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Fong JK, Mathieu Y, Vo MT, Bellemare A, Tsang A, Brumer H. Expansion of Auxiliary Activity Family 5 sequence space via biochemical characterization of six new copper radical oxidases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0101424. [PMID: 38953370 PMCID: PMC11267884 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01014-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal copper radical oxidases (CROs) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5 (AA5) are implicated in morphogenesis and pathogenesis. The unique catalytic properties of CROs also make these enzymes attractive biocatalysts for the transformation of small molecules and biopolymers. Despite a recent increase in the number of characterized AA5 members, especially from subfamily 2 (AA5_2), the catalytic diversity of the family as a whole remains underexplored. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis guided the selection of six AA5_2 members from diverse fungi for recombinant expression in Komagataella pfaffii (syn. Pichia pastoris) and biochemical characterization in vitro. Five of the targets displayed predominant galactose 6-oxidase activity (EC 1.1.3.9), and one was a broad-specificity aryl alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.7) with maximum activity on the platform chemical 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (EC 1.1.3.47). Sequence alignment comparing previously characterized AA5_2 members to those from this study indicated various amino acid substitutions at active site positions implicated in the modulation of specificity.IMPORTANCEEnzyme discovery and characterization underpin advances in microbial biology and the application of biocatalysts in industrial processes. On one hand, oxidative processes are central to fungal saprotrophy and pathogenesis. On the other hand, controlled oxidation of small molecules and (bio)polymers valorizes these compounds and introduces versatile functional groups for further modification. The biochemical characterization of six new copper radical oxidases further illuminates the catalytic diversity of these enzymes, which will inform future biological studies and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Fong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Minh Tri Vo
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Bellemare
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wang J, Liu M, Mao C, Li S, Zhou J, Fan Y, Guo L, Yu H, Yang X. Comparative proteomics reveals the mechanism of cyclosporine production and mycelial growth in Tolypocladium inflatum affected by different carbon sources. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1259101. [PMID: 38163081 PMCID: PMC10757567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a secondary cyclopeptide metabolite produced by Tolypocladium inflatum that is widely used clinically as an immunosuppressant. CsA production and mycelial growth differed when T. inflatum was cultured in different carbon source media. During early fermentation, CsA was preferred to be produced in fructose medium, while the mycelium preferred to accumulate in sucrose medium. On the sixth day, the difference was most pronounced. In this study, high-throughput comparative proteomics methods were applied to analyze differences in protein expression of mycelial samples on day 6, revealing the proteins and mechanisms that positively regulate CsA production related to carbon metabolism. The differences included small molecule acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, organic catabolism, exocrine secretion, CsA substrate Bmt synthesis, and transcriptional regulation processes. The proteins involved in the regulation of mycelial growth related to carbon metabolism were also revealed and were associated with waste reoxidation processes or coenzyme metabolism, small molecule synthesis or metabolism, the stress response, genetic information or epigenetic changes, cell component assembly, cell wall integrity, membrane metabolism, vesicle transport, intramembrane localization, and the regulation of filamentous growth. This study provides a reliable reference for CsA production from high-efficiency fermentation. This study provides key information for obtaining more CsA high-yielding strains through metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiuqing Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Yang F, Liu J, Li B, Li H, Jiang Z. Effective biosynthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural via a bi-enzymatic cascade system using bacterial laccase and fungal alcohol oxidase. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:164. [PMID: 37915106 PMCID: PMC10621202 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach, biocatalysis has great potential for the transformation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). However, the compatibility of each enzyme in the cascade reaction limits the transformation efficiency of HMF to FDCA. RESULTS Coupled with an alcohol oxidase from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (CglAlcOx), this study aims to study the potential of bacterial laccase from Bacillus pumilus (BpLac) in an enzymatic cascade for 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) biosynthesis from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). BpLac showed 100% selectivity for HMF oxidation and generated 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA). CglAlcOx was capable of oxidizing HMFCA to 2-formyl-5-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA). Both BpLac and CglAlcOx could oxidize FFCA to FDCA. At the 5 mM scale, a complete transformation of HMF with a 97.5% yield of FDCA was achieved by coupling BpLac with CglAlcOx in the cascade reaction. The FDCA productivity in the reaction was 5.3 mg/L/h. Notably, BpLac could alleviate the inhibitory effect of FFCA on CglAlcOx activity and boost the transformation efficiency of HMF to FDCA. Moreover, the reaction was scaled up to 40 times the volume, and FDCA titer reached 2.6 mM with a yield of 58.77% at 168 h. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a candidate and novel insight for better design of an enzymatic cascade in FDCA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiashu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengbing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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Schober L, Dobiašová H, Jurkaš V, Parmeggiani F, Rudroff F, Winkler M. Enzymatic reactions towards aldehydes: An overview. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2023; 38:221-242. [PMID: 38505272 PMCID: PMC10947199 DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Many aldehydes are volatile compounds with distinct and characteristic olfactory properties. The aldehydic functional group is reactive and, as such, an invaluable chemical multi-tool to make all sorts of products. Owing to the reactivity, the selective synthesis of aldehydic is a challenging task. Nature has evolved a number of enzymatic reactions to produce aldehydes, and this review provides an overview of aldehyde-forming reactions in biological systems and beyond. Whereas some of these biotransformations are still in their infancy in terms of synthetic applicability, others are developed to an extent that allows their implementation as industrial biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schober
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Hana Dobiašová
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringSlovak University of TechnologyBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Valentina Jurkaš
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
- Area BiotransformationsAustrian Center of Industrial BiotechnologyGrazAustria
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Perera RH, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Bundhun D, Camporesi E, Akulov A, Liu JK, Liu ZY. Profile of Bionectriaceae, Calcarisporiaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Tilachlidiaceae, Ijuhyaceae fam. nov., Stromatonectriaceae fam. nov. and Xanthonectriaceae fam. nov. FUNGAL DIVERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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6
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Copper radical oxidases: galactose oxidase, glyoxal oxidase, and beyond! Essays Biochem 2022; 67:597-613. [PMID: 36562172 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The copper radical oxidases (CROs) are an evolutionary and functionally diverse group of enzymes established by the historically significant galactose 6-oxidase and glyoxal oxidase from fungi. Inducted in 2013, CROs now constitute Auxiliary Activity Family 5 (AA5) in the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) classification. CROs catalyse the two-electron oxidation of their substrates using oxygen as the final electron acceptor and are particularly distinguished by a cross-linked tyrosine-cysteine co-factor that is integral to radical stabilization. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the biochemically and structurally characterized CROs, which has revealed an expanded natural diversity of catalytic activities in the family. This review provides a brief historical introduction to CRO biochemistry and structural biology as a foundation for an update on current advances in CRO enzymology, biotechnology, and biology across kingdoms of life.
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Mathieu Y, Cleveland ME, Brumer H. Active-Site Engineering Switches Carbohydrate Regiospecificity in a Fungal Copper Radical Oxidase. ACS Catal 2022; 12:10264-10275. [PMID: 36033369 PMCID: PMC9397409 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper radical oxidases (CROs) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5, Subfamily 2 (AA5_2), are organic cofactor-free biocatalysts for the selective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes. AA5_2 CROs comprise canonical galactose-6-oxidases as well as the more recently discovered general alcohol oxidases and aryl alcohol oxidases. Guided by primary and tertiary protein structural analyses, we targeted a distinct extended loop in the active site of a Colletotrichum graminicola aryl alcohol oxidase (CgrAAO) to explore its effect on catalysis in the broader context of AA5_2. Deletion of this loop, which is bracketed by a conserved disulfide bridge, significantly reduced the inherent activity of the enzyme toward extended galacto-oligosaccharides, as anticipated from molecular modeling. Unexpectedly, kinetic and product analysis on a range of monosaccharides and disaccharides revealed that an altered carbohydrate specificity in CgrAAO-Δloop was accompanied by a complete change in regiospecificity from C-6 to C-1 oxidation, thereby generating aldonic acids. C-1 regiospecificity is unprecedented in AA5 enzymes and is classically associated with flavin-dependent carbohydrate oxidases of Auxiliary Activity Family 3. Thus, this work further highlights the catalytic adaptability of the unique mononuclear copper radical active site and provides a basis for the design of improved biocatalysts for diverse potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Mathieu
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, University of British
Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BioProducts
Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maria E. Cleveland
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, University of British
Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts
Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, University of British
Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts
Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Cheng Y, Song W, Chen X, Gao C, Liu J, Guo L, Zhu M, Liu L, Wu J. Efficient synthesis 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde by an engineered alcohol oxidase. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:80. [PMID: 38647772 PMCID: PMC10991250 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we selected and engineered a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent alcohol oxidase (AOX) to produce 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde (CHDA), an initial raw material for spiral compounds, from 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM). First, the structure of alcohol oxidase from Arthrobacter cholorphenolicus (AcCO) was analyzed, and the mechanism of AcCO-catalyzed primary alcohol oxidation was elucidated, demonstrating that the energy barrier of the hydride (H-) transfer (13.4 kcal·mol-1 and 20.4 kcal·mol-1) decreases the catalytic efficiency of the primary alcohol oxidation reaction. Therefore, we designed a protein engineering strategy to adjust the catalytically active conformation to shorten the distance of hydride (H-) transfer and further decreased the core energy barrier. Following this strategy, variant W4 (S101A/H351V/N378S/Q329N) was obtained with 112.5-fold increased catalytic efficiency to produce CHDA compared to that of the wild-type strain. The 3 L scale preparation of CHDA reached a titer up to 29.6 g·L-1 with a 42.2% yield by an Escherichia coli whole-cell catalyst, which demonstrates the potential of this system for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Cheng
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Wuxi Acryl Technology Co., Ltd, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Kaddouch E, Cleveland ME, Navarro D, Grisel S, Haon M, Brumer H, Lafond M, Berrin JG, Bissaro B. A simple and direct ionic chromatography method to monitor galactose oxidase activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26042-26050. [PMID: 36199594 PMCID: PMC9469488 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactose oxidase (GalOx, EC.1.1.3.9) is one of the most extensively studied copper radical oxidases (CROs). The reaction catalyzed by GalOx leads to the oxidation of the C-6 hydroxyl group of galactose and galactosides (including galactosylated polysaccharides and glycoproteins) to the corresponding aldehydes, coupled to the reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Despite more than 60 years of research including mechanistic studies, enzyme engineering and application development, GalOx activity remains primarily monitored by indirect measurement of the co-product hydrogen peroxide. Here, we describe a simple direct method to measure GalOx activity through the identification of galactosylated oxidized products using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled to pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Using galactose and lactose as representative substrates, we were able to separate and detect the C-6 oxidized products, which were confirmed by LC-MS and NMR analyses to exist in their hydrated (geminal-diol) forms. We show that the HPAEC-PAD method is superior to other methods in terms of sensitivity as we could detect down to 0.08 μM of LacOX (eq. 30 μg L−1). We believe the method will prove useful for qualitative detection of galactose oxidase activity in biological samples or for quantitative purposes to analyze enzyme kinetics or to compare enzyme variants in directed evolution programs. Galactose oxidase (GalOx, EC.1.1.3.9) is one of the most extensively studied copper radical oxidases. Here, we show it can be monitored through the release of oxidized galactosylated products using a simple, direct and sensitive HPAEC-PAD method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Kaddouch
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Maria E. Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David Navarro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, CIRM-CF, Marseille, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE platform, Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE platform, Marseille, France
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mickaël Lafond
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE platform, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
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10
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Cleveland ME, Mathieu Y, Ribeaucourt D, Haon M, Mulyk P, Hein JE, Lafond M, Berrin JG, Brumer H. A survey of substrate specificity among Auxiliary Activity Family 5 copper radical oxidases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8187-8208. [PMID: 34738149 PMCID: PMC11072238 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is significant contemporary interest in the application of enzymes to replace or augment chemical reagents toward the development of more environmentally sound and sustainable processes. In particular, copper radical oxidases (CRO) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5 Subfamily 2 (AA5_2) are attractive, organic cofactor-free catalysts for the chemoselective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes. These enzymes were first defined by the archetypal galactose-6-oxidase (GalOx, EC 1.1.3.13) from the fungus Fusarium graminearum. The recent discovery of specific alcohol oxidases (EC 1.1.3.7) and aryl alcohol oxidases (EC 1.1.3.47) within AA5_2 has indicated a potentially broad substrate scope among fungal CROs. However, only relatively few AA5_2 members have been characterized to date. Guided by sequence similarity network and phylogenetic analysis, twelve AA5_2 homologs have been recombinantly produced and biochemically characterized in the present study. As defined by their predominant activities, these comprise four galactose 6-oxidases, two raffinose oxidases, four broad-specificity primary alcohol oxidases, and two non-carbohydrate alcohol oxidases. Of particular relevance to applications in biomass valorization, detailed product analysis revealed that two CROs produce the bioplastics monomer furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) directly from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Furthermore, several CROs could desymmetrize glycerol (a by-product of the biodiesel industry) to D- or L-glyceraldehyde. This study furthers our understanding of CROs by doubling the number of characterized AA5_2 members, which may find future applications as biocatalysts in diverse processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620, Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Mulyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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