1
|
Alturaiki W. The role of cross-reactive immunity to emerging coronaviruses: Implications for novel universal mucosal vaccine design. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:965-972. [PMID: 37777266 PMCID: PMC10541972 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.10.20230375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune response to coronaviruses and the role of cross-reactivity immunity among different coronaviruses are crucial for understanding and combating the continuing COVID-19 outbreak and potential subsequent pandemics. This review paper explores how previous exposure to common cold coronaviruses and more pathogenic coronaviruses may elicit a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discusses the challenges posed by some variants of concern that may escape current vaccines. It also highlights the need for a mucosal universal vaccine that can induce long-term protection against current and emerging coronaviruses by leveraging cross-reactive immunity. We propose a novel mucosal universal vaccine that consists of cross-reactive antigenic peptides with highly conserved epitopes among coronaviruses, conjugated with an immunostimulant adjuvant cytokine, including B-cell activating factor (BAFF). This vaccine may enhance the local mucosal adaptive response, induce tissue-resident memory cells, and inhibit viral replication and clearance. However, further research is required to evaluate its safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alturaiki
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been theorized to provide protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our aim was to determine whether any MMR IgG titers are inversely correlated with severity in recovered COVID-19 patients previously vaccinated with MMR II. We divided 80 subjects into two groups, comparing MMR titers to recent COVID-19 severity levels. The MMR II group consisted of 50 subjects who would primarily have MMR antibodies from the MMR II vaccine, and a comparison group of 30 subjects consisted of those who would primarily have MMR antibodies from sources other than MMR II, including prior measles, mumps, and/or rubella illnesses. There was a significant inverse correlation (rs = -0.71, P < 0.001) between mumps virus titers (mumps titers) and COVID-19 severity within the MMR II group. There were no significant correlations between mumps titers and severity in the comparison group, between mumps titers and age in the MMR II group, or between severity and measles or rubella titers in either group. Within the MMR II group, mumps titers of 134 to 300 arbitrary units (AU)/ml (n = 8) were found only in those who were functionally immune or asymptomatic; all with mild symptoms had mumps titers below 134 AU/ml (n = 17); all with moderate symptoms had mumps titers below 75 AU/ml (n = 11); all who had been hospitalized and had required oxygen had mumps titers below 32 AU/ml (n = 5). Our results demonstrate that there is a significant inverse correlation between mumps titers from MMR II and COVID-19 severity.IMPORTANCE COVID-19 has presented various paradoxes that, if understood better, may provide clues to controlling the pandemic, even before a COVID-19 vaccine is widely available. First, young children are largely spared from severe disease. Second, numerous countries have COVID-19 death rates that are as low as 1% of the death rates of other countries. Third, many people, despite prolonged close contact with someone who is COVID-19 positive, never test positive themselves. Fourth, nearly half of people who test positive for COVID-19 are asymptomatic. Some researchers have theorized that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine may be responsible for these disparities. The significance of our study is that it showed that mumps titers related to the MMR II vaccine are significantly and inversely correlated with the severity of COVID-19-related symptoms, supporting the theorized association between the MMR vaccine and COVID-19 severity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Metabolic perturbations and cellular stress underpin susceptibility to symptomatic live-attenuated yellow fever infection. Nat Med 2019; 25:1218-1224. [PMID: 31308506 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviral infections result in a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe disease. Although the correlates of severe disease have been explored1-4, the pathophysiology that differentiates symptomatic from asymptomatic infection remains undefined. To understand the molecular underpinnings of symptomatic infection, the blood transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of individuals were examined before and after inoculation with the live yellow fever viral vaccine (YF17D). It was found that individuals with adaptive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity at baseline showed increased susceptibility to symptomatic outcome. YF17D infection in these individuals induced maladaptive ER stress, triggering downstream proinflammatory responses that correlated with symptomatic outcome. The findings of the present study thus suggest that the ER stress response and immunometabolism underpin symptomatic yellow fever and possibly even other flaviviral infections. Modulating either ER stress or metabolism could be exploited for prophylaxis against symptomatic flaviviral infection outcome.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chan KR, Wang X, Saron WAA, Gan ES, Tan HC, Mok DZL, Zhang SLX, Lee YH, Liang C, Wijaya L, Ghosh S, Cheung YB, Tannenbaum SR, Abraham SN, St John AL, Low JGH, Ooi EE. Cross-reactive antibodies enhance live attenuated virus infection for increased immunogenicity. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16164. [PMID: 27642668 PMCID: PMC7097525 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has achieved remarkable successes in the control of childhood viral diseases. To control emerging infections, however, vaccines will need to be delivered to older individuals who, unlike infants, probably have had prior infection or vaccination with related viruses and thus have cross-reactive antibodies against the vaccines. Whether and how these cross-reactive antibodies impact live attenuated vaccination efficacy is unclear. Using an open-label randomized trial design, we show that subjects with a specific range of cross-reactive antibody titres from a prior inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccination enhanced yellow fever (YF) immunogenicity upon YF vaccination. Enhancing titres of cross-reactive antibodies prolonged YF vaccine viraemia, provoked greater pro-inflammatory responses, and induced adhesion molecules intrinsic to the activating Fc-receptor signalling pathway, namely immune semaphorins, facilitating immune cell interactions and trafficking. Our findings clinically demonstrate antibody-enhanced infection and suggest that vaccine efficacy could be improved by exploiting cross-reactive antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Rong Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Wilfried A A Saron
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Esther Shuyi Gan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Hwee Cheng Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Darren Z L Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Summer Li-Xin Zhang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore 138602.,KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899
| | - Cui Liang
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore 138602
| | - Limin Wijaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Yin Bun Cheung
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857.,Department for International Health, University of Tampere, 33100 Finland
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore 138602.,Department of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857.,Department of Immunology and the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Ashley L St John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Jenny G H Low
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.,Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore 138602
| |
Collapse
|