluate prognosis in critical COVID-19. STUDY REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04974775, registered April 28, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Didriksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Intensive and Perioperative Care Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Maria Lengquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Intensive and Perioperative Care Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Spångfors
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care Unit, Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Märta Leffler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Intensive and Perioperative Care Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Theodor Sievert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gisela Lilja
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Attila Frigyesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Intensive and Perioperative Care Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Friberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Intensive and Perioperative Care Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alexandru Schiopu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Nicolae Simionescu Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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Niskala A, Heijman J, Dobrev D, Jespersen T, Saljic A. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome signalling for the management of atrial fibrillation. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38877789 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory signalling via the nod-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the precise role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in various cardiac cell types is poorly understood. Targeting components or products of the inflammasome and preventing their proinflammatory consequences may constitute novel therapeutic treatment strategies for AF. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the role of the inflammasome in AF pathogenesis. We first review the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and inflammatory signalling in cardiomyocytes, (myo)fibroblasts and immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes. Because numerous compounds targeting NLRP3 signalling are currently in preclinical development, or undergoing clinical evaluation for other indications than AF, we subsequently review known therapeutics, such as colchicine and canakinumab, targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and evaluate their potential for treating AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Niskala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Medical Physics & Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Medicine and Research Center, Montréal Heart Institute and University de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Jespersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arnela Saljic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fan SY, Zhao ZC, Liu XL, Peng YG, Zhu HM, Yan SF, Liu YJ, Xie Q, Jiang Y, Zeng SZ. Metformin Mitigates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Inflammation in Young Mice by Suppressing the S100A8/A9-NLRP3-IL-1β Signaling Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3785-3799. [PMID: 38895139 PMCID: PMC11182881 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s460413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, the subsequent complications that accompany sepsis result in remarkable morbidity and mortality rates. The lung is among the vulnerable organs that incur the sepsis-linked inflammatory storm and frequently culminates into ARDS/ALI. The metformin-prescribed anti-diabetic drug has been revealed with anti-inflammatory effects in sepsis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to ascertain metformin's effects and functions in a young mouse model of sepsis-induced ALI. Methods Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham, sham+ Met, CLP, and CLP+ Met. CLP was established as the sepsis-induced ALI model accompanied by intraperitoneal metformin treatment. At day 7, the survival state of mice was noted, including survival rate, weight, and M-CASS. Lung histological pathology and injury scores were determined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The pulmonary coefficient was used to evaluate pulmonary edema. Furthermore, IL-1β, CCL3, CXCL11, S100A8, S100A9 and NLRP3 expression in tissues collected from lungs were determined by qPCR, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α by ELISA, caspase-1, ASC, NLRP3, P65, p-P65, GSDMD-F, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and S100A8/A9 by Western blot. Results The data affirmed that metformin enhanced the survival rate, lessened lung tissue injury, and diminished the expression of inflammatory factors in young mice with sepsis induced by CLP. In contrast to sham mice, the CLP mice were affirmed to manifest ALI-linked pathologies following CLP-induced sepsis. The expressions of pro-inflammatory factors, for instance, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, CXCL11, S100A8, and S100A9 are markedly enhanced by CLP, while metformin abolished this adverse effect. Western blot analyses indicated that metformin inhibited the sepsis-induced activation of GSDMD and the upregulation of S100A8/A9, NLRP3, and ASC. Conclusion Metformin could improve the survival rate, lessen lung tissue injury, and minimize the expression of inflammatory factors in young mice with sepsis induced by CLP. Metformin reduced sepsis-induced ALI via inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and inhibiting pyroptosis by the S100A8/A9-NLRP3-IL-1β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Chi Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Lv Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Gang Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Fan Yan
- Department of Emergency, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Juan Liu
- Department of Emergency, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Xie
- Department of Emergency, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai-Zhen Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Diehl-Wiesenecker E, Galtung N, Dickescheid J, Prpic M, Somasundaram R, Kappert K, Bauer W. Blood calprotectin as a biomarker for infection and sepsis - the prospective CASCADE trial. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:496. [PMID: 38755564 PMCID: PMC11100246 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in the host-response to infection, neutrophils release calprotectin, triggering several immune signalling cascades. In acute infection management, identifying infected patients and stratifying these by risk of deterioration into sepsis, are crucial tasks. Recruiting a heterogenous population of patients with suspected infections from the emergency department, early in the care-path, the CASCADE trial aimed to evaluate the accuracy of blood calprotectin for detecting bacterial infections, estimating disease severity, and predicting clinical deterioration. METHODS In a prospective, observational trial from February 2021 to August 2022, 395 patients (n = 194 clinically suspected infection; n = 201 controls) were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at enrolment. The accuracy of calprotectin to identify bacterial infections, and to predict and identify sepsis and mortality was analysed. These endpoints were determined by a panel of experts. RESULTS The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) of calprotectin for detecting bacterial infections was 0.90. For sepsis within 72 h, calprotectin's AUROC was 0.83. For 30-day mortality it was 0.78. In patients with diabetes, calprotectin had an AUROC of 0.94 for identifying bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS Calprotectin showed notable accuracy for all endpoints. Using calprotectin in the emergency department could improve diagnosis and management of severe infections, in combination with current biomarkers. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00020521.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Diehl-Wiesenecker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Benjamin Franklin Campus, Zentrale Notaufnahme und Aufnahmestation, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noa Galtung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Benjamin Franklin Campus, Zentrale Notaufnahme und Aufnahmestation, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Dickescheid
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Benjamin Franklin Campus, Zentrale Notaufnahme und Aufnahmestation, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Prpic
- Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rajan Somasundaram
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Benjamin Franklin Campus, Zentrale Notaufnahme und Aufnahmestation, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Kappert
- Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Benjamin Franklin Campus, Zentrale Notaufnahme und Aufnahmestation, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Jakobsson G, Andersson H, Chew M, Schiopu A. Reply to "Potential confounders in linking elevated S100A8/A9 to left ventricular dysfunction in septic shock patients". Crit Care 2024; 28:9. [PMID: 38167162 PMCID: PMC10762927 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Andersson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michelle Chew
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alexandru Schiopu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Cardiac Inflammation Research Group, Clinical Research Center, 91:12, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, 21 428, Malmö, Sweden.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
- Nicolae Simionescu Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
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7
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Honore PM, Perriens E, Blackman S. Potential confounders in linking elevated S100A8/A9 to left ventricular dysfunction in septic shock patients. Crit Care 2023; 27:480. [PMID: 38057840 PMCID: PMC10699055 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Honore
- CHU UCL Godinne Namur, UCL Louvain Medical School, Campus Godinne, Avenue G Thérasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium.
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Wang Q, Long G, Luo H, Zhu X, Han Y, Shang Y, Zhang D, Gong R. S100A8/A9: An emerging player in sepsis and sepsis-induced organ injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115674. [PMID: 37812889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the foremost contributor to mortality in intensive care unit patients, arises from an uncontrolled systemic response to invading infections, resulting in extensive harm across multiple organs and systems. Recently, S100A8/A9 has emerged as a promising biomarker for sepsis and sepsis-induced organ injury, and targeting S100A8/A9 appeared to ameliorate inflammation-induced tissue damage and improve adverse outcomes. S100A8/A9, a calcium-binding heterodimer mainly found in neutrophils and monocytes, serves as a causative molecule with pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, which are vital in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Therefore, improving our comprehension of how S100A8/A9 acts as a pathological player in the development of sepsis is imperative for advancing research on sepsis. Our review is the first-to the best of our knowledge-to discuss the biology of S100A8/A9 and its release mechanisms, summarize recent advances concerning the vital roles of S100A8/A9 in sepsis and the consequential organ damage, and underscore its potential as a promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Gangyu Long
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiqun Zhu
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yang Han
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430023, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430023, China; Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430023, China; Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Rui Gong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
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