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Carrillo-Sierra SM, Cárdenas-Cáceres L, Cadrazco-Urquijo JA, Salazar-Gómez AN, Rivera-Porras D, Bermúdez V. Psychological Therapies Used for the Reduction of Habitual Cigarette Smoking Cigarette Consumption: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:753. [PMID: 38929001 PMCID: PMC11203857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Globally, there are around 1.3 billion cigarette consumers, indicating it to be the second highest risk factor for early death and morbidity. Meanwhile, psychological therapy offers tools based on its different models and techniques, which can contribute to smoking cessation. In this context, this study gathers scientific evidence to identify psychological therapies that can be used to reduce cigarette consumption. A systematic review of controlled clinical studies was conducted, implementing the PRISMA methodology. Search queries were performed with terms extracted from MESH (Medical Subject Headings) and DECS (Descriptors in Health Sciences). Subsequently, the search was queried in the scientific databases of Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, and PsycNet, with subsequent verification of methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The selected documents revealed that cognitive behavioral therapy prevails due to its use and effectiveness in seven publications (25%). The cognitive approach with mindfulness therapy is found in 4 publications (14%), the transtheoretical model with motivational therapy in 4 publications (14%), brief psychological therapy in 3 publications (10%), and the remaining 10 documents (37%) correspond with others. Intervention studies refer to cognitive behavioral therapy as the most used in reducing cigarette consumption; in terms of the duration of abstinence, scientific evidence shows beneficial effects with short-term reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Milena Carrillo-Sierra
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - Lorena Cárdenas-Cáceres
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - John Anderson Cadrazco-Urquijo
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - Angie Natalia Salazar-Gómez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - Diego Rivera-Porras
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia;
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Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė E, Lomnicki S, Guo C. Impact of biochar, fertilizers and cultivation type on environmentally persistent free radicals in agricultural soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION 2022; 28:102755. [PMID: 38881717 PMCID: PMC11178321 DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been considered as emerging contaminants due to their detrimental effects on human health. The adverse health impacts are attributed to oxidative stress induced by EPFRs through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In soils, it may also increase the degradation process of polymeric organic matter and/or undesired organic pollutants through hydroxyl radical activity. The biochar pyrolysis process entails the thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the biomass, with the carbonization conditions and feedstock type facilitating the formation of EPFRs. When biochar is used to amend soil, these radicals may promote the formation of ROS, and thus influence the transformation of organic and inorganic contaminants in soil and impact the rhizosphere. Agricultural soils are being amended with biochar to mainly increase carbon content and facilitate the plant growing conditions. Therefore, agricultural soils may become a source of EPFRs. However, the fate and transformations of EPFRs in soils after biochar amendment are not well understood or studied. This paper presents the first (to our knowledge) studies of EPFRs behaviour in agricultural soil with different input of biochar, cultivation types and residence time period. Different cultivation types, addition of fertilisers and variation in biochar input, on the one hand, and presence of metals in soil, biochar and fertilizers, on the other hand, provide different conditions for EPFRs formation, accumulation and fate in agricultural soils. Two significant factors have been found to determine the fate of EPFRs in soil: transition metal content (particularly those in reaction available form) and cultivation level of soil. Cultivation significantly decreased presence of EPFRs, both carbon-centered and oxygen-centered, in relatively short periods of time, while metal presence (and particularly through fertilizer supplementation) increases the half-life of radicals and transforms organic matter to more oxygen-centered EPFRs. The amount of biochar addition plays a secondary role as the EPFRs content in the soils is in a longer term primarily controlled by the other two factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė
- Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VilniusTech), Saulėtekio al. 11, LT–10245, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Slawomir Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, 1251 Energy Coast & Environment Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Chuqi Guo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, 1251 Energy Coast & Environment Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
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Kirkok SK, Kibet JK, Okanga F, Kinyanjui T, Nyamori V. Mechanistic formation of hazardous molecular heterocyclic amines from high temperature pyrolysis of model biomass materials: cellulose and tyrosine. BMC Chem 2019; 13:126. [PMID: 31728453 PMCID: PMC6842190 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Research inventories on the co-pyrolysis of major biomass components such as cellulose with amino acid materials is scarce in literature despite the fact that such studies are critical in understanding toxic product relations from high temperature cooking, combustion of bio-fuels, cigarette smoking and forest fires. This paper explores, quantitatively, the yields of heterocyclic nitrogenated molecular reaction products of grave mutagenetic concern from the co-pyrolysis of model biomass materials; tyrosine and cellulose. Research has established that heterocyclic amines such as isocyanates are mutagens as well precursors for asthma, and other respiratory disorders. Methods An equimassic mixture of tyrosine and cellulose (50 ± 2 mg) by weight were pyrolyzed in a tubular quartz reactor in flowing nitrogen at 1 atm. Besides, varying combinations of tyrosine and cellulose in the ratios 3:1 and 1:3 were also explored for comparison. The reaction time was set at 2 s so as to simulate combustions events in nature. The pyrolysate was collected over 5 mL dichloromethane and characterized using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Results Evidently, it was noted that 1-methylindazole was released in high yields at 300 °C, constituting ~ 300 µg in the entire pyrolysis temperature range (200–700 °C). Nonetheless, isoindazole gave the highest yield ~ 730 µg while 1-naphthyl isocyanate gave a total yield of ~ 336 µg in the same temperature range. Remarkably, the change in char yield between 300 and 450 °C for the pyrolysis of 25% tyrosine in 75% cellulose was found to be ~ 48% whereas the change in char yield for the pyrolysis of 75% tyrosine in 25% cellulose was 49%. Conclusion The char and tar yields considered important residues of biomass burning have been reported in this study and found to be consistent with other research output in literature. The striking similarities of % yield of char across all temperatures for various combinations was the most significant observation in this investigation—char yield was independent of the mixing ratio during pyrolysis. From a mechanistic standpoint, it was noted that tyrosine inhibited cellulose based nitrogenated products. Thus N-products dominated the O-products.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Kirkok
- 1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, P.O Box 536, Nakuru, 20115 Kenya
| | - Joshua K Kibet
- 1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, P.O Box 536, Nakuru, 20115 Kenya
| | - Francis Okanga
- 1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, P.O Box 536, Nakuru, 20115 Kenya
| | - Thomas Kinyanjui
- 1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, P.O Box 536, Nakuru, 20115 Kenya
| | - Vincent Nyamori
- 2School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
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Kibet JK, Jebet A, Kinyanjui T. Molecular oxygenates from the thermal degradation of tobacco and material characterization of tobacco char. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mosonik BC, Kibet JK, Ngari SM, Nyamori VO. Environmentally persistent free radicals and particulate emissions from the thermal degradation of Croton megalocarpus biodiesel. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24807-24817. [PMID: 29926331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of biodiesel at high temperatures may result in the formation of transient and stable free radicals immobilized on particulate emissions. Consequently, free radicals adsorbed on particulates are believed to be precursors for health-related illnesses such as cancer, cardiac arrest, and oxidative stress. This study explores the nature of free radicals and particulate emissions generated when Croton megalocarpus biodiesel is pyrolyzed at 600 °C in an inert environment of flowing nitrogen at a residence time of 0.5 s at 1 atm. The surface morphology of thermal emissions were imaged using a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG SEM) while the radical characteristics were investigated using an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (EPR). A g-value of 2.0024 associated with a narrow ∆Hp-p of 3.65 G was determined. The decay rate constant for the radicals was low (1.86 × 10-8 s-1) while the half-life was long ≈ 431 days. The observed EPR characterization of Croton megalocarpus thermal particulates revealed the existence of free radicals typical of those found in coal. The low g-value and low decay rate constant suggests that the free radicals in particulates are possibly carbon-centered. The mechanistic channel for the formation of croton char from model biodiesel component (9-dodecenoic acid, methyl ester) has been proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bornes C Mosonik
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536 -20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Joshua K Kibet
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536 -20115, Egerton, Kenya.
| | - Silas M Ngari
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536 -20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Vincent O Nyamori
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Kibet JK, Mosonik BC, Nyamori VO, Ngari SM. Free radicals and ultrafine particulate emissions from the co-pyrolysis of Croton megalocarpus biodiesel and fossil diesel. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:89. [PMID: 30088167 PMCID: PMC6081488 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The atmosphere has become a major transport corridor for free radicals and particulate matter from combustion events. The motivation behind this study was to determine the nature of particulate emissions and surface bound radicals formed during the thermal degradation of diesel blends in order to assess the health and environmental hazards of binary transport fuels. METHODOLOGY Accordingly, this contribution explored the interactions that occur when Croton megalocarpus biodiesel and fossil diesel in the ratio of 1:1 by weight were co-pyrolyzed in a quartz reactor at a residence time of 0.5 s under an inert flow of nitrogen at 600 °C. The surface morphology of the thermal char formed were imaged using a Feld emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG SEM) while Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (EPR) was used to explore the presence of free radicals on the surface of thermal char. Molecular functional groups adsorbed on the surface of thermal char were explored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). RESULTS FTIR spectrum showed that the major functional groups on the surface of the char were basically aromatic and some methylene groups. The particulate emissions detected in this work were ultrafine (~ 32 nm). The particulates are consistent with the SEM images observed in this study. Electron paramagnetic resonance results gave a g-value of 2.0027 characteristic of carbon-based radicals of aromatic nature. Spectral peak-to-peak width (∆Hp-p) obtained was narrow (4.42 G). CONCLUSIONS The free radicals identified as carbon-based are medically notorious and may be transported by various sizes of particulate matter on to the surface of the human lung which may trigger cancer and pulmonary diseases. The nanoparticulates determined in this work can precipitate severe biological health problems among humans and other natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Kibet
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Bornes C. Mosonik
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Kabaraka University, Private Bag, Kabarak, Kenya
| | - Vincent O. Nyamori
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Silas M. Ngari
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
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