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Kousoulaki K, Sveen L, Norén F, Espmark Å. Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet. Front Physiol 2022; 13:884740. [PMID: 35755425 PMCID: PMC9214214 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.884740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To evolve fish farming in an eco-efficient way, feed production must become less dependent on forage fish-based ingredients and make more use of low trophic level organisms, including microalgae, higher plants, as filter feeding organisms and other ingredients with low competition to established food value chains. Diets nearly free of fish meal and fish oil are not a novelty but are often composed of complex mixtures, containing supplements to meet the farmed animal’s nutritional requirements. Sustaining a growing aquaculture production, maintaining at the same time fish health, welfare, and profitability, and meeting strict environmental and food safety demands, is challenging and requires new technologies, great investments, and more knowledge. A benchmarking feeding trial was performed to demonstrate the main effects of four low trophic raw materials on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth, metabolism, skin health and fillet quality. To this end, a diet was produced to contain commercially relevant levels of fresh high quality organic FM and FO and was used as a control in the trial (FMFO). Heterotrophically produced Schizochytrium limacinum biomass was used to replace organic FO (HM diet). Spray dried cell wall disrupted biomass of the phototrophically cultured diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum replaced partly FM and FO (PM diet). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal and tunicate (Ciona intestinalis) meal, were used to produce the diets BSFL and TM, respectively, replacing large parts of FM as compared to the FMFO. A fifth test diet was produced combining all test raw materials and removing all FM and FO (0FM0FO diet). All test ingredients were well accepted sustaining high growth rates (TGC values near 4) and feed efficiency (FCR values below 0.9) in salmon showing good gut health and normal metabolic responses. However, none of the treatments reached the growth performance of FMFO. Additional differences between test and control treatments were identified in dietary nutrient apparent digestibility, fish biometrics, blood metabolites and fillet and skin composition. Extensive raw material and dietary chemical characterisation was performed to provide insight on potential shortcomings in the novel low trophic level ingredients which can possibly be overcome combining complementary raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kousoulaki
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Nofima, Tromsø, Norway
| | - L Sveen
- Department of Fish Health, Nofima, Tromsø, Norway
| | - F Norén
- Marine Feed AB, Stenungsund, Sweden
| | - Å Espmark
- Department of Aquaculture Production Biology, Nofima, Tromsø, Norway
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Hrůzová K, Matsakas L, Karnaouri A, Norén F, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Valorization of outer tunic of the marine filter feeder Ciona intestinalis towards the production of second-generation biofuel and prebiotic oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:32. [PMID: 33509271 PMCID: PMC7841879 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the sustainable development goals focuses on the biomass-based production as a replacement for fossil-based commodities. A novel feedstock with vast potentials is tunicate biomass, which can be pretreated and fermented in a similar way to lignocellulose. Ciona intestinalis is a marine filter feeder that is cultivated to produce fish feed. While the inner tissue body is used for feed production, the surrounding tunic remains as a cellulose-rich by-product, which can be further separated into outer and inner tunic. Ethanol production from organosolv-pretreated whole-tunic biomass was recently validated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of organosolv pretreated outer-tunic biomass for the production of biofuels and cellobiose that is a disaccharide with prebiotic potential. RESULTS As a result, 41.4 g/L of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, corresponding to a 90.2% theoretical yield, was achieved under the optimal conditions when the tunicate biomass was pretreated at 195 °C for 60 min at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 50. In addition, cellobiose production by enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated tunicate biomass was demonstrated with a maximum conversion yield of 49.7 wt. %. CONCLUSIONS The utilisation of tunicate biomass offers an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative for value-added biofuels and chemicals. The cultivation of tunicate biomass in shallow coastal sea improves the quality of the water and ensures sustainable production of fish feed. Moreover, there is no competition for arable land, which leaves the latter available for food and feed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hrůzová
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Anthi Karnaouri
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Norén
- N-Research AB, Gränsgatan 17, 453 30, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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Setälä O, Magnusson K, Lehtiniemi M, Norén F. Distribution and abundance of surface water microlitter in the Baltic Sea: A comparison of two sampling methods. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 110:177-183. [PMID: 27339742 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two methods for marine microlitter sampling were compared in the Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea: manta trawl (333μm) and a submersible pump (300 or 100μm). Concentrations of microlitter (microplastics, combustion particles, non-synthetic fibres) in the samples collected with both methods and filter sizes remained <10particlesm(-3). The pump with 100μm filter gave higher microlitter concentrations compared to manta trawl or pump with 300μm filter. Manta sampling covers larger areas, but is potentially subjected to contamination during sample processing and does not give precise volumetric values. Using a submerged pump allows method controls, use of different filter sizes and gives exact volumetric measures. Both devices need relatively calm weather for operation. The choice of the method in general depends on the aim of the study. For monitoring environmentally relevant size fractions of microlitter the use of 100μm or smaller mesh size is recommended for the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Setälä
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kerstin Magnusson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Kristineberg 566, SE451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fredrik Norén
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Kristineberg 566, SE451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
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Stigebrandt A, Liljebladh B, de Brabandere L, Forth M, Granmo Å, Hall P, Hammar J, Hansson D, Kononets M, Magnusson M, Norén F, Rahm L, Treusch AH, Viktorsson L. An experiment with forced oxygenation of the deepwater of the anoxic By Fjord, western Sweden. Ambio 2015; 44:42-54. [PMID: 24789509 PMCID: PMC4293361 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Stigebrandt
- Department of Geosciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Liljebladh
- Department of Geosciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Loreto de Brabandere
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Forth
- Nordic Center for Earth Evolution Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Åke Granmo
- Marine Monitoring AB, Strandvägen 9, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology Marine Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Hammar
- Marine Monitoring AB, Strandvägen 9, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hansson
- Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment, Box 260, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Kononets
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Marine Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Fredrik Norén
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Rosviksgatan 12, 45330 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Lars Rahm
- Department of Thematic Studies, Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alexander H. Treusch
- Nordic Center for Earth Evolution Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lena Viktorsson
- Department of Geosciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Toth GB, Norén F, Selander E, Pavia H. Marine dinoflagellates show induced life-history shifts to escape parasite infection in response to water-borne signals. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 271:733-8. [PMID: 15209107 PMCID: PMC1691648 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many dinoflagellate species form dormant resting cysts as a part of their life cycle, and in some freshwater species, hatching of these cysts can be delayed by the presence of water-borne signals from grazing zooplankton. Some marine dinoflagellates can form temporary cysts, which may function to resist unfavourable short-term environmental conditions. We investigated whether the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii is able to induce an increased resistance to the parasitic flagellate Parvilucifera infectans by forming temporary cysts. We performed several laboratory experiments where dinoflagellates were exposed either to direct contact with parasites or to filtered water from cultures of parasite-infected conspecifics (parasite-derived signals). Infection by P. infectans is lethal to motile A. ostenfeldii cells, but temporary cysts were more resistant to parasite infection. Furthermore, A. ostenfeldii induced a shift in life-history stage (from motile cells to temporary cysts) when exposed to parasite-derived water-borne signals. The response was relaxed within a couple of hours, indicating that A. ostenfeldii may use this behaviour as a short-term escape mechanism to avoid parasite infection. The results suggest that intraspecies chemical communication evoked by biotic interactions can be an important mechanism controlling life-history shifts in marine dinoflagellates, which may have implications for the development of toxic algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla B Toth
- Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, SE-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden.
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Norén F, Moestrup Ø, Rehnstam-Holm AS. Parvilucifera infectans norén et moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. Eur J Protistol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(99)80001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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