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Hon KL, Leung AKC. An update on the current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of human ascariasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024. [PMID: 38372051 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2319686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, Ascaris lumbricoides is the commonest helminthic infection that affects people in underdeveloped countries and returning immigrants in industrialized nations. This article aims to provide latest updates on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pharmacotherapy of ascariasis. AREAS COVERED A PubMed search was conducted using Clinical Queries and the key terms 'human ascariasis' OR 'Ascaris lumbricoides.' Ascaris lumbricoides is highly endemic in tropical and subtropic regions and among returning immigrants in industrialized nations. Predisposing factors include poor sanitation and poverty. The prevalence is greatest in young children. Most infected patients are asymptomatic. Patients with A. lumbricoides infection should be treated with anti-helminthic drugs to prevent complications from migration of the worm. Mebendazole and albendazole are indicated for children and nonpregnant women. Pregnant individuals should be treated with pyrantel pamoate. EXPERT OPINION Cure rates with anthelmintic treatment are high. No emerging pharmacotherapy can replace these existing drugs of good efficacy, safety profile and low cost for public health. It is opinioned that advances in the management of ascariasis include diagnostic accuracy at affordable costs, Emodepside is highly effective in single doses against ascarids in mammals and in human trials. The drug could be registered for human use in multiple neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary and the Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Haapanen S, Angeli A, Tolvanen M, Emameh RZ, Supuran CT, Parkkila S. Cloning, characterization, and inhibition of the novel β-carbonic anhydrase from parasitic blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2184299. [PMID: 36856011 PMCID: PMC9980027 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2184299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is an intestinal parasite with one β-class carbonic anhydrase, SmaBCA. We report the sequence enhancing, production, catalytic activity, and inhibition results of the recombinant SmaBCA. It showed significant catalytic activity on CO2 hydration in vitro with kcat 1.38 × 105 s-1 and kcat/Km 2.33 × 107 M-1 s-1. Several sulphonamide inhibitors, from which many are clinically used, showed submicromolar or nanomolar inhibitory effects on SmaBCA. The most efficient inhibitor with a KI of 43.8 nM was 4-(2-amino-pyrimidine-4-yl)-benzenesulfonamide. Other effective inhibitors with KIs in the range of 79.4-95.9 nM were benzolamide, brinzolamide, topiramate, dorzolamide, saccharin, epacadostat, celecoxib, and famotidine. The other tested compounds showed at least micromolar range inhibition against SmaBCA. Our results introduce SmaBCA as a novel target for drug development against schistosomiasis, a highly prevalent parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Haapanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,CONTACT Susanna Haapanen Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Martti Tolvanen
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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3
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Supuran CT. A simple yet multifaceted 90 years old, evergreen enzyme: Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibition and activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129411. [PMID: 37507055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) research over the last three decades are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors/ activators by the tail approach and their applications in the management of obesity, hypoxic tumors, neurological conditions, and as antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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4
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Gheibzadeh MS, Manyumwa CV, Tastan Bishop Ö, Shahbani Zahiri H, Parkkila S, Zolfaghari Emameh R. Genome Study of α-, β-, and γ-Carbonic Anhydrases from the Thermophilic Microbiome of Marine Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 37372055 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that can help organisms survive in hydrothermal vents by hydrating carbon dioxide (CO2). In this study, we focus on alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) CAs, which are present in the thermophilic microbiome of marine hydrothermal vents. The coding genes of these enzymes can be transferred between hydrothermal-vent organisms via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which is an important tool in natural biodiversity. We performed big data mining and bioinformatics studies on α-, β-, and γ-CA coding genes from the thermophilic microbiome of marine hydrothermal vents. The results showed a reasonable association between thermostable α-, β-, and γ-CAs in the microbial population of the hydrothermal vents. This relationship could be due to HGT. We found evidence of HGT of α- and β-CAs between Cycloclasticus sp., a symbiont of Bathymodiolus heckerae, and an endosymbiont of Riftia pachyptila via Integrons. Conversely, HGT of β-CA genes from the endosymbiont Tevnia jerichonana to the endosymbiont Riftia pachyptila was detected. In addition, Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus SP-41 contains a β-CA gene on genomic islands (GIs). This gene can be transferred by HGT to Hydrogenovibrio sp. MA2-6, a methanotrophic endosymbiont of Bathymodiolus azoricus, and a methanotrophic endosymbiont of Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis. The endosymbiont of R. pachyptila has a γ-CA gene in the genome. If α- and β-CA coding genes have been derived from other microorganisms, such as endosymbionts of T. jerichonana and Cycloclasticus sp. as the endosymbiont of B. heckerae, through HGT, the theory of the necessity of thermostable CA enzymes for survival in the extreme ecosystem of hydrothermal vents is suggested and helps the conservation of microbiome natural diversity in hydrothermal vents. These harsh ecosystems, with their integral players, such as HGT and endosymbionts, significantly impact the enrichment of life on Earth and the carbon cycle in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Gheibzadeh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 14965/161, Iran
| | - Colleen Varaidzo Manyumwa
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (Rubi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (Rubi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Hossein Shahbani Zahiri
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 14965/161, Iran
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 14965/161, Iran
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Barker HR, Turpeinen H, Parkkila S, Hytönen VP. A reverse vaccinology approach on transmembrane carbonic anhydrases from Plasmodium species as vaccine candidates for malaria prevention. Malar J 2022; 21:189. [PMID: 35706028 PMCID: PMC9199335 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a significant parasitic infection, and human infection is mediated by mosquito (Anopheles) biting and subsequent transmission of protozoa (Plasmodium) to the blood. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are known to be highly expressed in the midgut and ectoperitrophic space of Anopheles gambiae. Transmembrane CAs (tmCAs) in Plasmodium may be potential vaccine candidates for the control and prevention of malaria. METHODS In this study, two groups of transmembrane CAs, including α-CAs and one group of η-CAs were analysed by immunoinformatics and computational biology methods, such as predictions on transmembrane localization of CAs from Plasmodium spp., affinity and stability of different HLA classes, antigenicity of tmCA peptides, epitope and proteasomal cleavage of Plasmodium tmCAs, accessibility of Plasmodium tmCAs MHC-ligands, allergenicity of Plasmodium tmCAs, disulfide-bond of Plasmodium tmCAs, B cell epitopes of Plasmodium tmCAs, and Cell type-specific expression of Plasmodium CAs. RESULTS Two groups of α-CAs and one group of η-CAs in Plasmodium spp. were identified to contain tmCA sequences, having high affinity towards MHCs, high stability, and strong antigenicity. All putative tmCAs were predicted to contain sequences for proteasomal cleavage in antigen presenting cells (APCs). CONCLUSIONS The predicted results revealed that tmCAs from Plasmodium spp. can be potential targets for vaccination against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Harlan R Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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The Targeting of Noncoding RNAs by Quercetin in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4330681. [PMID: 35656022 PMCID: PMC9155922 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4330681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dietary flavonoid quercetin is ubiquitously distributed in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs. Quercetin has been a focal point in recent years due to its versatile health-promoting benefits and high pharmacological values. It has well documented that quercetin exerts anticancer actions by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and retarding the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the exact mechanism of quercetin-mediated cancer chemoprevention is still not fully understood. With the advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, the intricate oncogenic signaling networks have been gradually characterized. Increasing evidence on the close association between noncoding RNA (ncRNAs) and cancer etiopathogenesis emphasizes the potential of ncRNAs as promising molecular targets for cancer treatment. Available experimental studies indicate that quercetin can dominate multiple cancer-associated ncRNAs, hence repressing carcinogenesis and cancer development. Thus, modulation of ncRNAs serves as a key mechanism responsible for the anticancer effects of quercetin. In this review, we focus on the chemopreventive effects of quercetin on cancer pathogenesis by targeting cancer-relevant ncRNAs, supporting the viewpoint that quercetin holds promise as a drug candidate for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. An in-depth comprehension of the interplay between quercetin and ncRNAs in the inhibition of cancer development and progression will raise the possibility of developing this bioactive compound as an anticancer agent that could be highly efficacious and safe in clinical practice.
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7
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Aspatwar A, Barker H, Aisala H, Zueva K, Kuuslahti M, Tolvanen M, Primmer CR, Lumme J, Bonardi A, Tripathi A, Parkkila S, Supuran CT. Cloning, purification, kinetic and anion inhibition studies of a recombinant β-carbonic anhydrase from the Atlantic salmon parasite platyhelminth Gyrodactylus salaris. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1577-1586. [PMID: 35637617 PMCID: PMC9176631 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A β-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned from the genome of the Monogenean platyhelminth Gyrodactylus salaris, a parasite of Atlantic salmon. The new enzyme, GsaCAβ has a significant catalytic activity for the physiological reaction, CO2 + H2O ⇋ HCO3− + H+ with a kcat of 1.1 × 105 s−1 and a kcat/Km of 7.58 × 106 M−1 × s−1. This activity was inhibited by acetazolamide (KI of 0.46 µM), a sulphonamide in clinical use, as well as by selected inorganic anions and small molecules. Most tested anions inhibited GsaCAβ at millimolar concentrations, but sulfamide (KI of 81 µM), N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (KI of 67 µM) and sulphamic acid (KI of 6.2 µM) showed a rather efficient inhibitory action. There are currently very few non-toxic agents effective in combating this parasite. GsaCAβ is subsequently proposed as a new drug target for which effective inhibitors can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heidi Aisala
- Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ksenia Zueva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marianne Kuuslahti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Martti Tolvanen
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Lumme
- Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Amit Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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8
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Iraninasab S, Sharifian S, Homaei A, Homaee MB, Sharma T, Nadda AK, Kennedy JF, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Emerging trends in environmental and industrial applications of marine carbonic anhydrase: a review. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:431-451. [PMID: 34821989 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic conversion of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into commercial products is one of the promising key approaches to solve the problem of climate change. Microbial enzymes, including carbonic anhydrase, NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, and methane monooxygenase, have been exploited to convert atmospheric gases into industrial products. Carbonic anhydrases are Zn2+-dependent metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate. They are widespread in bacteria, algae, plants, and higher organisms. In higher organisms, they regulate the physiological pH and contribute to CO2 transport in the blood. In plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria carbonic anhydrases are involved in photosynthesis. Converting CO2 into bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrases can solidify gaseous CO2, thereby reducing global warming due to the burning of fossil fuels. This review discusses the three-dimensional structures of carbonic anhydrases, their physiological role in marine life, their catalytic mechanism, the types of inhibitors, and their medicine and industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudabeh Iraninasab
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sana Sharifian
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | | | - Tanvi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173 234, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173 234, India
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, The Kyrewood Centre, Tenbury Wells, Worcs, WR15 8FF, UK
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico
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9
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Urbański LJ, Di Fiore A, Azizi L, Hytönen VP, Kuuslahti M, Buonanno M, Monti SM, Angeli A, Zolfaghari Emameh R, Supuran CT, De Simone G, Parkkila S. Biochemical and structural characterisation of a protozoan beta-carbonic anhydrase from Trichomonas vaginalis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1292-1299. [PMID: 32515610 PMCID: PMC7717681 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1774572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the biochemical and structural characterisation of a beta-carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) from Trichomonas vaginalis, a unicellular parasite responsible for one of the world’s leading sexually transmitted infections, trichomoniasis. CAs are ubiquitous metalloenzymes belonging to eight evolutionarily divergent groups (α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι); humans express only α-CAs, whereas many clinically significant pathogens express only β- and/or γ-CAs. For this reason, the latter two groups of CAs are promising biomedical targets for novel antiinfective agents. The β-CA from T. vaginalis (TvaCA1) was recombinantly produced and biochemically characterised. The crystal structure was determined, revealing the canonical dimeric fold of β-CAs and the main features of the enzyme active site. The comparison with the active site of human CA enzymes revealed significant differences that can be exploited for the design of inhibitors selective for the protozoan enzyme with respect to the human ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Urbański
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna Di Fiore
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging of the National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Latifeh Azizi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marianne Kuuslahti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging of the National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona M Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging of the National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging of the National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere, Finland
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10
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Leung AK, Leung AA, Wong AH, Hon KL. Human Ascariasis: An Updated Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 14:133-145. [DOI: 10.2174/1872213x14666200705235757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common helminthic infection. More than
1.2 billion people have ascariasis worldwide.
Objective:
This article aimed to provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of ascariasis.
Methods:
A PubMed search was conducted in February 2020 in Clinical Queries using the key
terms “ascariasis” OR “Ascaris lumbricoides”. The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized
controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the
past 10 years. The search was restricted to English literature. The information retrieved from the
above search was used in the compilation of the present article. Patents were searched using the
key term “ascariasis” OR “Ascaris lumbricoides” in www.freepatentsonline.com.
Results:
Ascaris lumbricoides is transmitted through the ingestion of embryonated eggs from fecal-
contaminated material. Ascariasis has high endemicity in tropical and subtropical areas. Predisposing
factors include poverty, poor sanitation, inadequate sewage disposal, and poor personal hygiene.
The prevalence is greatest in children younger than 5 years of age. The majority of patients
with intestinal ascariasis are asymptomatic. For those with symptoms, anorexia, nausea, bloating,
abdominal discomfort, recurrent abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and intermittent diarrhea
are not uncommon. Other clinical manifestations vary widely, depending on the underlying complications.
Complications include Löeffler syndrome, intestinal obstruction, biliary colic, recurrent
pyogenic cholangitis, cholecystitis, acalculous cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice, cholelithiasis,
pancreatitis, and malnutrition. The diagnosis is best established by microscopic examination of fecal
smears or following concentration techniques for the characteristic ova. Patients with A. lumbricoides
infection warrant anthelminthic treatment, even if they are asymptomatic, to prevent complications
from migration of the parasite. Albendazole and mebendazole are the drugs of choice for
children and nonpregnant individuals with ascariasis. Pregnant women with ascariasis should be
treated with pyrantel pamoate. Recent patents related to the management of ascariasis are also discussed.
Conclusion:
The average cure rate with anthelminthic treatment is over 95%. Unfortunately, most
treated patients in endemic areas become re-infected within months. Health education, personal hygiene,
improved sanitary conditions, proper disposal of human excreta, and discontinuing the use
of human fecal matter as a fertilizer are effective long-term preventive measures. Targeting deworming
treatment and mass anthelminthic treatment should be considered in regions where A. lumbricoides
is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K.C. Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy A.M. Leung
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex H.C. Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kam L. Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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11
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Jasmer DP, Rosa BA, Tyagi R, Mitreva M. Rapid determination of nematode cell and organ susceptibility to toxic treatments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:167-182. [PMID: 33125935 PMCID: PMC7593349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In research focused on the intestine of parasitic nematodes, we recently identified small molecule inhibitors toxic to intestinal cells of larval Ascaris suum (nematode intestinal toxins/toxicants; “NITs”). Some NITs had anthelmintic activity across the phylogenetic diversity of the Nematoda. The whole-worm motility inhibition assay quantified anthelmintic activity, but worm responses to NITs in relation to pathology or affected molecular pathways was not acquired. In this study we extended this research to more comprehensively determine in whole larval A. suum the cells, organ systems, molecular targets, and potential cellular pathways involved in mechanisms of toxicity leading to cell death. The experimental system utilized fluorescent nuclear probes (bisbenzimide, propidium iodide), NITs, an A. suum larval parasite culture system and transcriptional responses (RNA-seq) to NITs. The approach provides for rapid resolution of NIT-induced cell death among organ systems (e.g. intestine, excretory, esophagus, hypodermis and seam cells, and nervous), discriminates among NITs based on cell death profiles, and identifies cells and organ systems with the greatest NIT sensitivity (e.g. intestine and apparent neuronal cells adjacent to the nerve ring). Application was extended to identify cells and organs sensitive to several existing anthelmintics. This approach also resolved intestinal cell death and irreparable damage induced in adult A. suum by two NITs, establishing a new model to elucidate relevant pathologic mechanisms in adult worms. RNA-seq analysis resolved A. suum genes responsive to treatments with three NITs, identifying dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (uridine synthesis) and RAB GTPase(s) (vesicle transport) as potential targets/pathways leading to cell death. A set of genes induced by all three NITs tested suggest common stress or survival responses activated by NITs. Beyond the presented specific lines of research, elements of the overall experimental system presented in this study have broad application toward systematic development of new anthelmintics. A unique rapid cell death assay was developed for parasitic nematodes. Multiple drug-like molecules cause widespread cell death in many organs of A. suum. Multiple cell and organ systems were validated as targets for anthelmintics. Potential drug targets/pathways were implicated in activating cell death processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Jasmer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA.
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12
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Urbański LJ, Angeli A, Hytönen VP, Di Fiore A, Parkkila S, De Simone G, Supuran CT. Inhibition of the newly discovered β‑carbonic anhydrase from the protozoan pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis with inorganic anions and small molecules. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111274. [PMID: 33068968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis encodes two carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) belonging to the β-class. One of these enzymes, T. vaginalis carbonic anhydrase 1 (TvaCA1), was recently cloned and characterized by our group, and its X-ray crystal structure reported. No inhibitors of this enzyme were reported up until now. Here we investigated the inhibition of TvaCA1 with inorganic anions and small molecules and observed that thiocyanate, cyanide, selenite, selenocyanate and divanadate are sub-millimolar inhibitors, whereas sulfamide, sulfate, phenylboronic acid and phenylarsonic acid are micromolar inhibitors. Finding effective TvaCA1 inhibitors may be useful for developing new antiprotozoan drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Urbański
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Ltd., Arvo Ylpön katu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna Di Fiore
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging of the National Research Council, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Ltd., Arvo Ylpön katu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging of the National Research Council, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
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13
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Falak R, Bahreini E. Application of System Biology to Explore the Association of Neprilysin, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) in Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:11. [PMID: 32572334 PMCID: PMC7302923 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appears with common symptoms including fever, dry cough, and fatigue, as well as some less common sysmptoms such as loss of taste and smell, diarrhea, skin rashes and discoloration of fingers. COVID-19 patients may also suffer from serious symptoms including shortness of breathing, chest pressure and pain, as well as loss of daily routine habits, pointing out to a sever reduction in the quality of life. COVID-19 has afftected almost all countries, however, the United States contains the highest number of infection (> 1,595,000 cases) and deaths cases (> 95,000 deaths) in the world until May 21, 2020. Finding an influential treatment strategy against COVID-19 can be facilitated through better understanding of the virus pathogenesis and consequently interrupting the biochemical pathways that the virus may play role in human body as the current reservoir of the virus. RESULTS In this study, we combined system biology and bioinformatic approaches to define the role of coexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), neprilysin or membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), and carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and their association in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. The results revealed that ACE2 as the cellular attachment site of SARS-CoV-2, neprilysin, and CAs have a great contribution together in the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and consequently in pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in the vital organs such as respiratory, renal, and blood circulation systems. Any disorder in neprilysin, ACE2, and CAs can lead to increase of CO2 concentration in blood and respiratory acidosis, induction of pulmonary edema and heart and renal failures. CONCLUSIONS Due to the presence of ACE2-Neprilysin-CA complex in most of vital organs and as a receptor of COVID-19, it is expected that most organs are affected by SARS-CoV-2 such as inflammation and fibrosis of lungs, which may conversely affect their vital functions, temporary or permanently, sometimes leading to death. Therefore, ACE2-Neprilysin-CA complex could be the key factor of pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and may provide us useful information to find better provocative and therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Bahreini
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Masoori L, Taheri RA, Falak R. Identification and characterization of parvalbumin-like protein in Trichophyton violaceum. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:592-600. [PMID: 32448450 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parvalbumins play crucial physiological roles in neuromuscular systems of vertebrates, such as cell-cycle, development of neurons, contraction of muscles, and regulation of intracellular calcium. To perform these neuromuscular functions, parvalbumin may be in associated with other proteins including calbindin, carbonic anhydrase, and cytochrome oxidase. Humans may show an IgE-specific hypersensitivity to parvalbumins after consumption of some distinct fish species. While this protein is abundant in fish muscles, literature review of publications related to fish parvalbumins, do not point to the presence of parvalbumins in eukaryotic microbes. In this study, we propose that distantly related parvalbumins may be found in some non-fish species. Bioinformatics studies such as multiple sequence alignment (MSA), phylogenetic analysis as well as molecular-based experiments indicate that, at least two parvalbumins sequences (UniProt IDs: A0A178F775 and A0A178F7E4) with EF-hand domains and Ca2+-binding sites could be identified in Trichophyton violaceum, a pathogenic fungal species. It was determined that both genes consisted of a single exon and encoded for parvalbumin proteins possessing conserved amino acid motifs. Antigenicity prediction revealed antigenic sites located in both sides of the Ca2+-binding site of the first EF-hand domain. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of parvalbumins (UniProt ID: 0A178F775) can be evolved to other parvalbumins in T. violaceum (UniProt ID: A0A178F7E4) and fish species through evolutionary phenomenon. To confirm our in-silico findings, we designed three primer pairs to detect one of the T. violaceum parvalbumins (UniProt ID: A0A178F7E4) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); one primer pair showed a strong and specific band in agarose gel electrophoresis. To evaluate the specificity of the method, the primers were tested on extracted DNA from Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. The results demonstrated that the evaluated parvalbumin gene (UniProt ID: A0A178F7E4) was T. violaceum-specific and this pathogenic fungus can be differentiated from T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes through identification of parvalbumin genes. Further studies are necessary to unravel the biochemical and physiological functions of parvalbumins in T. violaceum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Masoori
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Yadav M, Khandelwal S. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics dimulation study of β carbonic anhydrase of Ascaris lumbricoides. Bioinformation 2019; 15:572-578. [PMID: 31719767 PMCID: PMC6822520 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides is the prevalent parasite causing ascariasis by infecting the human alimentary tract. This is common in the jejunum of small intestine. Therefore, it is of interest to describe the target protein β Carbonic Anhydrase involved in Ascariasis. Carbonic anhydrase (CAs, the metallo enzymes) is encoded by six evolutionary divergent gene families α, β,γ, δ, ζ, and η, which contain zinc ion in their catalytic active site. β-CA is found in plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, protozoans, arthropods, and nematodes and completely absent in vertebrate genomes. The absence of β-CA protein in vertebrate makes the enzyme an important target for inhibitory studies against helminthic infection. The sequence to function related information and 3D structure data for β-CA of Ascaris lumbricoides is not available. Hence, we modeled the 3D structure (using PRIME) for the molecular dynamics and simulation studies (using the Desmond of Schrodinger software) and interaction analysis (using STRING database). The β-CA protein found to be interacting with carbonic anhydrase protein family along with T27A3, alh13, mtp18, T22F3, gcy29 proteins. These results provide insights for the understanding of the functional and biological roles played by β CA. Hence, this data is useful for the design of drugs for Ascariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon-122413, India
| | - Shikha Khandelwal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon-122413, India
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16
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Crystal structure and chemical inhibition of essential schistosome host-interactive virulence factor carbonic anhydrase SmCA. Commun Biol 2019; 2:333. [PMID: 31508507 PMCID: PMC6728359 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intravascular parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni is a causative agent of schistosomiasis, a disease of great global public health significance. Here we identify an α-carbonic anhydrase (SmCA) that is expressed at the schistosome surface as determined by activity assays and immunofluorescence/immunogold localization. Suppressing SmCA expression by RNAi significantly impairs the ability of larval parasites to infect mice, validating SmCA as a rational drug target. Purified, recombinant SmCA possesses extremely rapid CO2 hydration kinetics (kcat: 1.2 × 106 s-1; kcat/Km: 1.3 × 108 M-1s-1). The enzyme’s crystal structure was determined at 1.75 Å resolution and a collection of sulfonamides and anions were tested for their ability to impede rSmCA action. Several compounds (phenylarsonic acid, phenylbaronic acid, sulfamide) exhibited favorable Kis for SmCA versus two human isoforms. Such selective rSmCA inhibitors could form the basis of urgently needed new drugs that block essential schistosome metabolism, blunt parasite virulence and debilitate these important global pathogens. Akram Da’dara et al. report the biochemical characterization of an α-carbonic anhydrase (SmCA) expressed at the surface of the parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni. Along with the crystal structure of SmCA, they show the function of selective inhibitors in blocking essential schistosome metabolism.
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17
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Saghafi T, Taheri RA, Parkkila S, Emameh RZ. Phytochemicals as Modulators of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Inhibitors of Cancer-Related Carbonic Anhydrases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2939. [PMID: 31208095 PMCID: PMC6627131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are classified as a group of transcripts which regulate various biological processes, such as RNA processing, epigenetic control, and signaling pathways. According to recent studies, lncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play an important role in cancer incidence and spreading. There is also an association between lncRNAs and the overexpression of some tumor-associated proteins, including carbonic anhydrases II, IX, and XII (CA II, CA IX, and CA XII). Therefore, not only CA inhibition, but also lncRNA modulation, could represent an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Experimental studies have suggested that herbal compounds regulate the expression of many lncRNAs involved in cancer, such as HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA), H19, MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), PCGEM1 (Prostate cancer gene expression marker 1), PVT1, etc. These plant-derived drugs or phytochemicals include resveratrol, curcumin, genistein, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-galate, camptothcin, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. More comprehensive information about lncRNA modulation via phytochemicals would be helpful for the administration of new herbal derivatives in cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art and potential of phytochemicals as modulators of lncRNAs in different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Saghafi
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14965/161 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd. and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Jiang Z, You Q, Zhang X. Medicinal chemistry of metal chelating fragments in metalloenzyme active sites: A perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:172-197. [PMID: 30684796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous metal-containing enzymes (metalloenzymes) have been considered as drug targets related to diseases such as cancers, diabetes, anemia, AIDS, malaria, bacterial infection, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibitors of the metalloenzymes have been developed independently, most of which are mimics of substrates of the corresponding enzymes. However, little attention has been paid to the interactions between inhibitors and active site metal ions. This review is focused on different metal binding fragments and their chelating properties in the metal-containing active binding pockets of metalloenzymes. We have enumerated over one hundred of inhibitors targeting various metalloenzymes and identified over ten kinds of fragments with different binding patterns. Furthermore, we have investigated the inhibitors that are undergoing clinical evaluation in order to help looking for more potential scaffolds bearing metal binding fragments. This review will provide deep insights for the rational design of novel inhibitors targeting the metal-containing binding sites of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Jiang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Involvement of β-Carbonic Anhydrase Genes in Bacterial Genomic Islands and Their Horizontal Transfer to Protists. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00771-18. [PMID: 29802189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00771-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic islands (GIs) are a type of mobile genetic element (MGE) that are present in bacterial chromosomes. They consist of a cluster of genes that produce proteins that contribute to a variety of functions, including, but not limited to, the regulation of cell metabolism, antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity, virulence, and resistance to heavy metals. The genes carried in MGEs can be used as a trait reservoir in times of adversity. Transfer of genes using MGEs, occurring outside reproduction, is called horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Previous data have shown that numerous HGT events have occurred through endosymbiosis between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. β-Carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) enzymes play a critical role in the biochemical pathways of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We previously suggested the horizontal transfer of β-CA genes from plasmids of some prokaryotic endosymbionts to their protozoan hosts. In this study, we set out to identify β-CA genes that might have been transferred between prokaryotic and protist species through HGT in GIs. Therefore, we investigated prokaryotic chromosomes containing β-CA-encoding GIs and utilized multiple bioinformatics tools to reveal the distinct movements of β-CA genes among a wide variety of organisms. Our results identify the presence of β-CA genes in GIs of several medically and industrially relevant bacterial species, and phylogenetic analyses reveal multiple cases of likely horizontal transfer of β-CA genes from GIs of ancestral prokaryotes to protists.IMPORTANCE The evolutionary process is mediated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as genomic islands (GIs). A gene or set of genes in the GIs is exchanged between and within various species through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Based on the crucial role that GIs can play in bacterial survival and proliferation, they were introduced as environment- and pathogen-associated factors. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are involved in many critical biochemical pathways, such as the regulation of pH homeostasis and electrolyte transfer. Among the six evolutionary families of CAs, β-CA gene sequences are present in many bacterial species, which can be horizontally transferred to protists during evolution. This study shows the involvement of bacterial β-CA gene sequences in the GIs and suggests their horizontal transfer to protists during evolution.
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Barker HR, Syrjänen L, Urbański L, Supuran CT, Parkkila S. Identification and inhibition of carbonic anhydrases from nematodes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:176-184. [DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1221826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland,
| | | | - Leo Syrjänen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland, and
| | - Linda Urbański
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Dipartment, Sezione di Scienza Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland,
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21
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Eminoğlu A, Vullo D, Aşık A, Çolak DN, Çanakçı S, Beldüz AO, Supuran CT. Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the newly discovered bacterium Enterobacter sp. B13. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1821-6. [PMID: 26920803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the newly identified bacterium Enterobacter sp. B13 encodes for a β-class carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1), EspCA. This enzyme was recently cloned, and characterized kinetically by this group (J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2016, 31). Here we report an inhibition study with sulfonamides and sulfamates of this enzyme. The best EspCA inhibitors were some sulfanylated sulfonamides with elongated molecules, metanilamide, 4-aminoalkyl-benzenesulfonamides, acetazolamide, and deacetylated methazolamide (KIs in the range of 58.7-96.5nM). Clinically used agents such as methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, dorzolamide, brinzolamide, benzolamide, zonisamide, sulthiame, sulpiride, topiramate and valdecoxib were slightly less effective inhibitors (KIs in the range of 103-138nM). Saccharin, celecoxib, dichlorophenamide and many simple benzenesulfonamides were even less effective as EspCA inhibitors, with KIs in the range of 384-938nM. Identification of effective inhibitors of this bacterial enzyme may lead to pharmacological tools useful for understanding the physiological role(s) of the β-class CAs in bacterial pathogenicity/virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşenur Eminoğlu
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Research Laboratories, Rize, Turkey
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipaertimento di Chimica, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Aycan Aşık
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biology Department, Konya, Turkey
| | - Dilşat Nigar Çolak
- Giresun University, Bulancak School of Applied Sciences, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Çanakçı
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ali Osman Beldüz
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipaertimento di Chimica, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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22
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Barker HR, Tolvanen MEE, Parkkila S, Hytönen VP. Horizontal transfer of β-carbonic anhydrase genes from prokaryotes to protozoans, insects, and nematodes. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:152. [PMID: 26983858 PMCID: PMC4793742 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a movement of genetic information occurring outside of normal mating activities. It is especially common between prokaryotic endosymbionts and their protozoan, insect, and nematode hosts. Although beta carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) plays a crucial role in metabolic functions of many living organisms, the origin of β-CA genes in eukaryotic species remains unclear. METHODS This study was conducted using phylogenetics, prediction of subcellular localization, and identification of β-CA, transposase, integrase, and resolvase genes on the MGEs of bacteria. We also structurally analyzed β-CAs from protozoans, insects, and nematodes and their putative prokaryotic common ancestors, by homology modelling. RESULTS Our investigations of a number of target genomes revealed that genes coding for transposase, integrase, resolvase, and conjugation complex proteins have been integrated with β-CA gene sequences on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) which have facilitated the mobility of β-CA genes from bacteria to protozoan, insect, and nematode species. The prokaryotic origin of protozoan, insect, and nematode β-CA enzymes is supported by phylogenetic analyses, prediction of subcellular localization, and homology modelling. CONCLUSION MGEs form a complete set of enzymatic tools, which are relevant to HGT of β-CA gene sequences from prokaryotes to protozoans, insects, and nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Medisiinarinkatu 3, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland. .,BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland. .,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Harlan R Barker
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Medisiinarinkatu 3, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Martti E E Tolvanen
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Medisiinarinkatu 3, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland
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23
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Del Prete S, Vullo D, De Luca V, Carginale V, Ferraroni M, Osman SM, AlOthman Z, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1115-20. [PMID: 26850377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae encodes for three carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β- and γ-classes. VchCA, the α-CA from this species was investigated earlier, whereas the β-class enzyme, VchCAβ was recently cloned, characterized kinetically and its X-ray crystal structure reported by this group. Here we report an inhibition study with sulfonamides and one sulfamate of this enzyme. The best VchCAβ inhibitors were deacetylated acetazolamide and methazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide, which showed inhibition constants of 68.2-87.0nM. Other compounds, with medium potency against VchCAβ, (KIs in the range of 275-463nM), were sulfanilamide, metanilamide, sulthiame and saccharin whereas the clinically used agents such as acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, dorzolamide, zonisamide and celecoxib were micromolar inhibitors (KIs in the range of 4.51-8.57μM). Identification of potent and possibly selective inhibitors of VchCA and VchCAβ over the human CA isoforms, may lead to pharmacological tools useful for understanding the physiological role(s) of this under-investigated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Del Prete
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Viviana De Luca
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carginale
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sameh M Osman
- King Saud University, Department of Chemistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid AlOthman
- King Saud University, Department of Chemistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- King Saud University, Department of Chemistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy.
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