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Liang Y, Ji W, Sun X, Hao Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang W, Bai Y, Qin X, Luo H, Yao B, Su X, Huang H. Production of cello-oligosaccharides from corncob residue by degradation-synthesis reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:13. [PMID: 38170309 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The cellulose-rich corncob residue (CCR) is an abundant and renewable agricultural biomass that has been under-exploited. In this study, two strategies were compared for their ability to transform CCR into cello-oligosaccharides (COS). The first strategy employed the use of endo-glucanases. Although selected endo-glucanases from GH9, GH12, GH45, and GH131 could release COS with degrees of polymerization from 2 to 4, the degrading efficiency was low. For the second strategy, first, CCR was efficiently depolymerized to glucose and cellobiose using the cellulase from Trichoderma reesei. Then, using these simple sugars and sucrose as the starting materials, phosphorylases from different microorganisms were combined to generate COS to a level up to 100.3 g/L with different patterns and degrees of polymerization. Using tomato as a model plant, the representative COS obtained from BaSP (a sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium adolescens), CuCbP (a cellobiose phosphorylase from Cellulomonas uda), and CcCdP (a cellodextrin phosphorylase from Clostridium cellulosi) were shown to be able to promote plant growth. The current study pointed to an approach to make use of CCR for production of the value-added COS. KEY POINTS: • Sequential use of cellulase and phosphorylases effectively generated cello-oligosaccharides from corncob residue. • Cello-oligosaccharides patterns varied in accordance to cellobiose/cellodextrin phosphorylases. • Spraying cello-oligosaccharides promoted tomato growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhe Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wangli Ji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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2
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Zwolschen JW, Vos AP, Ariëns RMC, Schols HA. In vitro batch fermentation of (un)saturated homogalacturonan oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121789. [PMID: 38286556 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Pectin, predominantly present within plant cell walls, is a dietary fiber that potentially induces distinct health effects depending on its molecular structure. Such structure-dependent health effects of pectin-derived galacturonic acid oligosaccharides (GalA-OS) are yet largely unknown. This study describes the influence of methyl-esterification and ∆4,5-unsaturation of GalA-OS through defined sets of GalA-OS made from pectin using defined pectinases, on the fermentability by individual fecal inocula. The metabolite production, OS utilization, quantity and size, methyl-esterification and saturation of remaining GalA-OS were monitored during the fermentation of GalA-OS. Fermentation of all GalA-OS predominantly induced the production of acetate, butyrate and propionate. Metabolization of unsaturated GalA-OS (uGalA-OS) significantly increased butyrate formation compared to saturated GalA-OS (satGalA-OS), while satGalA-OS significantly increased propionate formation. Absence of methyl-esters within GalA-OS improved substrate metabolization during the first 18 h of fermentation (99 %) compared to their esterified analogues (51 %). Furthermore, HPAEC and HILIC-LC-MS revealed accumulation of specific methyl-esterified GalA-OS, confirming that methyl-esterification delays fermentation. Fermentation of structurally distinct GalA-OS results in donor specific microbiota composition with uGalA-OS specifically stimulating the butyrate-producer Clostridium Butyricum. This study concludes that GalA-OS fermentation induces highly structure-dependent changes in the gut microbiota, further expanding their potential use as prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Zwolschen
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A P Vos
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R M C Ariëns
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H A Schols
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Liu X, Hu KKY, Haritos VS. Enzymatic production of cello-oligosaccharides with potential human prebiotic activity and release of polyphenols from grape marc. Food Chem 2024; 435:137562. [PMID: 37778264 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Grape marc, the main winemaking byproduct, is an excellent source of bioactive polyphenols, such as anthocyanins, resveratrol and quercetin. An enzyme-catalysed treatment of marc was developed using endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase to release polyphenol O-glucosides and simultaneously generate the optimal concentration of water-soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS), including cellopentaose, cellotriose, and cellobiose from the marc matrix. The prebiotic properties of marc hydrolysate rich in COS was assessed using human probiotic monocultures of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains, and invitro human faecal fermentation. The COS-rich hydrolysate showed excellent prebiotic effect in both studies, successfully supporting the growth of beneficial probiotic strains, and was highly fermentable by faecal microbiota producing gas and short chain fatty acids. Acetate and propionate production were the highest when faecal bacteria fermented COS-rich solution compared with standard substrates. For the first time, COS was shown to be fermented by faecal microbiota, demonstrating the potential benefits of valorised grape marc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kevin K Y Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Victoria S Haritos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Patra M, Das D, Dey S, Koschella A, Heinze T. Structural and chemical insights into the prebiotic property of hemicellulosic polysaccharide from Santalum album L. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121291. [PMID: 37739501 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose was extracted by alkali treatment of de-pectinated cell wall material of Santalum album L. (sandalwood) suspension culture cells. The physicochemical properties and prebiotic activities of a purified major fraction of Hemicellulose-B, termed as HB-I, were investigated. GC analysis of hydrolyzed and derivatized HB-I showed the presence of arabinose (~64 %), galactose (~16 %) and glucose (~16 %) as major monosaccharide units along with minor amount of rhamnose. Methylation and NMR studies on the purified polysaccharide revealed the presence of 6-β-d-Glcp, β-d-Galp, 3,5-α-l-Araf, α-l-Araf, 5-α-l-Araf, 2,3-α-l-Araf and, α-l-Rhap residues, from which a proposed structure of repeating units was established. The growth of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. strains L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus was promoted while that of Escherichia coli was suppressed significantly in presence of HB-I. Our results highlight valorization of sandalwood biomass and explore the role of mixed α, β-linked heteroglycan as a potential prebiotic molecule thus indicating the possibility of development of low-cost bioprocesses for production of functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Patra
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Debsankar Das
- Department of Chemistry, Prabhat Kumar College, Contai, Purba Medinipur 721404, West Bengal, India.
| | - Satyahari Dey
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Andreas Koschella
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Yuansah SC, Laga A, Pirman. Production Strategy of Functional Oligosaccharides from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Enzymatic Process: A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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6
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Ávila PF, de Mélo AH, Goldbeck R. Cello-oligosaccharides production from multi-stage enzymatic hydrolysis by lignocellulosic biomass and evaluation of prebiotic potential. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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7
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Schwaiger KN, Nidetzky B. Continuous process technology for bottom-up synthesis of soluble cello-oligosaccharides by immobilized cells co-expressing three saccharide phosphorylases. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:265. [PMID: 36536394 PMCID: PMC9764710 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous processing with enzyme reuse is a well-known engineering strategy to enhance the efficiency of biocatalytic transformations for chemical synthesis. In one-pot multistep reactions, continuous processing offers the additional benefit of ensuring constant product quality via control of the product composition. Bottom-up production of cello-oligosaccharides (COS) involves multistep iterative β-1,4-glycosylation of glucose from sucrose catalyzed by sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium adeloscentis (BaScP), cellobiose phosphorylase from Cellulomonas uda (CuCbP) and cellodextrin phosphorylase from Clostridium cellulosi (CcCdP). Degree of polymerization (DP) control in the COS product is essential for soluble production and is implemented through balance of the oligosaccharide priming and elongation rates. A whole-cell E. coli catalyst co-expressing the phosphorylases in high yield and in the desired activity ratio, with CdP as the rate-limiting enzyme, was reported previously. RESULTS Freeze-thaw permeabilized E. coli cells were immobilized in polyacrylamide (PAM) at 37-111 mg dry cells/g material. PAM particles (0.25-2.00 mm size) were characterized for COS production (~ 70 g/L) in mixed vessel with catalyst recycle and packed-bed reactor set-ups. The catalyst exhibited a dry mass-based overall activity (270 U/g; 37 mg cells/g material) lowered by ~ 40% compared to the corresponding free cells due to individual enzyme activity loss, CbP in particular, caused by the immobilization. Temperature studies revealed an operational optimum at 30 °C for stable continuous reaction (~ 1 month) in the packed bed (volume: 40 mL; height: 7.5 cm). The optimum reflects the limits of PAM catalyst structural and biological stability in combination with the requirement to control COS product solubility in order to prevent clogging of the packed bed. Using an axial flow rate of 0.75 cm- 1, the COS were produced at ~ 5.7 g/day and ≥ 95% substrate conversion (sucrose 300 mM). The product stream showed a stable composition of individual oligosaccharides up to cellohexaose, with cellobiose (48 mol%) and cellotriose (31 mol%) as the major components. CONCLUSIONS Continuous process technology for bottom-up biocatalytic production of soluble COS is demonstrated based on PAM immobilized E. coli cells that co-express BaScP, CuCbP and CcCdP in suitable absolute and relative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina N. Schwaiger
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Noguchi T, Nishiyama R, Shimokawa T, Yamada K, Kagawa Y. Simultaneous production of cellobiose and xylobiose from alkali-treated bagasse using cellulase secreted by Fe-ion-irradiated Trichoderma reesei mutant. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:491-495. [PMID: 36220721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose and xylobiose are disaccharides composed of two glucose or xylose units with β-1,4 linkages. This study aimed to isolate a Trichoderma reesei mutant that lacks β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities for the simultaneous production of these disaccharides. Mutagenesis using Fe-ion beam resulted in a mutant strain, T. reesei T1640; the cellulase production in this strain was as high as that in the parent strain. Genomic analysis revealed that T1640 lost both the β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities owing to the translocation of the responsible genes. Hydrolysis of alkali-treated bagasse using the enzymes from T1640 leads to high yields (365 mg/g-biomass) and ratios (72.7% of the total sugars) of cellobiose and xylobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Noguchi
- New Frontiers Research Laboratory, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nishiyama
- New Frontiers Research Laboratory, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimokawa
- National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushige Yamada
- New Frontiers Research Laboratory, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kagawa
- New Frontiers Research Laboratory, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan.
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Kuthiala T, Thakur K, Sharma D, Singh G, Khatri M, Arya SK. The eco-friendly approach of cocktail enzyme in agricultural waste treatment: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1956-1974. [PMID: 35500773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural development over the past decade has majorly contributed to the world's bioeconomy, but is the rise in agricultural activities just resulting in the best? Farming, food processing, livestock handling and other agro-based actions show an incremental rise in environmental deterioration by generating millions of tonnes of organic and inorganic solid waste across the globe. Incautious waste handling practices (incineration and landfilling) is resulting in greenhouse gas emissions, land pollution, groundwater contamination, soil erosion and chronic health hazards. Lately the concept of bioconversion has gained importance in valorising agro-waste (lignocellulosic biomasses) into value added products like biofuels, biogas, single cell proteins and biochar to effectively control waste and reduce the dependency on non-renewable feedstocks (fossil fuels). Biomass hydrolysis via enzymes is improved in terms of cost, efficiency, catalysis, stability and specificity by enrolling the use of enzyme cocktails to synergistically degrade lignocellulose into monomeric sugars and further into valued products. Enzyme blends like that of Xylanase + Pectinase + Cellulase shows 76.5% fermentation within 30 h by using banana peel as substrate for biofuel production. Other sectors like paper industries have also explored the use of enzyme blends of Xylanase + Pectinase + α-amylase + Protease+ lipase for bio-bleaching showing reduction in 50% chemical usage and 19.5% kappa number with adjacent increase in tensile strength by 23.55%. The scope of the present review is to highlight the technicalities of the concepts mentioned above, include qualitative data from different relatable studies and prove how the use of enzyme cocktails is an eco-friendly approach towards agro-waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Kuthiala
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - Kritika Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - Dharini Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - Gursharan Singh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Madhu Khatri
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA.
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Schwaiger KN, Voit A, Wiltschi B, Nidetzky B. Engineering cascade biocatalysis in whole cells for bottom-up synthesis of cello-oligosaccharides: flux control over three enzymatic steps enables soluble production. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:61. [PMID: 35397553 PMCID: PMC8994397 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS, β-1,4-D-gluco-oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization DP 2-6) have been receiving increased attention in different industrial sectors, from food and feed to cosmetics. Development of large-scale COS applications requires cost-effective technologies for their production. Cascade biocatalysis by the three enzymes sucrose-, cellobiose- and cellodextrin phosphorylase is promising because it enables bottom-up synthesis of COS from expedient substrates such as sucrose and glucose. A whole-cell-derived catalyst that incorporates the required enzyme activities from suitable co-expression would represent an important step towards making the cascade reaction fit for production. Multi-enzyme co-expression to reach distinct activity ratios is challenging in general, but it requires special emphasis for the synthesis of COS. Only a finely tuned balance between formation and elongation of the oligosaccharide precursor cellobiose results in the desired COS. RESULTS Here, we show the integration of cellodextrin phosphorylase into a cellobiose-producing whole-cell catalyst. We arranged the co-expression cassettes such that their expression levels were upregulated. The most effective strategy involved a custom vector design that placed the coding sequences for cellobiose phosphorylase (CbP), cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP) and sucrose phosphorylase (ScP) in a tricistron in the given order. The expression of the tricistron was controlled by the strong T7lacO promoter and strong ribosome binding sites (RBS) for each open reading frame. The resulting whole-cell catalyst achieved a recombinant protein yield of 46% of total intracellular protein in an optimal ScP:CbP:CdP activity ratio of 10:2.9:0.6, yielding an overall activity of 315 U/g dry cell mass. We demonstrated that bioconversion catalyzed by a semi-permeabilized whole-cell catalyst achieved an industrial relevant COS product titer of 125 g/L and a space-time yield of 20 g/L/h. With CbP as the cellobiose providing enzyme, flux into higher oligosaccharides (DP ≥ 6) was prevented and no insoluble products were formed after 6 h of conversion. CONCLUSIONS A whole-cell catalyst for COS biosynthesis was developed. The coordinated co-expression of the three biosynthesis enzymes balanced the activities of the individual enzymes such that COS production was maximized. With the flux control set to minimize the share of insolubles in the product, the whole-cell synthesis shows a performance with respect to yield, productivity, product concentration and quality that is promising for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina N. Schwaiger
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alena Voit
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
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11
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Steering the formation of cellobiose and oligosaccharides during enzymatic hydrolysis of asparagus fibre. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Emerging trends of microbial technology for the production of oligosaccharides from biowaste and their potential application as prebiotic. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 368:109610. [PMID: 35278799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Karnaouri A, Chorozian K, Zouraris D, Karantonis A, Topakas E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases as powerful tools in enzymatically assisted preparation of nano-scaled cellulose from lignocellulose: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126491. [PMID: 34871721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose, either in the form of fibers or crystals, constitutes a renewable, biobased, biocompatible material with advantageous mechanical properties that can be isolated from lignocellulosic biomass. Enzyme-assisted isolation of nanocellulose is an attractive, environmentally friendly approach that leads to products of higher quality compared to their chemically prepared counterparts. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are enzymes that oxidatively cleave the β-1,4-glycosidic bond of polysaccharides upon activation of O2 or H2O2 and presence of an electron donor. Their use for treatment of cellulose fibers towards the preparation of nano-scaled cellulose is related to the ability of LPMOs to create nicking points on the fiber surface, thus facilitating fiber disruption and separation. The aim of this review is to describe the mode of action of LPMOs on cellulose fibers towards the isolation of nanostructures, thus highlighting their great potential for the production of nanocellulose as a novel value added product from lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Koar Chorozian
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zouraris
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Karantonis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Saini R, Patel AK, Saini JK, Chen CW, Varjani S, Singhania RR, Di Dong C. Recent advancements in prebiotic oligomers synthesis via enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioengineered 2022; 13:2139-2172. [PMID: 35034543 PMCID: PMC8973729 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2023801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in functional food, such as non-digestible prebiotic oligosaccharides is increasing day by day and their production is shifting toward sustainable manufacturing. Due to the presence of high carbohydrate content, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is the most-potential, cost-effective and sustainable substrate for production of many useful products, including lignocellulose-derived prebiotic oligosaccharides (LDOs). These have the same worthwhile properties as other common oligosaccharides, such as short chain carbohydrates digestible to the gut flora but not to humans mainly due to their resistance to the low pH and high temperature and their demand is constantly increasing mainly due to increased awareness about their potential health benefits. Despite several advantages over the thermo-chemical route of synthesis, comprehensive and updated information on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to prebiotic oligomers via controlled enzymatic saccharification is not available in the literature. Thus, the main objective of this review is to highlight recent advancements in enzymatic synthesis of LDOs, current challenges, and future prospects of sustainably producing prebiotic oligomers via enzymatic hydrolysis of LCB substrates. Enzyme reaction engineering practices, custom-made enzyme preparations, controlled enzymatic hydrolysis, and protein engineering approaches have been discussed with regard to their applications in sustainable synthesis of lignocellulose-derived oligosaccharide prebiotics. An overview of scale-up aspects and market potential of LDOs has also been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Saini
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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15
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Yue P, Hu Y, Tian R, Bian J, Peng F. Hydrothermal pretreatment for the production of oligosaccharides: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126075. [PMID: 34606922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are low-molecular-weight carbohydrates with crucial physical, chemical, and physiological properties, which are increasingly important in the fields of food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biomedicine. Pretreating biomass in a cost-effective way is a significant challenge for oligosaccharides research. Hydrothermal pretreatment is a potentially eco-friendly technology to obtain oligosaccharides by deconstructing biomass. In this work, we compared the differences between hydrothermal pretreatment and the traditional pretreatment method. The fundamentals and classification of hydrothermal pretreatment, as well as the latest studies on hydrothermal preparation of oligosaccharides, were further reviewed and evaluated to provide a theoretical basis for the production and application of oligosaccharides. Some challenges and future trends to develop green and large-scale hydrothermal pretreatment were proposed for the production of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Yue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Rui Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jing Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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16
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Sabater C, Calvete-Torre I, Villamiel M, Moreno FJ, Margolles A, Ruiz L. Vegetable waste and by-products to feed a healthy gut microbiota: Current evidence, machine learning and computational tools to design novel microbiome-targeted foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Usyskin-Tonne A, Hadar Y, Minz D. Spike Formation Is a Turning Point Determining Wheat Root Microbiome Abundance, Structures and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11948. [PMID: 34769377 PMCID: PMC8585012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Root selection of their associated microbiome composition and activities is determined by the plant's developmental stage and distance from the root. Total gene abundance, structure and functions of root-associated and rhizospheric microbiomes were studied throughout wheat growth season under field conditions. On the root surface, abundance of the well-known wheat colonizers Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria decreased and increased, respectively, during spike formation, whereas abundance of Bacteroidetes was independent of spike formation. Metagenomic analysis combined with functional co-occurrence networks revealed a significant impact of plant developmental stage on its microbiome during the transition from vegetative growth to spike formation. For example, gene functions related to biofilm and sensorial movement, antibiotic production and resistance and carbons and amino acids and their transporters. Genes associated with these functions were also in higher abundance in root vs. the rhizosphere microbiome. We propose that abundance of transporter-encoding genes related to carbon and amino acid, may mirror the availability and utilization of root exudates. Genes related to antibiotic resistance mechanisms were abundant during vegetative growth, while after spike formation, genes related to the biosynthesis of various antibiotics were enriched. This observation suggests that during root colonization and biofilm formation, bacteria cope with competitor's antibiotics, whereas in the mature biofilm stage, they invest in inhibiting new colonizers. Additionally, there is higher abundance of genes related to denitrification in rhizosphere compared to root-associated microbiome during wheat growth, possibly due to competition with the plant over nitrogen in the root vicinity. We demonstrated functional and phylogenetic division in wheat root zone microbiome in both time and space: pre- and post-spike formation, and root-associated vs. rhizospheric niches. These findings shed light on the dynamics of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in the developing root zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Usyskin-Tonne
- Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Research Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Dror Minz
- Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Research Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
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18
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Thermostable cellulose saccharifying microbial enzymes: Characteristics, recent advances and biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:226-244. [PMID: 34371052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellulases play a promising role in the bioconversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars which are subsequently fermented to biofuels and other value-added chemicals. Besides biofuel industries, they are also in huge demand in textile, detergent, and paper and pulp industries. Low titres of cellulase production and processing are the main issues that contribute to high enzyme cost. The success of ethanol-based biorefinery depends on high production titres and the catalytic efficiency of cellulases functional at elevated temperatures with acid/alkali tolerance and the low cost. In view of their wider application in various industrial processes, stable cellulases that are active at elevated temperatures in the acidic-alkaline pH ranges, and organic solvents and salt tolerance would be useful. This review provides a recent update on the advances made in thermostable cellulases. Developments in their sources, characteristics and mechanisms are updated. Various methods such as rational design, directed evolution, synthetic & system biology and immobilization techniques adopted in evolving cellulases with ameliorated thermostability and characteristics are also discussed. The wide range of applications of thermostable cellulases in various industrial sectors is described.
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Klimacek M, Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Kinetic modeling of phosphorylase-catalyzed iterative β-1,4-glycosylation for degree of polymerization-controlled synthesis of soluble cello-oligosaccharides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:134. [PMID: 34112242 PMCID: PMC8194188 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP; EC 2.4.1.49) catalyzes the iterative β-1,4-glycosylation of cellobiose using α-D-glucose 1-phosphate as the donor substrate. Cello-oligosaccharides (COS) with a degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 6 are soluble while those of larger DP self-assemble into solid cellulose material. The soluble COS have attracted considerable attention for their use as dietary fibers that offer a selective prebiotic function. An efficient synthesis of soluble COS requires good control over the DP of the products formed. A mathematical model of the iterative enzymatic glycosylation would be important to facilitate target-oriented process development. RESULTS A detailed time-course analysis of the formation of COS products from cellobiose (25 mM, 50 mM) and α-D-glucose 1-phosphate (10-100 mM) was performed using the CdP from Clostridium cellulosi. A mechanism-based, Michaelis-Menten type mathematical model was developed to describe the kinetics of the iterative enzymatic glycosylation of cellobiose. The mechanistic model was combined with an empirical description of the DP-dependent self-assembly of the COS into insoluble cellulose. The hybrid model thus obtained was used for kinetic parameter determination from time-course fits performed with constraints derived from initial rate data. The fitted hybrid model provided excellent description of the experimental dynamics of the COS in the DP range 3-6 and also accounted for the insoluble product formation. The hybrid model was suitable to disentangle the complex relationship between the process conditions used (i.e., substrate concentration, donor/acceptor ratio, reaction time) and the reaction output obtained (i.e., yield and composition of soluble COS). Model application to a window-of-operation analysis for the synthesis of soluble COS was demonstrated on the example of a COS mixture enriched in DP 4. CONCLUSIONS The hybrid model of CdP-catalyzed iterative glycosylation is an important engineering tool to study and optimize the biocatalytic synthesis of soluble COS. The kinetic modeling approach used here can be of a general interest to be applied to other iteratively catalyzed enzymatic reactions of synthetic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (Acib), Graz, Austria.
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20
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Zerva A, Chorozian K, Kritikou AS, Thomaidis NS, Topakas E. β-Glucosidase and β-Galactosidase-Mediated Transglycosylation of Steviol Glycosides Utilizing Industrial Byproducts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:685099. [PMID: 34178968 PMCID: PMC8220073 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.685099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant cultivated worldwide due to its use as a sweetener. The sweet taste of stevia is attributed to its numerous steviol glycosides, however, their use is still limited, due to their bitter aftertaste. The transglycosylation of steviol glycosides, aiming at the improvement of their taste, has been reported for many enzymes, however, glycosyl hydrolases are not extensively studied in this respect. In the present study, a β-glucosidase, MtBgl3a, and a β-galactosidase, TtbGal1, have been applied in the transglycosylation of two steviol glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A. The maximum conversion yields were 34.6 and 33.1% for stevioside, while 25.6 and 37.6% were obtained for rebaudioside A conversion by MtBgl3a and TtbGal1, respectively. Low-cost industrial byproducts were employed as sugar donors, such as cellulose hydrolyzate and acid whey for TtbGal1- and MtBgl3a- mediated bioconversion, respectively. LC-HRMS analysis identified the formation of mono- and di- glycosylated products from stevioside and rebaudioside A. Overall, the results of the present work indicate that both biocatalysts can be exploited for the design of a cost-effective process for the modification of steviol glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zerva
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Koar Chorozian
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia S Kritikou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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21
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Rajan K, D’Souza DH, Kim K, Choi JM, Elder T, Carrier DJ, Labbé N. Production and Characterization of High Value Prebiotics From Biorefinery-Relevant Feedstocks. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675314. [PMID: 33995339 PMCID: PMC8116503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicellulose, a structural polysaccharide and often underutilized co-product stream of biorefineries, could be used to produce prebiotic ingredients with novel functionalities. Since hot water pre-extraction is a cost-effective strategy for integrated biorefineries to partially fractionate hemicellulose and improve feedstock quality and performance for downstream operations, the approach was applied to process switchgrass (SG), hybrid poplar (HP), and southern pine (SP) biomass at 160°C for 60 min. As a result, different hemicellulose-rich fractions were generated and the chemical characterization studies showed that they were composed of 76-91% of glucan, xylan, galactan, arabinan, and mannan oligosaccharides. The hot water extracts also contained minor concentrations of monomeric sugars (≤18%), phenolic components (≤1%), and other degradation products (≤3%), but were tested for probiotic activity without any purification. When subjected to batch fermentations by individual cultures of Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bacteroides fragilis, the hemicellulosic hydrolysates elicited varied responses. SG hydrolysates induced the highest cell count in L. casei at 8.6 log10 cells/ml, whereas the highest cell counts for B. fragilis and B. bifidum were obtained with southern pine (5.8 log10 cells/ml) and HP hydrolysates (6.4 log10 cells/ml), respectively. The observed differences were attributed to the preferential consumption of mannooligosaccharides in SP hydrolysates by B. fragilis. Lactobacillus casei preferentially consumed xylooligosaccharides in the switchgrass and southern pine hydrolysates, whereas B. bifidum consumed galactose in the hybrid poplar hydrolysates. Thus, this study (1) reveals the potential to produce prebiotic ingredients from biorefinery-relevant lignocellulosic biomass, and (2) demonstrates how the chemical composition of hemicellulose-derived sources could regulate the viability and selective proliferation of probiotic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalavathy Rajan
- Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Doris H. D’Souza
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Keonhee Kim
- Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Joseph Moon Choi
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Thomas Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Danielle Julie Carrier
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Nicole Labbé
- Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
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22
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Cello-oligosaccharides production from lignocellulosic biomass and their emerging prebiotic applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:73. [PMID: 33779851 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cello-oligosaccharides (COS) are linear oligosaccharides composed of β-1,4-linked glucopyranose units. They comprise a group of important new oligosaccharides of significant interest and potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and feed industries, currently emerging as potential prebiotic compounds. COS from lignocellulosic biomass, specifically the agro-industrial residues and by-products of the forestry industry, constitute a new attractive process that imposes the sustainable use of biomass resources. Two main strategies have been used for the production of COS: acid-based and enzyme-based cellulose hydrolysis. The latter has been considered more attractive due to the use of milder reaction conditions and less production of monomers. This review summarizes that although COS is emerging as a potential prebiotic with also other potential applications, there is a lack of information regarding the large-scale production, which could be associated with the recalcitrant nature of cellulose compared to other polysaccharides, which hinders the hydrolysis of its dense network.
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23
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Rashid R, Sohail M. Xylanolytic Bacillus species for xylooligosaccharides production: a critical review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:16. [PMID: 38650226 PMCID: PMC10991489 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of different Bacillus species to produce large amounts of extracellular enzymes and ability to ferment various substrates at a wide range of pH and temperature has placed them among the most promising hosts for the industrial production of many improved and novel products. The global interest in prebiotics, for example, xylooligosaccharides (XOs) is ever increasing, rousing the quest for various forms with expanded productivity. This article provides an overview of xylanase producing bacilli, with more emphasis on their capacity to be used in the production of the XOs, followed by the purification strategies, characteristics and application of XOs from bacilli. The large-scale production of XOs is carried out from a number of xylan-rich lignocellulosic materials by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis followed by purification through chromatography, vacuum evaporation, solvent extraction or membrane separation methods. Utilization of XOs in the production of functional products as food ingredients brings well-being to individuals by improving defense system and eliminating pathogens. In addition to the effects related to health, a variety of other biological impacts have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozina Rashid
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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24
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Hrůzová K, Matsakas L, Karnaouri A, Norén F, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Valorization of outer tunic of the marine filter feeder Ciona intestinalis towards the production of second-generation biofuel and prebiotic oligosaccharides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:32. [PMID: 33509271 PMCID: PMC7841879 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the sustainable development goals focuses on the biomass-based production as a replacement for fossil-based commodities. A novel feedstock with vast potentials is tunicate biomass, which can be pretreated and fermented in a similar way to lignocellulose. Ciona intestinalis is a marine filter feeder that is cultivated to produce fish feed. While the inner tissue body is used for feed production, the surrounding tunic remains as a cellulose-rich by-product, which can be further separated into outer and inner tunic. Ethanol production from organosolv-pretreated whole-tunic biomass was recently validated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of organosolv pretreated outer-tunic biomass for the production of biofuels and cellobiose that is a disaccharide with prebiotic potential. RESULTS As a result, 41.4 g/L of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, corresponding to a 90.2% theoretical yield, was achieved under the optimal conditions when the tunicate biomass was pretreated at 195 °C for 60 min at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 50. In addition, cellobiose production by enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated tunicate biomass was demonstrated with a maximum conversion yield of 49.7 wt. %. CONCLUSIONS The utilisation of tunicate biomass offers an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative for value-added biofuels and chemicals. The cultivation of tunicate biomass in shallow coastal sea improves the quality of the water and ensures sustainable production of fish feed. Moreover, there is no competition for arable land, which leaves the latter available for food and feed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hrůzová
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Anthi Karnaouri
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Norén
- N-Research AB, Gränsgatan 17, 453 30, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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25
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Joshi N, Kaushal G, Singh SP. Biochemical characterization of a novel thermo-halo-tolerant GH5 endoglucanase from a thermal spring metagenome. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1531-1544. [PMID: 33410140 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel endoglucanase gene, celM , was cloned from a thermal spring metagenome. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein was extracted and purified. The protein catalyzed the hydrolysis of amorphous cellulose in a wide range of temperatures, 30-95°C, with optimal activity at 80°C. It was able to tolerate high temperature (80°C) with a half-life of 8 h. Its activity was eminent in a wide pH range of 3.0-11.0, with the highest activity at pH 6.0. The enzyme was tested for halostability. Any significant loss was not recorded in the activity of CelM after the exposure to salinity (3 M NaCl) for 30 days. Furthermore, CelM displayed a substantial resistance toward metal ions, denaturant, reducing agent, organic solvent, and non-ionic surfactants. The amorphous cellulose, treated with CelM , was randomly cleaved, generating cello-oligosaccharides of 2-5 degree of polymerization. Furthermore, CelM was demonstrated to catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose fraction in the delignified biomass samples, for example, sweet sorghum bagasse, rice straw, and corncob, into cello-oligosaccharides. Given that CelM is a thermo-halo-tolerant GH5 endoglucanase, with resistance to detergents and organic solvent, the biocatalyst could be of potential usefulness for a variety of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Joshi
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Girija Kaushal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
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26
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Lekakarn H, Bunterngsook B, Laothanachareon T, Champreda V. Functional characterization of endoglucanase (CelB) isolated from lignocellulose-degrading microbial consortium for biomass saccharification. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Chaisuwan W, Manassa A, Phimolsiripol Y, Jantanasakulwong K, Chaiyaso T, Pathom-aree W, You S, Seesuriyachan P. Integrated Ultrasonication and Microbubble-Assisted Enzymatic Synthesis of Fructooligosaccharides from Brown Sugar. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121833. [PMID: 33321711 PMCID: PMC7764430 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are considered prebiotics and have been widely used in various food industries as additives. Ultrasonication has been widely used to enhance food processes; however, there are few reports on ultrasound-assisted FOS synthesis. In the present study, FOS were produced from brown sugar using ultrasonication combined with microbubbles, and the production was optimised using a Box-Behnken experimental design. Here we showed that a combination of ultrasonication and microbubbles could boost the enzyme activity by 366%, and the reaction time was shortened by 60%. The reaction time was a significant variable affecting the FOS production. The optimum conditions were 5 min 45 s of ultrasonication and 7 min 19 s of microbubbles with a reaction time of 5 h 40 min. The maximum enzyme activity and total FOS yield were 102.51 ± 4.69 U·mL-1 and 494.89 ± 19.98 mg·g-1 substrate, respectively. In an enlarged production scale up to 5 L, FOS yields were slightly decreased, but the reaction time was decreased to 4 h. Hence, this technique offers a simple and useful tool for enhancing enzyme activity and reducing reaction time. We have developed a pilot technique as a convenient starting point for enhancing enzyme activity of oligosaccharide production from brown sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worraprat Chaisuwan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.C.); (A.M.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, 155 Moo 2, Mae Hia, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (Y.P.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Apisit Manassa
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.C.); (A.M.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, 155 Moo 2, Mae Hia, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (Y.P.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, 155 Moo 2, Mae Hia, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (Y.P.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, 155 Moo 2, Mae Hia, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (Y.P.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, 155 Moo 2, Mae Hia, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (Y.P.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasu Pathom-aree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Korea;
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, 155 Moo 2, Mae Hia, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (Y.P.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +66-53-948201
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28
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Barbosa FC, Martins M, Brenelli LB, Ferrari FA, Forte MBS, Rabelo SC, Franco TT, Goldbeck R. Screening of potential endoglucanases, hydrolysis conditions and different sugarcane straws pretreatments for cello-oligosaccharides production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 316:123918. [PMID: 32763802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cello-oligosaccharides (COS) are oligomers with 2 to 6 β-1,4-linked glucose units, with potential applications in the food/feed and bioenergy industrial sectors. In this study, the combination of five heterologous expressed endoglucanases varying the temperature and pH conditions were evaluated by design of experiments for COS production. Afterwards, the best combination was tested to produce COS from different pretreated sugarcane straws: ionic liquid, diluted acid, hydrothermal and steam-explosion. The results showed that steam explosion pretreated sugarcane straw treated with CtCel9R enzyme at 50 °C and pH 5.0 yielded 13.4 mg COS g biomass-1, 5-18-fold higher compared to the other pretreated straws. Under the conditions evaluated, the removal of hemicellulose and decrease in the cellulose crystallinity can benefits the enzymatic hydrolysis. This is the first study that combined the evaluation of different enzymes, conditions, and sugarcane straw pretreatments to optimize COS production in a single step without glucose formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando César Barbosa
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory (LEMEB), School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoela Martins
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory (LEMEB), School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Beatriz Brenelli
- Interdisciplinary Center of Energy Planning, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Ferrari
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory (LEMEB), School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus Bruno Soares Forte
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory (LEMEB), School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarita Cândida Rabelo
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma Teixeira Franco
- Interdisciplinary Center of Energy Planning, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Biorefining and Products of Renewable Origin (LEBBPOR), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Goldbeck
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory (LEMEB), School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Østby H, Hansen LD, Horn SJ, Eijsink VGH, Várnai A. Enzymatic processing of lignocellulosic biomass: principles, recent advances and perspectives. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:623-657. [PMID: 32840713 PMCID: PMC7658087 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass requires concerted development of a pretreatment method, an enzyme cocktail and an enzymatic process, all of which are adapted to the feedstock. Recent years have shown great progress in most aspects of the overall process. In particular, increased insights into the contributions of a wide variety of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes have improved the enzymatic processing step and brought down costs. Here, we review major pretreatment technologies and different enzyme process setups and present an in-depth discussion of the various enzyme types that are currently in use. We pay ample attention to the role of the recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which have led to renewed interest in the role of redox enzyme systems in lignocellulose processing. Better understanding of the interplay between the various enzyme types, as they may occur in a commercial enzyme cocktail, is likely key to further process improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Østby
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Line Degn Hansen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway.
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30
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Zhong C, Ukowitz C, Domig KJ, Nidetzky B. Short-Chain Cello-oligosaccharides: Intensification and Scale-up of Their Enzymatic Production and Selective Growth Promotion among Probiotic Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8557-8567. [PMID: 32687709 PMCID: PMC7458430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain cello-oligosaccharides (COS; degree of polymerization, DP ≤ 6) are promising water-soluble dietary fibers. An efficient approach to their bottom-up synthesis is from sucrose and glucose using glycoside phosphorylases. Here, we show the intensification and scale up (20 mL; gram scale) of COS production to 93 g/L product and in 82 mol % yield from sucrose (0.5 M). The COS were comprised of DP 3 (33 wt %), DP 4 (34 wt %), DP 5 (24 wt %), and DP 6 (9 wt %) and involved minimal loss (≤10 mol %) to insoluble fractions. After isolation (≥95% purity; ≥90% yield), the COS were examined for growth promotion of probiotic strains. Benchmarked against inulin, trans-galacto-oligosaccharides, and cellobiose, COS showed up to 4.1-fold stimulation of cell density for Clostridium butyricum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus but were less efficient with Bifidobacterium sp. This study shows the COS as selectively functional carbohydrates with prebiotic potential and demonstrates their efficient enzymatic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Christina Ukowitz
- Institute
of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Konrad J. Domig
- Institute
of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz 8010, Austria
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31
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Novel Routes in Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Furan Platform Chemicals: From Pretreatment to Enzyme Catalysis. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant depletion of fossil fuels along with the increasing need for novel materials, necessitate the development of alternative routes for polymer synthesis. Lignocellulosic biomass, the most abundant carbon source on the planet, can serve as a renewable starting material for the design of environmentally-friendly processes for the synthesis of polyesters, polyamides and other polymers with significant value. The present review provides an overview of the main processes that have been reported throughout the literature for the production of bio-based monomers from lignocellulose, focusing on physicochemical procedures and biocatalysis. An extensive description of all different stages for the production of furans is presented, starting from physicochemical pretreatment of biomass and biocatalytic decomposition to monomeric sugars, coupled with isomerization by enzymes prior to chemical dehydration by acid Lewis catalysts. A summary of all biotransformations of furans carried out by enzymes is also described, focusing on galactose, glyoxal and aryl-alcohol oxidases, monooxygenases and transaminases for the production of oxidized derivatives and amines. The increased interest in these products in polymer chemistry can lead to a redirection of biomass valorization from second generation biofuels to chemical synthesis, by creating novel pathways to produce bio-based polymers.
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