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Khare VS, Huda F, Misra S, Amulya KR, Raj N, Karn S, Basu S. Male Breast Cancer: An Updated Review of Patient Characteristics, Genetics, and Outcome. Int J Breast Cancer 2024; 2024:9003572. [PMID: 38559438 PMCID: PMC10981544 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9003572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare entity, underrepresented in population studies and clinical trials, resulting in management of MBC to be informed by current research on female breast cancer (FBC). A literature review was conducted by accessing relevant articles on 2 databases, by searching keywords "male breast cancer". A total of 29 articles from year 2011 to 2022 were selected for this review. The authors found that male breast cancer generally occurs later in life with higher stage, higher grade, and more estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumours. Most of the studies noted the mean age for MBCs at the time of presentation as >60 years. Risk factors for male breast cancer include family history, obesity, lower physical activity, and syndromes like the Klinefelter syndrome. Positive family history is much higher in MBC compared to FBC (30.9 vs. 18.4%). BRCA 2 cancers constitute a higher proportion compared to FBCs. A lot of genetic mutations have been observed. Some show promise to assess disease-specific survival and proliferative rate like TWIST1 and RUNX3, among others. MBCs usually present with a palpable lump in central region, with a bigger size and chance of nodal involvement and metastasis compared to FBCs. They are mostly infiltrating ductal type and hormone receptor positive, with worse histological grade. Treatment usually follows the same principles as FBCs (systemic therapy, surgical excision, and radiotherapy), with poorer prognosis to same treatment approach, possibly owing to its advanced stage at presentation. This is a rare entity which requires further research to ascertain need for different management approach than FBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhu Shekhar Khare
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 249203, Rishikesh, India
| | - Farhanul Huda
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 249203, Rishikesh, India
| | - Subhasis Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BayCare Health System, Department of Medical Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Kanmatha Reddy Amulya
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 249203, Rishikesh, India
| | - Nirmal Raj
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 249203, Rishikesh, India
| | - Summi Karn
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 249203, Rishikesh, India
| | - Somprakas Basu
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 249203, Rishikesh, India
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Chatterji S, Niehues JM, van Treeck M, Loeffler CML, Saldanha OL, Veldhuizen GP, Cifci D, Carrero ZI, Abu-Eid R, Speirs V, Kather JN. Prediction models for hormone receptor status in female breast cancer do not extend to males: further evidence of sex-based disparity in breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2023; 9:91. [PMID: 37940649 PMCID: PMC10632426 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-023-00599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer prognosis and management for both men and women are reliant upon estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression to inform therapy. Previous studies have shown that there are sex-specific binding characteristics of ERα and PR in breast cancer and, counterintuitively, ERα expression is more common in male than female breast cancer. We hypothesized that these differences could have morphological manifestations that are undetectable to human observers but could be elucidated computationally. To investigate this, we trained attention-based multiple instance learning prediction models for ERα and PR using H&E-stained images of female breast cancer from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (n = 1085) and deployed them on external female (n = 192) and male breast cancer images (n = 245). Both targets were predicted in the internal (AUROC for ERα prediction: 0.86 ± 0.02, p < 0.001; AUROC for PR prediction = 0.76 ± 0.03, p < 0.001) and external female cohorts (AUROC for ERα prediction: 0.78 ± 0.03, p < 0.001; AUROC for PR prediction = 0.80 ± 0.04, p < 0.001) but not the male cohort (AUROC for ERα prediction: 0.66 ± 0.14, p = 0.43; AUROC for PR prediction = 0.63 ± 0.04, p = 0.05). This suggests that subtle morphological differences invisible upon visual inspection may exist between the sexes, supporting previous immunohistochemical, genomic, and transcriptomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarnarekha Chatterji
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Aberdeen Cancer Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jan Moritz Niehues
- Else Kröner Fresenius Centre for Digital Health, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marko van Treeck
- Else Kröner Fresenius Centre for Digital Health, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chiara Maria Lavinia Loeffler
- Else Kröner Fresenius Centre for Digital Health, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Lester Saldanha
- Else Kröner Fresenius Centre for Digital Health, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregory Patrick Veldhuizen
- Else Kröner Fresenius Centre for Digital Health, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Didem Cifci
- Else Kröner Fresenius Centre for Digital Health, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zunamys Itzell Carrero
- Else Kröner Fresenius Centre for Digital Health, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Aberdeen Cancer Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
- Aberdeen Cancer Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Else Kröner Fresenius Centre for Digital Health, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Division of Pathology and Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Chatterji S, Krzoska E, Thoroughgood CW, Saganty J, Liu P, Elsberger B, Abu-Eid R, Speirs V. Defining genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenetic, and phenotypic biomarkers with prognostic capability in male breast cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:e74-e85. [PMID: 36725152 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although similar phenotypically, there is evidence that male and female breast cancer differ in their molecular landscapes. In this systematic review, we consolidated all existing prognostic biomarker data in male breast cancer spanning genetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenetics, and phenotypic features of prognostic value from articles published over a 29-year period (March 16, 1992, to May 1, 2021). We identified knowledge gaps in the existing literature, discussed limitations of the included studies, and outlined potential approaches for translational biomarker discovery and validation in male breast cancer. We also recognised STC2, DDX3, and DACH1 as underexploited markers of male-specific prognostic value in breast cancer. Finally, beyond describing the cumulative knowledge on the extensively researched markers oestrogen receptor-α, progesterone receptor, HER2, androgen receptor, and BRCA2, we highlighted ATM, CCND1, FGFR2, GATA3, HIF1-α, MDM2, TP53, and c-Myc as well studied predictors of poor survival that also aligned with several hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarnarekha Chatterji
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Emma Krzoska
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - John Saganty
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Atif M, Mustaan MA, Falak S, Ghaffar A, Munir B. Targeting the effect of sofosbuvir on selective oncogenes expression level of hepatocellular carcinoma Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in Huh7 cell line. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103332. [PMID: 35813116 PMCID: PMC9256646 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct acting antiviral agents are emerging line of treatment to eradicate Hepatitis C virus. Recent controversy over whether direct acting antiviral agents increase rate of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV patients or prevent it, has increased the need to elaborate underlying mechanisms on molecular basis. This work was aimed to investigate the effect of sofosbuvir on the expression of selected oncogenes from the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in Huh7 cell line. Results found concrete molecular evidence that sofosbuvir has significantly altered the expression of selected genes when huh7 cell line was treated with sofosbuvir. Nine genes related to HCC were found to be affected by sofosbuvir in a mixed effect manner. The relative expression of growth factors (VEGF, PDGFRB and HGF) was increased in sofosbuvir treated cell lines. The kinase family genes H-RAS, B-RAF, MET except MAPK1 were downregulated. Similarly, DUSP1 was upregulated and SPRY2 was slightly downregulated; both were negative feedback inhibitors of ERK signalling cascade. Sofosbuvir upregulated the growth factors and MAPK1 which suggests it to be a carcinogen. The downregulation of kinases and upregulation of DUSP1 make it an anticancer drug. Hence, the results from this study are important to prove that sofosbuvir neither reduce nor induce hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Sadia Falak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Jhang, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Munir
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
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Zhao P, Zhang L, Gao L, Ding Q, Yang Q, Kuai J. Ulinastatin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting inflammation and regulating autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1064-1072. [PMID: 32765659 PMCID: PMC7388552 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulinastatin exerts protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac dysfunction. Autophagy has been demonstrated to serve an important role in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy; however, whether ulinastatin has an anti-autophagic effect in sepsis requires further investigation. The present study aimed to determine the protective effects of ulinastatin on cardiac dysfunction and its role in autophagy during sepsis. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a control, LPS and LPS + ulinastatin group, the survival status of the mice was observed every 6 h and the survival rate at each time point was calculated for 7 days. Furthermore, JC-1 dye and ELISAs were used to analyze the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels, respectively. Western blotting and ELISAs were used to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, the cardiac ultrastructure and the number of autophagosomes formed were visualized using transmission electron microscopy, and the pathological changes in the myocardial tissues were analyzed using hematoxylin & eosin staining. Finally, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins were analyzed using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The current study indicated that ulinastatin significantly improved the survival rate of septic mice. It was suggested that ulinastatin may protect against LPS-induced myocardium injury through its anti-inflammatory activity, as decreased cTnI levels, increased MMP and decreased expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were all observed following ulinastatin treatment. Furthermore, the number of autophagosomes formed, and the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 and Beclin 1 were significantly decreased following ulinastatin treatment. It was further observed that ulinastatin suppressed LPS-induced autophagosome formation, as indicated by the accumulation of sequestosome 1/p62, and the elimination of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that ulinastatin treatment may improve survival and exert a protective effect over LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, this protective effect may be associated with its anti-inflammatory and anti-autophagic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, P.R. China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, P.R. China
| | - Jianke Kuai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, P.R. China
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