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El-Abassy OM, Maged K, El-Henawee MM, Abd El-Hay SS. Development of eco-friendly spectrophotometric methods for analysis of metformin hydrochloride and linagliptin in presence of metformin toxic impurity in their pure and dosage forms: Validation, practicality and greenness studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123844. [PMID: 38198995 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Metformin is considered as type 2 diabetes first line treatment according to American Diabetes Association and European Association. But, in some cases, di- or tri - therapy should be prescribed for glycemic management, prevention of the maximum dose side effects and induced effectiveness. Co-administration of Linagliptin with metformin has many benefits on diabetic patients such as decrease the possibility of hypoglycemia. For the first time, novel and reliable techniques were developed and verified for the concurrent quantification of metformin hydrochloride and linagliptin, while accounting for the existence of metformin toxic impurity 1-cyanoguanidine in their pure and dosage forms. Method (A) utilizes the zero-order spectrophotometric approach to quantitatively determine the concentration of linagliptin. The measurements are performed at a wavelength of 295 nm. The double divisor derivative ratio spectrophotometric method is used in Method (B) to measure the amounts of metformin and cyanoguanidine at 252 nm and 219 nm wavelengths, respectively. The spectrophotometric method (C) for determining metformin and cyanoguanidine at 252 nm and 223 nm, respectively, is based on the single divisor derivative ratio-zero crossing technique. The obtained findings were subjected to statistical comparison with the reported method, revealing no statistically significant differences. The Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness Metric approach (AGREE) determined that these approaches had a high degree of environmental friendliness. Additionally, the proposed strategy was deemed to be practical according to the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M El-Abassy
- Egyptian Russian University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Khaled Maged
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Areesh, Egypt
| | - Magda M El-Henawee
- PharmaceuticalAnalytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Soad S Abd El-Hay
- PharmaceuticalAnalytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Bello SO, Imam MU, Bello MB, Yunusa A, Ahmed Adamu A, Shuaibu A, Igumbor EU, Habib ZG, Popoola MA, Ochu CL, Yahaya Bello A, Deeni YY, Okoye I. Erythromycin, retapamulin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and ivermectin inhibit cytopathic effect, papain-like protease, and M PRO enzymes of SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1273982. [PMID: 38089816 PMCID: PMC10711598 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1273982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although tremendous success has been achieved in the development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines, developing effective therapeutics for the treatment of those who do come down with the disease has been with limited success. To repurpose existing drugs for COVID-19, we previously showed, qualitatively, that erythromycin, retapamulin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and ivermectin inhibit SARS-COV-2-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in Vero cells. Aim This study aimed to quantitatively explore the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2-induced CPE by erythromycin, retapamulin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and ivermectin and to determine the effect of these drugs on SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease and 3CL protease (MPRO) enzymes. Methods Neutral red (3-amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methyl-phenazine hydrochloride) cell viability assay was used to quantify CPE after infecting pre-treated Vero cells with clinical SARS-Cov-2 isolates. Furthermore, SensoLyte® 520 SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease and SensoLyte® 520 SARS-CoV-2 MPRO activity assay kits were used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the drugs on the respective enzymes. Results Erythromycin, retapamulin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and ivermectin dose-dependently inhibit SARS-CoV-2-induced CPE in Vero cells, with inhibitory concentration-50 (IC50) values of 3.27 µM, 4.23 µM, 9.29 µM, 3.19 µM, and 84.31 µM, respectively. Furthermore, erythromycin, retapamulin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and ivermectin dose-dependently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease with IC50 values of 0.94 µM, 0.88 µM, 1.14 µM, 1.07 µM, and 1.51 µM, respectively, and inhibited the main protease (MPRO) with IC50 values of 1.35 µM, 1.25 µM, 7.36 µM, 1.15 µM, and 2.44 µM, respectively. Conclusion The IC50 for all the drugs, except ivermectin, was at the clinically achievable plasma concentration in humans, which supports a possible role for the drugs in the management of COVID-19. The lack of inhibition of CPE by ivermectin at clinical concentrations could be part of the explanation for its lack of effectiveness in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaibu Oricha Bello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Nigerian COVID-19 Research Coalition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Institute, Lagos, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha Umar Imam
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Bashir Bello
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Abdulmajeed Yunusa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Ahmed Adamu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Abdulmalik Shuaibu
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Ehimario Uche Igumbor
- Nigerian COVID-19 Research Coalition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Institute, Lagos, Nigeria
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zaiyad Garba Habib
- Nigerian COVID-19 Research Coalition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Institute, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha Ayodele Popoola
- Nigerian COVID-19 Research Coalition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Institute, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe Lucia Ochu
- Nigerian COVID-19 Research Coalition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Institute, Lagos, Nigeria
- Nigerian Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Aishatu Yahaya Bello
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Yahaya Deeni
- Nigerian COVID-19 Research Coalition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Institute, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
- Centre for Environmental and Public Health Research and Development, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Okoye
- University of Nigeria Centre for Clinical Trials, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
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