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Chen HS, van Roon L, Schoones J, Zeppenfeld K, DeRuiter MC, Jongbloed MRM. Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis. Ann Med 2023; 55:2283195. [PMID: 38065671 PMCID: PMC10836288 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2283195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death. The characteristics of cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation remain underexposed. OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review on cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after MI, taking into account: (1) definition, experimental model and quantification method and (2) location, amount and timing, in order to obtain an overview of current knowledge and to expose gaps in literature. METHODS References on cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation were screened for inclusion. The included studies received a full-text review and quality appraisal. Relevant data on hyperinnervation were collected and qualitatively analysed. RESULTS Our literature search identified 60 eligible studies performed between 2000 and 2022. Cardiac hyperinnervation is generally defined as an increased sympathetic nerve density or increased number of nerves compared to another control group (100%). Studies were performed in a multitude of experimental models, but most commonly in male rats with permanent left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation (male: 63%, rat: 68%, permanent ligation: 93%, LAD: 97%). Hyperinnervation seems to occur mainly in the borderzone. Quantification after MI was performed in regions of interest in µm2/mm2 (41%) or in percentage of nerve fibres (46%) and the reported amount showed a great variation ranging from 439 to 126,718 µm2/mm2. Hyperinnervation seems to start from three days onwards to >3 months without an evident peak, although studies on structural evaluation over time and in the chronic phase were scarce. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after MI occurs mainly in the borderzone from three days onwards and remains present at later timepoints, for at least 3 months. It is most commonly studied in male rats with permanent LAD ligation. The amount of hyperinnervation differs greatly between studies, possibly due to differential quantification methods. Further studies are required that evaluate cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation over time and in the chronic phase, in transmural sections, in the female sex, and in MI with reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Sophia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke van Roon
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Schoones
- Dictorate of Research Policy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Zeppenfeld
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C. DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R. M. Jongbloed
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Zhang D, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang G, Tang P, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ouyang L. Targeting epigenetic modifications in Parkinson's disease therapy. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1748-1777. [PMID: 37119043 DOI: 10.1002/med.21962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease due to a complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors. Recent efforts shed new light on the epigenetic mechanisms involved in regulating pathways related to the development of PD, including DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications of histones, and the presence of microRNA (miRNA or miR). Epigenetic regulators are potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders. In the review, we aim to summarize mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in PD, and describe how the DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and histone acetyltransferases that mediate the key processes of PD are attractive therapeutic targets. We discuss the use of inhibitors and/or activators of these regulators in PD models or patients, and how these small molecule epigenetic modulators elicit neuroprotective effects. Further more, given the importance of miRNAs in PD, their contributions to the underlying mechanisms of PD will be discussed as well, together with miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
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Masliukov PM, Emanuilov AI, Budnik AF. Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2249-2263. [PMID: 35762574 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gut motility, secretion, and blood flow in the gut microvasculature and can modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. Sympathetic neurons signal via catecholamines, neuropeptides, and gas mediators. In the current review, we summarize the current understanding of the mature sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract with a focus mainly on the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia as the main output to the gut. We also highlight recent work regarding the developmental processes of sympathetic innervation. The anatomy, neurochemistry, and connections of the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia with different parts of the gut are considered in adult organisms during prenatal and postnatal development and aging. The processes and mechanisms that control the development of sympathetic neurons, including their migratory pathways, neuronal differentiation, and aging, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr M Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Andrey I Emanuilov
- Department of Human Anatomy, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Antonina F Budnik
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy, Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov, Nalchik, Russia
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4
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Dillon ST, Otu HH, Ngo LH, Fong TG, Vasunilashorn SM, Xie Z, Kunze LJ, Vlassakov KV, Abdeen A, Lange JK, Earp BE, Cooper ZR, Schmitt E, Arnold SE, Hshieh T, Jones RN, Inouye SK, Marcantonio ER, Libermann TA. Patterns and Persistence of Perioperative Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Neuroinflammatory Protein Biomarkers After Elective Orthopedic Surgery Using SOMAscan. Anesth Analg 2023; 136:163-175. [PMID: 35389379 PMCID: PMC9537343 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuroinflammatory response to surgery can be characterized by peripheral acute plasma protein changes in blood, but corresponding, persisting alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins remain mostly unknown. Using the SOMAscan assay, we define acute and longer-term proteome changes associated with surgery in plasma and CSF. We hypothesized that biological pathways identified by these proteins would be in the categories of neuroinflammation and neuronal function and define neuroinflammatory proteome changes associated with surgery in older patients. METHODS SOMAscan analyzed 1305 proteins in blood plasma (n = 14) and CSF (n = 15) samples from older patients enrolled in the Role of Inflammation after Surgery for Elders (RISE) study undergoing elective hip and knee replacement surgery with spinal anesthesia. Systems biology analysis identified biological pathways enriched among the surgery-associated differentially expressed proteins in plasma and CSF. RESULTS Comparison of postoperative day 1 (POD1) to preoperative (PREOP) plasma protein levels identified 343 proteins with postsurgical changes ( P < .05; absolute value of the fold change [|FC|] > 1.2). Comparing postoperative 1-month (PO1MO) plasma and CSF with PREOP identified 67 proteins in plasma and 79 proteins in CSF with altered levels ( P < .05; |FC| > 1.2). In plasma, 21 proteins, primarily linked to immune response and inflammation, were similarly changed at POD1 and PO1MO. Comparison of plasma to CSF at PO1MO identified 8 shared proteins. Comparison of plasma at POD1 to CSF at PO1MO identified a larger number, 15 proteins in common, most of which are regulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) or transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) and linked to the inflammatory response. Of the 79 CSF PO1MO-specific proteins, many are involved in neuronal function and neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS SOMAscan can characterize both short- and long-term surgery-induced protein alterations in plasma and CSF. Acute plasma protein changes at POD1 parallel changes in PO1MO CSF and suggest 15 potential biomarkers for longer-term neuroinflammation that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. Dillon
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Long H. Ngo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Divisions of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Tamara G. Fong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
| | - Sarinnapha M. Vasunilashorn
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Divisions of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa J. Kunze
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kamen V. Vlassakov
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ayesha Abdeen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey K. Lange
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Brandon E. Earp
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Zara R. Cooper
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Schmitt
- Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- MGH Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Tammy Hshieh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
- Divisions of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Richard N. Jones
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sharon K. Inouye
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
- Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Edward R. Marcantonio
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Divisions of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Li YL. Stellate Ganglia and Cardiac Sympathetic Overactivation in Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113311. [PMID: 36362099 PMCID: PMC9653702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem worldwide, especially coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction)-induced HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which accounts for over 50% of all HF cases. An estimated 6 million American adults have HF. As a major feature of HF, cardiac sympathetic overactivation triggers arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, which accounts for nearly 50–60% of mortality in HF patients. Regulation of cardiac sympathetic activation is highly integrated by the regulatory circuitry at multiple levels, including afferent, central, and efferent components of the sympathetic nervous system. Much evidence, from other investigators and us, has confirmed the afferent and central neural mechanisms causing sympathoexcitation in HF. The stellate ganglion is a peripheral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic sympathetic ganglion. As the efferent component of the sympathetic nervous system, cardiac postganglionic sympathetic neurons located in stellate ganglia provide local neural coordination independent of higher brain centers. Structural and functional impairments of cardiac postganglionic sympathetic neurons can be involved in cardiac sympathetic overactivation in HF because normally, many effects of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system on cardiac function are mediated via neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine) released from cardiac postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating the heart. This review provides an overview of cardiac sympathetic remodeling in stellate ganglia and potential mechanisms and the role of cardiac sympathetic remodeling in cardiac sympathetic overactivation and arrhythmias in HF. Targeting cardiac sympathetic remodeling in stellate ganglia could be a therapeutic strategy against malignant cardiac arrhythmias in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; ; Tel.: +1-402-559-3016; Fax: +1-402-559-9659
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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6
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Ge Y, van Roon L, van Gils JM, Geestman T, van Munsteren CJ, Smits AM, Goumans MJTH, DeRuiter MC, Jongbloed MRM. Acute myocardial infarction induces remodeling of the murine superior cervical ganglia and the carotid body. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:758265. [PMID: 36277772 PMCID: PMC9582601 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.758265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation in arrhythmogenesis after myocardial infarction (MI) has increasingly been recognized. In humans and mice, the heart receives cervical as well as thoracic sympathetic contributions. In mice, superior cervical ganglia (SCG) have been shown to contribute significantly to myocardial sympathetic innervation of the left ventricular anterior wall. Of interest, the SCG is situated adjacent to the carotid body (CB), a small organ involved in oxygen and metabolic sensing. We investigated the remodeling of murine SCG and CB over time after MI. Murine SCG were isolated from control mice, as well as 24 h, 3 days, 7 days and 6 weeks after MI. SCG and CBs were stained for the autonomic nervous system markers β3-tubulin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), as well as for the neurotrophic factors brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and their tyrosine receptor kinase (pan TRK). Results show that after MI a significant increase in neuron size occurs, especially in the region bordering the CB. Co-expression of TH and ChAT is observed in SCG neuronal cells, but not in the CB. After MI, a significant decrease in ChAT intensity occurs, which negatively correlated with the increased cell size. In addition, an increase of BDNF and NGF at protein and mRNA levels was observed in both the CB and SCG. This upregulation of neurotropic factors coincides with the upregulation of their receptor within the SCG. These findings were concomitant with an increase in GAP43 expression in the SCG, which is known to contribute to axonal outgrowth and elongation. In conclusion, neuronal remodeling toward an increased adrenergic phenotype occurs in the SCG, which is possibly mediated by the CB and might contribute to pathological hyperinnervation after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ge
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lieke van Roon
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Janine M. van Gils
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom Geestman
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Conny J. van Munsteren
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anke M. Smits
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Marco C. DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Monique R. M. Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Monique R. M. Jongbloed, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-0418
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7
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Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses and maintains homeostasis during daily activities such as exercise, eating a meal or regulation of body temperature. Sympathetic regulation of bodily functions requires the establishment and refinement of anatomically and functionally precise connections between postganglionic sympathetic neurons and peripheral organs distributed widely throughout the body. Mechanistic studies of key events in the formation of postganglionic sympathetic neurons during embryonic and early postnatal life, including axon growth, target innervation, neuron survival, and dendrite growth and synapse formation, have advanced the understanding of how neuronal development is shaped by interactions with peripheral tissues and organs. Recent progress has also been made in identifying how the cellular and molecular diversity of sympathetic neurons is established to meet the functional demands of peripheral organs. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of signalling pathways underlying the development of the sympathetic nervous system. These findings have implications for unravelling the contribution of sympathetic dysfunction stemming, in part, from developmental perturbations to the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathies and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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Wang J, Kong X, Li Q, Li C, Yu H, Ning G, Xiang Z, Liu Y, Feng S. The spatial arrangement of cells in a 3D-printed biomimetic spinal cord promotes directional differentiation and repairs the motor function after spinal cord injury. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34139682 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac0c5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a permanent destructive disease that causes devastating neurologic deficits and disability. Long-term complications are associated with low prognosis, mortality, and decreased quality of life. The functional recovery depends on the regeneration of neurons and the growth of medullated axons. Single treatment strategies, including cell transplantation, cannot adapt to a changeable microenvironment. Patients with spinal cord injuries need more effective, long-term, and stable treatment options. Therefore, we investigated the benefit of a combined-tissue engineering strategy by loading homologous bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and Schwann cells in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. We placed BMSCs and Rat Schwann cells (RSCs) in specific spatial arrangements using cell gravity and the diffusion effect to promote the formation of intercellular connections and cell-directed differentiation. This novel bioengineering system allowed us to control multiple factors, including cell types, cell relative position, and axon growth direction in the scaffold. Our system facilitated motor function recovery by enhancing tissue mimicry and allowing the reconstruction of medullated axons. This new 3D-integrated printing platform is multi-function and can simulate biomimetic tissue using different types of materials and multi-cells scaffolds. We believe that this study can help promote the clinical development and application of 3D printing in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Wang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- School of Medicine Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqian Xiang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
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Functional and structural basis of extreme conservation in vertebrate 5' untranslated regions. Nat Genet 2021; 53:729-741. [PMID: 33821006 PMCID: PMC8825242 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lack of knowledge about extreme conservation in genomes remains a major gap in our understanding of the evolution of gene regulation. Here, we reveal an unexpected role of extremely conserved 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) in noncanonical translational regulation that is linked to the emergence of essential developmental features in vertebrate species. Endogenous deletion of conserved elements within these 5' UTRs decreased gene expression, and extremely conserved 5' UTRs possess cis-regulatory elements that promote cell-type-specific regulation of translation. We further developed in-cell mutate-and-map (icM2), a new methodology that maps RNA structure inside cells. Using icM2, we determined that an extremely conserved 5' UTR encodes multiple alternative structures and that each single nucleotide within the conserved element maintains the balance of alternative structures important to control the dynamic range of protein expression. These results explain how extreme sequence conservation can lead to RNA-level biological functions encoded in the untranslated regions of vertebrate genomes.
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10
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Xue NY, Ge DY, Dong RJ, Kim HH, Ren XJ, Tu Y. Effect of electroacupuncture on glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampus of rats with hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombus. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:137-142. [PMID: 32788468 PMCID: PMC7818884 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to reduce blood lipid level and improve cerebral ischemia in rats with hyperlipemia complicated by cerebral ischemia. However, there are few studies on the results and mechanism of the effect of EA in reducing blood lipid level or promoting neural repair after stroke in hyperlipidemic subjects. In this study, EA was applied to a rat model of hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombosis and the condition of neurons and astrocytes after hippocampal injury was assessed. Except for the normal group, rats in other groups were fed a high-fat diet throughout the whole experiment. Hyperlipidemia models were established in rats fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks. Middle cerebral artery thrombus models were induced by pasting 50% FeCl3 filter paper on the left middle cerebral artery for 20 minutes on day 50 as the model group. EA1 group rats received EA at bilateral ST40 (Fenglong) for 7 days before the thrombosis. Rats in the EA1 and EA2 groups received EA at GV20 (Baihui) and bilateral ST40 for 14 days after model establishment. Neuronal health was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining in the brain. Hyperlipidemia was assessed by biochemical methods that measured total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein in blood sera. Behavioral analysis was used to confirm the establishment of the model. Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampal CA1 region. The results demonstrated that, compared with the model group, blood lipid levels significantly decreased, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was significantly weakened and nerve growth factor immunoreactivity was significantly enhanced in the EA1 and EA2 groups. The repair effect was superior in the EA1 group than in the EA2 group. These findings confirm that EA can reduce blood lipid, inhibit glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and promote nerve growth factor expression in the hippocampal CA1 region after hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombosis. All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Animal Use and Management Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China (approval No. BUCM-3-2018022802-1002) on April 12, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ying Xue
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Yu Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Juan Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hyung-Hwan Kim
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xiu-Jun Ren
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Tu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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11
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Anantha J, Goulding SR, Wyatt SL, Concannon RM, Collins LM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. STRAP and NME1 Mediate the Neurite Growth-Promoting Effects of the Neurotrophic Factor GDF5. iScience 2020; 23:101457. [PMID: 32853992 PMCID: PMC7452236 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and their axons is central to Parkinson's disease (PD). Growth differentiation factor (GDF)5 is a potential neurotrophic factor for PD therapy. However, the molecular mediators of its neurotrophic action are unknown. Our proteomics analysis shows that GDF5 increases the expression of serine threonine receptor-associated protein kinase (STRAP) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NME)1 in the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line. GDF5 overexpression increased NME1 expression in adult rat brain in vivo. NME and STRAP mRNAs are expressed in developing and adult rodent midbrain. Expression of both STRAP and NME1 is necessary and sufficient for the promotion of neurite growth in SH-SY5Y cells by GDF5. NME1 treatment increased neurite growth in both SH-SY5Y cells and cultured mDA neurons. Expression patterns of NME and STRAP are altered in PD midbrain. NME1 and STRAP are thus key mediators of GDF5's neurotrophic effects, rationalizing their future study as therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Anantha
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan R. Goulding
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean L. Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ruth M. Concannon
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise M. Collins
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M. Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W. O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
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12
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Association of distinct type 1 bone morphogenetic protein receptors with different molecular pathways and survival outcomes in neuroblastoma. Neuronal Signal 2020; 4:NS20200006. [PMID: 32714600 PMCID: PMC7366490 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a paediatric cancer that arises in the sympathetic nervous system. Patients with stage 4 tumours have poor outcomes and 20% of high-risk cases have MYCN amplification. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play roles in sympathetic neuritogenesis, by signalling through bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)2 and either BMPR1A or BMPR1B. Alterations in BMPR2 expression have been reported in NB; it is unknown if the expression of BMPR1A or BMPR1B is altered. We report lower BMPR2 and BMPR1B, and higher BMPR1A, expression in stage 4 and in MYCN-amplified NB. Kaplan–Meier plots showed that high BMPR2 or BMPR1B expression was linked to better survival, while high BMPR1A was linked to worse survival. Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analyses revealed that BMPR2 and BMPR1B co-expressed genes were enriched in those associated with NB differentiation. BMPR1A co-expressed genes were enriched in those associated with cell proliferation. Moreover, the correlation between BMPR2 and BMPR1A was strengthened, while the correlation between BMPR2 and BMPR1B was lost, in MYCN-amplified NB. This suggested that differentiation should decrease BMPR1A and increase BMPR1B expression. In agreement, nerve growth factor treatment of cultured sympathetic neurons decreased Bmpr1a expression and increased Bmpr1b expression. Overexpression of dominant negative BMPR1B, treatment with a BMPR1B inhibitor and treatment with GDF5, which signals via BMPR1B, showed that BMPR1B signalling is required for optimal neuritogenesis in NB cells, suggesting that loss of BMPR1B may alter neuritogenesis. The present study shows that expression of distinct BMPRs is associated with different survival outcomes in NB.
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13
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Xu Y, Ren C, Zhao X, Wang W, Zhang N. microRNA-132 inhibits osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells via GDF5 and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152722. [PMID: 31718857 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) could differentiate into osteoblasts and have a great prospect in treating bone diseases. microRNAs (miRs) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway have proved pivotal in regulating osteogenic differentiation. This study intended to discuss the mechanism of miR-132 and NF-κB in PDLSC osteogenesis. METHODS PDLSCs were firstly cultured, induced, and identified by detecting the surface markers and observing cell morphology. Levels of osteogenic markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic proteins 2 (BMP2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin (OCN), along with miR-132 expression were measured. The osteoblast activity and mineral deposition were detected by ALP and alizarin red S (ARS) stainings. The targeting relationship between miR-132 and growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) was verified. The gain-and loss-of-function was performed to discuss roles of miR-132 and GDF5 in osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Besides, levels of NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins were measured. RESULTS In osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, levels of ALP, BMP2, Runx2 and OCN were upregulated while miR-132 was downregulated. Overexpressing miR-132 reduced levels of osteogenic markers, osteoblast activity, ALP and ARS intensity and the activation of NF-κB axis. GDF5 is a target of miR-132 and GDF5 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of overexpressed miR-132 on PDLSC osteogenesis. CONCLUSION Together, miR-132 could inhibit PDLSC osteogenesis via targeting GDF5 and activating NF-κB axis. These data provide useful information for PDLSC application in periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - Chaochao Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of General Dentistry, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China.
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14
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Erice C, Calhan OY, Kisiswa L, Wyatt S, Davies AM. Regional Differences in the Contributions of TNF Reverse and Forward Signaling to the Establishment of Sympathetic Innervation. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:317-334. [PMID: 31004466 PMCID: PMC6563146 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Members of the TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies acting by both forward and reverse signaling are increasingly recognized as major physiological regulators of axon growth and tissue innervation in development. Studies of the experimentally tractable superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons and their targets have shown that only TNF reverse signaling, not forward signaling, is a physiological regulator of sympathetic innervation. Here, we compared SCG neurons and their targets with prevertebral ganglion (PVG) neurons and their targets. Whereas all SCG targets were markedly hypoinnervated in both TNF-deficient and TNFR1-deficient mice, PVG targets were not hypoinnervated in these mice and one PVG target, the spleen, was significantly hyperinnervated. These in vivo regional differences in innervation density were related to in vitro differences in the responses of SCG and PVG neurons to TNF reverse and forward signaling. Though TNF reverse signaling enhanced SCG axon growth, it did not affect PVG axon growth. Whereas activation of TNF forward signaling in PVG axons inhibited growth, TNF forward signaling could not be activated in SCG axons. These latter differences in the response of SCG and PVG axons to TNF forward signaling were related to TNFR1 expression, whereas PVG axons expressed TNFR1, SCG axons did not. These results show that both TNF reverse and forward signaling are physiological regulators of sympathetic innervation in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Erice
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
- Present address:
Sandra Rotman Centre for Global HealthUniversity Health Network: Toronto General HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - O. Yipkin Calhan
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
- Present address:
Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
| | - Sean Wyatt
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
| | - Alun M. Davies
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
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15
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Exposure to Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Increases the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Affected Offspring. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5557-5564. [PMID: 28975539 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is growing awareness that prenatal adversity may increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we examined the association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and ASD risk at 7 years of age using the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), a representative cohort of 13,192 children born in the UK from 2000 to 2001. We also sought to examine cytokine expression in the serum of women with pre-eclampsia, which is the most common HDP, and whether exposure of foetal neurons to this serum could change patterns of neuronal growth. HDP were reported by mothers 9 months post-delivery. ASD was parent reported at age seven, based on a doctor or health care professional's diagnosis. Weighted logistic regression was used for data analysis, adjusting for several potential confounders including maternal alcohol consumption, education, depression, age, and poverty status. Sensitivity analyses were performed excluding pre-term births, small for gestational age (SGA), and pre-pregnancy hypertension and depression. There was a significant association between HDP and a twofold increased risk of ASD (AOR = 2.10 [95% CI 1.20-3.70]). Excluding preterm births, SGA births, and offspring of women who had pre-pregnancy hypertension or over the age of 40 did not change the results materially. At the cellular level, exposure of foetal cortical neurons to 3% serum isolated from women with an established HDP increased neuronal growth and branching in vitro. These findings indicate that HDP exposure may increase the risk of ASD in the offspring.
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16
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Hegarty SV, Wyatt SL, Howard L, Stappers E, Huylebroeck D, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Zeb2 is a negative regulator of midbrain dopaminergic axon growth and target innervation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8568. [PMID: 28819210 PMCID: PMC5561083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural connectivity requires neuronal differentiation, axon growth, and precise target innervation. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum to regulate voluntary movement. While the specification and differentiation of these neurons have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms that regulate midbrain dopaminergic axon growth and target innervation are less clear. Here we show that the transcription factor Zeb2 cell-autonomously represses Smad signalling to limit midbrain dopaminergic axon growth and target innervation. Zeb2 levels are downregulated in the embryonic rodent midbrain during the period of dopaminergic axon growth, when BMP pathway components are upregulated. Experimental knockdown of Zeb2 leads to an increase in BMP-Smad-dependent axon growth. Consequently there is dopaminergic hyperinnervation of the striatum, without an increase in the numbers of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, in conditional Zeb2 (Nestin-Cre based) knockout mice. Therefore, these findings reveal a new mechanism for the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic axon growth during central nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean L Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Laura Howard
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Elke Stappers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Institute, UCC, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Institute, UCC, Cork, Ireland. .,The INFANT Centre, CUMH and UCC, Cork, Ireland.
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17
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Targeting bone morphogenetic protein signalling in midbrain dopaminergic neurons as a therapeutic approach in Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20170027. [PMID: 32714578 PMCID: PMC7373244 DOI: 10.1042/ns20170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and their axons, and aggregation of α-synuclein, which leads to motor and late-stage cognitive impairments. As the motor symptoms of PD are caused by the degeneration of a specific population of mDA neurons, PD lends itself to neurotrophic factor therapy. The goal of this therapy is to apply a neurotrophic factor that can slow down, halt or even reverse the progressive degeneration of mDA neurons. While the best known neurotrophic factors are members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, their lack of clinical efficacy to date means that it is important to continue to study other neurotrophic factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are naturally secreted proteins that play critical roles during nervous system development and in the adult brain. In this review, we provide an overview of the BMP ligands, BMP receptors (BMPRs) and their intracellular signalling effectors, the Smad proteins. We review the available evidence that BMP-Smad signalling pathways play an endogenous role in mDA neuronal survival in vivo, before outlining how exogenous application of BMPs exerts potent effects on mDA neuron survival and axon growth in vitro and in vivo. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects, before highlighting the potential of targeting the downstream effectors of BMP-Smad signalling as a novel neuroprotective approach to slow or stop the degeneration of mDA neurons in PD.
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18
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Robust gene expression changes in the ganglia following subclinical reactivation in rhesus macaques infected with simian varicella virus. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:520-538. [PMID: 28321697 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella during acute infection and establishes latency in the sensory ganglia. Reactivation of VZV results in herpes zoster, a debilitating and painful disease. It is believed that VZV reactivates due to a decline in cell-mediated immunity; however, the roles that CD4 versus CD8 T cells play in the prevention of herpes zoster remain poorly understood. To address this question, we used a well-characterized model of VZV infection where rhesus macaques are intrabronchially infected with the homologous simian varicella virus (SVV). Latently infected rhesus macaques were thymectomized and depleted of either CD4 or CD8 T cells to induce selective senescence of each T cell subset. After T cell depletion, the animals were transferred to a new housing room to induce stress. SVV reactivation (viremia in the absence of rash) was detected in three out of six CD8-depleted and two out of six CD4-depleted animals suggesting that both CD4 and CD8 T cells play a critical role in preventing SVV reactivation. Viral loads in multiple ganglia were higher in reactivated animals compared to non-reactivated animals. In addition, reactivation results in sustained transcriptional changes in the ganglia that enriched to gene ontology and diseases terms associated with neuronal function and inflammation indicative of potential damage as a result of viral reactivation. These studies support the critical role of cellular immunity in preventing varicella virus reactivation and indicate that reactivation results in long-lasting remodeling of the ganglia transcriptome.
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19
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Hegarty SV, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Protocol for evaluation of neurotrophic strategies in Parkinson's disease-related dopaminergic and sympathetic neurons in vitro. J Biol Methods 2016; 3:e50. [PMID: 31453215 PMCID: PMC6706149 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms which result from the progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal ventral midbrain (VM) dopaminergic (DA) neurons, as well as peripheral sympathetic neurons. PD is incurable, with current therapeutic strategies providing symptomatic relief. Neurotrophic factor (NTF) therapy has the potential to protect degenerating neurons in PD. However, there has been limited success in PD clinical trials due to neurotrophic strategies that are invasive, inefficient in delivering sustained neurotrophic support, do not protect all degenerating neurons and may have a compromised mechanism of action in the PD brain. Therefore, while neurotrophic therapy remains a promising disease-modifying approach for PD, it is important to identify novel neurotrophic strategies that can protect all neurons affected by PD. To address this need, we report an integrated approach for pre-clinical evaluation of potential neurotrophic strategies, e.g., pharmacological agents (e.g., drugs/small molecules), signaling proteins (e.g., morphogens) and/or genetic (gene/mRNA) modifications, in cellular models of the neuronal populations that are affected by PD. Herein, we describe, in detail, an in vitro protocol that allows a step-wise evaluation of the efficacy, and mechanism(s) of action, of novel neurotrophic strategies in VM DA neurons and sympathetic neurons, following an initial evaluation in a human cell line model of these cells, SH-SY5Y cells. The protocol uses the induction of neurite growth as the primary measure of neurotrophic action. Indeed, the neuro-protection/-restoration of PD-affected axons is widely thought to be an appropriate target for effective therapeutic intervention in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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20
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A Small Molecule Activator of p300/CBP Histone Acetyltransferase Promotes Survival and Neurite Growth in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:510-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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