1
|
Suhaimi NS, Sellyei B, Cech G, Székely C, Borkhanuddin MH. First record and description of actinospore stages (raabeia, triactinomyxon, and aurantiactinomyxon types) of fish parasitic myxozoans from Malaysia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100964. [PMID: 39105042 PMCID: PMC11298608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
During a 2-month survey in 2023 at Tasik Telabak, Terengganu, Malaysia three distinct actinospore types, namely raabeia, triactinomyxon and aurantiactinomyxon were identified in three invertebrate host species: Aulodrilus acutus, Branchiodrilus sp., and Bothrioneurum sp. utilizing morphometric and molecular analyses. Maximum likelihood of 18S rDNA positioned the raabeia type within the Myxobolus clade from fish of the Order Cypriniformes, suggesting a detected actinospore has a potential life cycle development in Cypriniformes and the genus Myxobolus. Both triactinomyxon and aurantiactinomyxon types were described solely based on morphology and morphometrics due to preservation error preventing the acquisition of 18S rDNA sequences. The triactinomyxon type in this study exhibited distinct morphology in spore shape and dimensions, characterized by a short style and caudal processes. Conversely, the aurantiactinomyxon type described herein possesses prominent elongated pyriform polar capsules not resembling any previously known aurantiactinomyxon types. These distinctive features, along with host species and geographical location justify their classification as novel types. Histological and microscopic analyses revealed the development of pansporocysts in the intestinal epithelium of the oligochaete host. This study marks the first descriptions of actinospore stages of myxozoans in Malaysia and the initial report of actinospores infecting host species of Aulodrilus acutus, Branchiodrilus sp. and Bothrioneurum sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadhirah Syafiqah Suhaimi
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Biotechnology and Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Sellyei
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Cech
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Székely
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Samshuri MÁ, Borkhanuddin MH. Myxobolus acanthogobii Hoshina, 1952 and Myxobolus selari n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting brain of commercial fishes in Terengganu, Malaysia. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:39. [PMID: 38733439 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-024-10162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Myxosporean infection in marine water fishes has drawn less attention than in freshwater fishes, which resulted in a higher taxonomic variety in freshwater in Malaysia. This study aimed to address the gap by conducting a myxosporean survey on two commercially significant marine fish species, Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes) (Eupercaria incertae sedis: Nemipteridae) and Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) (Carangiformes: Carangidae), collected from the northeastern part of peninsular Malaysia. During the examination of the organs, two distinct Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 species were discovered in the brain tissue of these fishes, despite the absence of any observable pathological signs. The two Myxobolus species were characterized through morphometry, morphology, and analysis of partial small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) gene. As a result, Myxobolus acanthogobii Hoshina, 1952, which infects 2.3% of N. furcosus, is synonymous with a myxobolid species commonly found in Japanese waters, based on its morphological traits, tissue tropism, and molecular diagnostics. Furthermore, a novel species, Myxobolus selari n. sp., was described, infecting the brain of one (11%) individual S. crumenophthalmus. This unique species displayed distinctive features, placing it within a well-supported subclade primarily comprising brain-infecting myxobolids. Maximum likelihood analysis further revealed the close relationships among these brain-infecting myxobolids, underscoring the significance of tissue tropism and host taxonomy for myxobolids. This study represents the initial documentation of Myxobolus species within the southern South China Sea, shedding light on the potential diversity of marine myxosporean in this region. This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7C400E35-7CB8-4DEE-92B7-F75FF3926441.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Árif Samshuri
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Borkhanuddin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rangel LF, Rocha S, Santos MJ. Synopsis of the species of Ortholinea Shulman, 1962 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Ortholineidae). Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:37. [PMID: 38700664 PMCID: PMC11068676 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-024-10155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
A synopsis of Ortholinea Shulman, 1962 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Ortholineidae) is presented and identifies 26 nominal species presently allocated within this genus. Species morphological and morphometric features, tissue tropism, type-host, and type-locality are provided from original descriptions. Data from subsequent redescriptions and reports is also given. Accession numbers to sequences deposited in GenBank are indicated when available, and the myxospores were redrawn based on original descriptions. The information gathered shows that Ortholinea infect a wide taxonomic variety of freshwater and marine fish. Nonetheless, the broad host specificity reported for several species is not fully supported by morphological descriptions and requires molecular corroboration. The members of this genus are coelozoic and mainly parasitize the urinary system, with few species occurring in the gallbladder. Ortholinea visakhapatnamensis is the only exception, being histozoic in the visceral peritoneum. Molecular data of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) is available for about one third of Ortholinea species, with genetic interspecific variation ranging between 1.65% and 29.1%. Phylogenetic analyses reveal Ortholinea to be polyphyletic, with available SSU rDNA sequences clustering within the subclades of the highly heterogenous freshwater urinary clade of the oligochaete-infecting lineage. The life cycles of two Ortholinea species have been clarified based on molecular inferences and identify triactinomyxon actinospores as counterparts, and marine oligochaetes of the family Naididae as permissive hosts to this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Rangel
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Laboratory of Animal Parasitology and Pathology, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology and Pathology, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Laboratory of Animal Parasitology and Pathology, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology and Pathology, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Freeman MA, Yanagida T, Kristmundsson À. A novel histozoic myxosporean, Enteromyxum caesio n. sp., infecting the redbelly yellowtail fusilier, Caesio cuning, with the creation of the Enteromyxidae n. fam., to formally accommodate this commercially important genus. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9529. [PMID: 32742799 PMCID: PMC7367052 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal myxosporean parasites from the genus Enteromyxum are known to cause severe disease, resulting in high mortalities in numerous species of cultured marine fishes globally. Originally described as Myxidium spp., they were transferred to a new genus, Enteromyxum, to emphasize their novel characteristics. Their retention in the family Myxidiidae at the time was warranted, but more comprehensive phylogenetic analyses have since demonstrated the need for a new family for these parasites. We discovered a novel Enteromyxum in wild fish from Malaysia and herein describe the fourth species in the genus and erect a new family, the Enteromyxidae n. fam., to accommodate them. Enteromyxum caesio n. sp. is described infecting the tissues of the stomach in the redbelly yellowtail fusilier, Caesio cuning, from Malaysia. The new species is distinct from all others in the genus, as the myxospores although morphologically similar, are significantly smaller in size. Furthermore, small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence data reveal that E. caesio is <84% similar to others in the genus, but collectively they form a robust and discrete clade, the Enteromyxidae n. fam., which is placed as a sister taxon to other histozoic marine myxosporeans. In addition, we describe, using transmission electron microscopy, the epicellular stages of Enteromyxum fugu and show a scanning electron micrograph of a mature myxospore of E. caesio detailing the otherwise indistinct sutural line, features of the polar capsules and spore valve ridges. The Enteromyxidae n. fam. is a commercially important group of parasites infecting the gastrointestinal tract of marine fishes and the histozoic species can cause the disease enteromyxosis in intensive finfish aquaculture facilities. Epicellular and sloughed histozoic stages are responsible for fish-to-fish transmission in net pen aquaculture systems but actinospores from an annelid host are thought to be necessary for transmission to fish in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Freeman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Àrni Kristmundsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cardim J, Araújo-Neto J, da Silva DT, Hamoy I, Matos E, Abrunhosa F. Kudoa yasai n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae) from the skeletal muscle of Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) on the northern Atlantic coast, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1743-1752. [PMID: 32318807 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new parasite species, Kudoa yasai n. sp. (Multivalvulida), is described from the king weakfish (Macrodon ancylodon), which is an important commercial fishery resource on the Brazilian Amazon coast. A total of 190 M. ancylodon specimens were obtained from the central fish market of the town of Bragança, and pseudocysts were found in the skeletal muscle fiber samples of all (100%) of the specimens, although no inflammatory reaction was observed in any of the cases. The myxospores are quadrate in shape with four polar capsules of equal size, 6.9 ± 0.94 μm long, 8.2 ± 0.39 μm wide, and 5.5 ± 0.60 μm thick. The polar capsules are 1.8 ± 0.26 μm in length and 1.4 ± 0.18 μm in width. The morphological and morphometric parameters, together with the phylogenetic analysis of a partial sequence of the 18S (SSU rDNA) gene, all indicate conclusively that Kudoa yasai n. sp. is a new species, distinct from all other Kudoa species. The study also verified the loss of quality in the meat of the host fish (M. ancylodon) sold in the Bragança market, which reinforces the need for the more systematic control of the quality of the product and the prevention of possible health problems for the consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cardim
- Postgraduate Programme in Environmental Biology (PPBA), Federal University of Pará (UFPa)/IECOS, Bragança, State of Pará, Brazil.,Carcinology Laboratory, Federal University of Pará (UFPa)/IECOS, Bragança, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - José Araújo-Neto
- Postgraduate Programme in Environmental Biology (PPBA), Federal University of Pará (UFPa)/IECOS, Bragança, State of Pará, Brazil.,Carcinology Laboratory, Federal University of Pará (UFPa)/IECOS, Bragança, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Diehgo T da Silva
- Postgraduate Programme in the Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents (BAIP), Federal University of Pará (UFPa), Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Igor Hamoy
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Edilson Matos
- Carlos Azevedo Research Laboratory, Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, State of Pará, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Abrunhosa
- Carcinology Laboratory, Federal University of Pará (UFPa)/IECOS, Bragança, State of Pará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Okamura B, Hartigan A, Naldoni J. Extensive Uncharted Biodiversity: The Parasite Dimension. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1132-1145. [PMID: 29860443 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are often hidden in their hosts and exhibit patchy spatial distributions. This makes them relatively difficult to detect and sample. Consequently we have poor knowledge of parasite diversities, distributions, and extinction. We evaluate our general understanding of parasite diversity and highlight the enormous bias in research on parasites such as helminths and arthropods that infect vertebrate hosts. We then focus on Myxozoa as an exemplary case for demonstrating uncharted parasite diversity. Myxozoans are a poorly recognized but speciose clade of endoparasitic cnidarians with complex life cycles that have radiated to exploit freshwater, marine, and terrestrial hosts by adopting strategies convergent to those of parasitic protists. Myxozoans are estimated to represent some 20% of described cnidarian species-greatly outnumbering the combined species richness of scyphozoans, cubozoans, and staurozoans. We summarize limited understanding of myxozoan diversification and geographical distributions, and highlight gaps in knowledge and approaches for measuring myxozoan diversity. We close by reviewing methods and problems in estimating parasite extinction and concerns about extinction risks in view of the fundamental roles parasites play in ecosystem dynamics and in driving host evolutionary trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Juliana Naldoni
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Freeman MA, Kristmundsson Á. Studies of Myxidium giardi Cépède, 1906 infections in Icelandic eels identifies a genetically diverse clade of myxosporeans that represents the Paramyxidium n. g. (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae). Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:551. [PMID: 30348210 PMCID: PMC6198514 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The myxosporean Myxidium giardi Cépède, 1906 was described infecting the kidney of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), having spindle-shaped myxospores and terminal sub-spherical polar capsules. Since then, numerous anguillid eels globally have been documented to have similar Myxidium infections. Many of these have been identified using the morphological features of myxospores or by the location of infection in the host, and some have been subsequently synonymised with M. giardi. Therefore, it is not clear whether M. giardi is a widely distributed parasite, infecting numerous species of eels, in multiple organs, or whether some infections represent other, morphologically similar but different species of myxosporeans. The aim of the present study was to assess the status of M. giardi infections in Icelandic eels, and related fish hosts in Malaysia and to use spore morphology and molecular techniques to evaluate the diversity of myxosporeans present. RESULTS The morphologies of the myxospores from Icelandic eels were very similar but the overall dimensions were significantly different from the various tissue locations. Myxospores from the kidney of the Malaysian tarpon, Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet), were noticeably smaller. However, the SSU rDNA sequences from the different tissues locations in eels, were all very distinct, with percentage similarities ranging from 92.93% to as low as 89.8%, with the sequence from Malaysia being even more dissimilar. Molecular phylogenies consistently placed these sequences together in a clade that we refer to as the Paramyxidium clade that is strongly associated with the Myxidium clade (sensu stricto). We erect the genus Paramyxidium n. g. (Myxidiidae) to accommodate these histozoic taxa, and transfer Myxidium giardi as Paramyxidium giardi Cépède, 1906 n. comb. as the type-species. CONCLUSIONS There is not a single species of Myxidium (M. giardi) causing systemic infections in eels in Iceland. There are three species, confirmed with a robust phylogeny, one of which represents Paramyxidium giardi n. comb. Additional species probably exist that infect different tissues in the eel and the site of infection in the host fish is an important diagnostic feature for this group (Paramyxidium n. g. clade). Myxospore morphology is generally conserved in the Paramyxidium clade, although actual spore dimensions can vary between some species. Paramyxidium spp. are currently only known to infect fishes from the Elopomorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Freeman
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Árni Kristmundsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|