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El Kacem S, Ait Kbaich M, Mhaidi I, Daoui O, Bennani H, Dvořák V, Lemrani M. Population Genetic Structure of Phlebotomus sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) Collected in Four Regions of Morocco Based on the Analysis of Cyt b and EF-1α Genes. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:294-305. [PMID: 36610984 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomus (Ph.) sergenti is the main vector of Leishmania (L.) tropica (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), the causative agent of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco. This species has an extended geographical distribution, wider than that of the parasite. The main objective of our study was to analyze the genetic diversity of Ph. sergenti collected in four foci in Morocco: Taza, Foum Jemâa, El Hanchane, and Ouarzazate. We studied a set of diversity and population structure indices by sequencing two markers; nuclear EF-1α and mitochondrial Cyt b from 175 individual sand flies. Our results showed a considerable degree of intraspecific polymorphism with a high number of haplotypes identified in both genes. Many polymorphic sites detected in the Cyt b sequences (SCyt b = 45) indicate that it is the most polymorphic marker showing a distinct distribution of haplotypes according to their geographical origin, whereas the EF-1α marker showed no geographical isolation. Analysis by Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests revealed a possible recent expansion of the populations, especially with the EF-1α marker, showing significant values in Taza and Ouarzazate sequences. The present study revealed significant genetic diversity within Ph. sergenti populations in Morocco. The results warrant further research using a combination of more than two markers including mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial markers, which may provide more information to clarify the genetic status of Ph. sergenti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia El Kacem
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mouad Ait Kbaich
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Idris Mhaidi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Othmane Daoui
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Houda Bennani
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Vít Dvořák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Badakhshan M, Moin-Vaziri V, Sadraei J. Phlebotomus neglectus (Diptera: Psychodidae): New Insights on Its Presence in Iran Based on Three Independent Genetic Loci. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:233-239. [PMID: 34668021 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The idea of the existence of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) neglectus (Diptera: Psychodidae) Tonnoir, 1921 in Iran and the skepticism about the existence of Phlebotomus major s.str. Annandale, 1910 had been grown recently in the country. This study reports a combined analysis of mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA target regions of P. major s.l.Annandale, 1910, specimens collected from different parts of Iran. Two different morphotypes were found among the collected samples based on the shape of the aedeagus, ventrally located hairs of the coxite, and parameral sheets. One morphotype seemed similar to P. neglectus Tonnoir 1921 or P. major krimensis Perfiliv1966 (called here MI.N.K.); the other one was similar to P. neglectus and to some extent to P. notus Artemiev & Neronov 1984 (here called MII.N.NO). Cytochrome B, elongation factor 1-alpha, and internal transcribed spacer II loci were amplified, sequenced, and characterized. High sequence homology (98-100%) was observed between P. neglectus and these morphotypes, and phylogenetic analysis was also concordant. Phlebotomus neglectus sequences available in GenBank are located as the sister group of sequences here, particularly near to morphotype MII.N.NO. Moreover, ITS2 locus provides the maximum resolution for differentiation of two morphotypes. Based on achieving results, although a strong support for the presence of P. neglectus was provided, but it is too early to say that P. major s.str. does/does not exist in Iran. This question could be resolved by studying more samples and, most importantly, by comparing the topotypes of P. neglectus and P. major s. str. if possible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Badakhshan
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, College of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - V Moin-Vaziri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Sadraei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, College of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Parvizi P, Ghafari SM. The optimization of PpSP15 purification from salivary glands in Iranian wild Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Vector Borne Dis 2022; 59:63-69. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.331405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Cruaud A, Lehrter V, Genson G, Rasplus JY, Depaquit J. Evolution, systematics and historical biogeography of sand flies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) inferred using restriction-site associated DNA markers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009479. [PMID: 34280193 PMCID: PMC8425549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are the main natural vectors of Leishmania, which cause visceral and tegumentary tropical diseases worldwide. However, their taxonomy and evolutionary history remain poorly studied. Indeed, as for many human disease vectors, their small size is a challenge for morphological and molecular works. Here, we successfully amplified unbiased copies of whole genome to sequence thousands of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) markers from single specimens of phlebotomines. RAD markers were used to infer a fully resolved phylogeny of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (11 species + 5 outgroups, 32 specimens). The subgenus was not recovered as monophyletic and we describe a new subgenus Artemievus subg. nov. Depaquit for Phlebotomus alexandri. We also confirm the validity of Ph. riouxi which is reinstated as valid species. Our analyses suggest that Paraphlebotomus sensu nov. originated ca 12.9-8.5 Ma and was possibly largely distributed from peri-Mediterranean to Irano-Turanian regions. Its biogeographical history can be summarized into three phases: i) a first split between Ph. riouxi + Ph. chabaudi and other species that may have resulted from the rise of the Saharan belt ca 8.5 Ma; ii) a Messinian vicariant event (7.3-5.3 Ma) during which the prolonged drought could have resulted in the divergence of main lineages; iii) a recent radiation event (3-2 Ma) that correspond to cycles of wet and dry periods in the Middle East and the East African subregions during the Pleistocene. Interestingly these cycles are also hypothetical drivers of the diversification of rodents, in the burrows of which Paraphlebotomus larvae develop. By meeting the challenge of sequencing pangenomics markers from single, minute phlebotomines, this work opens new avenues for improving our understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniases and possibly other human diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Lehrter
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, ESCAPE EA7510, USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Guenaëlle Genson
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, ESCAPE EA7510, USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
- * E-mail:
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Bordbar A, Parvizi P. Species diversity and spatial distribution of CL/VL vectors: assessing bioclimatic effect on expression plasticity of genes possessing vaccine properties isolated from wild-collected sand flies in endemic areas of Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:455. [PMID: 34011276 PMCID: PMC8136226 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is one of the ten most important neglected tropical diseases worldwide. Understanding the distribution of vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis (VL/CL) is one of the significant strategic frameworks to control leishmaniasis. In this study, the extent of the bioclimatic variability was investigated to recognize a rigorous cartographic of the spatial distribution of VL/CL vectors as risk-maps using ArcGIS modeling system. Moreover, the effect of bioclimatic diversity on the fold change expression of genes possessing vaccine traits (SP15 and LeIF) was evaluated in each bioclimatic region using real-time PCR analysis. Methods The Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation method was used to obtain accurate geography map in closely-related distances. Bioclimatic indices were computed and vectors spatial distribution was analyzed in ArcGIS10.3.1 system. Species biodiversity was calculated based on Shannon diversity index using Rv.3.5.3. Expression fold change of SP15 and LeIF genes was evaluated using cDNA synthesis and RT-qPCR analysis. Results Frequency of Phlebotomus papatasi was predominant in plains areas of Mountainous bioclimate covering the CL hot spots. Mediterranean region was recognized as an important bioclimate harboring prevalent patterns of VL vectors. Semi-arid bioclimate was identified as a major contributing factor to up-regulate salivary-SP15 gene expression (P = 0.0050, P < 0.05). Also, Mediterranean bioclimate had considerable effect on up-regulation of Leishmania-LeIF gene in gravid and semi-gravid P. papatasi population (P = 0.0109, P < 0.05). Conclusions The diversity and spatial distribution of CL/VL vectors associated with bioclimatic regionalization obtained in our research provide epidemiological risk maps and establish more effectively control measures against leishmaniasis. Oscillations in gene expression indicate that each gene has its own features, which are profoundly affected by bioclimatic characteristics and physiological status of sand flies. Given the efficacy of species-specific antigens for vaccine production, it is essential to consider bioclimatic factors that have a fundamental role in affecting the regulatory regions of environmentally responsive loci for genes used in vaccine design. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06129-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bordbar
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran.
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Chaouch M, Chaabane A, Ayari C, Ben Othman S, Sereno D, Chemkhi J, BenAbderrazak S. Investigation of natural infection of Phlebotomine (Diptera: Psychodidae) by Leishmania in Tunisian endemic regions. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 14:e00212. [PMID: 33997356 PMCID: PMC8091919 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by females blood-feeding phlebotomine insects (Diptera: Psychodidae). In Tunisia, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases are of public health concern. In Tunisia, 17 species of phlebotomine sand flies are described. Here we investigate natural infection in Tunisian mixed foci regions of leishmaniases. We trap female sandflies during the Leishmania transmission season in the country's central-eastern and northern parts. We investigate Leishmania infection using PCR-RFLP targeting the ITS1 ribosomal DNA, followed by enzymatic digestion with HaeIII; then, we identify sand flies using molecular methodologies. We confirm the presence of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus perniciosus infected by L. major and L. infantum parasites in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Chaouch
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médiale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR11IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR 16 IPT 09), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amal Chaabane
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médiale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR11IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chiraz Ayari
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médiale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR11IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souad Ben Othman
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médiale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR11IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Denis Sereno
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, UMR MIVEGEC IRD, CNRS, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Jomaa Chemkhi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médiale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR11IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souha BenAbderrazak
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médiale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR11IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
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Khoshnood S, Tavalla M, Abtahi SM, Jalali-Galousang A, Mohaghegh MA, Khamesipour F, Hejazi SH. Study of fauna, activity patterns and Leishmania infection rate of phlebotomine sand flies in Western Iran. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:263-272. [PMID: 33746413 PMCID: PMC7921254 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a crucial vector-borne disease caused by various species of Leishmania and is transmitted by several species of sandflies. The present study was conducted to describe sand fly fauna on vectors of leishmaniasis and performing molecular identification of Leishmania isolates from them on the Iran-Iraq border. Entomological surveys were done from May to October 2016-2018 in 2 counties (Mehran and Dehloran) of Ilam province, west of Iran. Sandflies were collected by 40 Sticky Traps at each station. Samples were mounted for species identification using morphological characters of the head and abdominal terminalia. DNA was extracted from Phlebotomus papatasi females, and Leishmania isolates were identified through PCR on minicircle kDNA, followed by sequencing. A total of 5592 sandflies including 2 genera of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia comprising 8 species of sand flies were detected. Leishmania major infection was detected in 3.33% of 300 tested female sandflies. Phlebotomus papatasi was predominant in outdoor and indoor resting places. Phlebotomus papatasi was determined as dominant vector of Leishmania major infection in Mehran and Dehloran counties, West of Iran. It seems the composition of sandfly species in the study area is almost similar to the other parts of Iran. A detailed description of the epidemiology and ecology of Phlebotomine sand flies needs to be established to accomplish effective vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Khoshnood
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tavalla
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asadollah Jalali-Galousang
- grid.411528.b0000 0004 0611 9352Department of Vectors Biology and Control, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Mohaghegh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- grid.411600.2Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XSkin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Macrogeographic genetic structure of Lutzomyia longipalpis complex populations using Next Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223277. [PMID: 31581227 PMCID: PMC6776309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Neotropical realm. Its taxonomic status has been widely discussed once it encompasses a complex of species. The knowledge about the genetic structure of insect vector populations helps the elucidation of components and interactions of the disease ecoepidemiology. Thus, the objective of this study was to genotypically analyze populations of the Lu. longipalpis complex from a macrogeographic perspective using Next Generation Sequencing. Polymorphism analysis of three molecular markers was used to access the levels of population genetic structure among nine different populations of sand flies. Illumina Amplicon Sequencing Protocol® was used to identify possible polymorphic sites. The library was sequenced on paired-end Illumina MiSeq platform. Significant macrogeographical population differentiation was observed among Lu. longipalpis populations via PCA and DAPC analyses. Our results revealed that populations of Lu. longipalpis from the nine municipalities were grouped into three clusters. In addition, it was observed that the levels of Lu. longipalpis population structure could be associated with distance isolation. This new sequencing method allowed us to study different molecular markers after a single sequencing run, and to evaluate population and inter-species differences on a macrogeographic scale.
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Population genetics analysis of Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies from Egypt and Jordan based on mitochondrial cytochrome b haplotypes. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:214. [PMID: 29587873 PMCID: PMC5872541 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies are major vectors of Leishmania major and phlebovirus infection in North Africa and across the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent. Population genetics is a valuable tool in understanding the level of genetic variability present in vector populations, vector competence, and the development of novel control strategies. This study investigated the genetic differentiation between P. papatasi populations in Egypt and Jordan that inhabit distinct ecotopes and compared this structure to P. papatasi populations from a broader geographical range. METHODS A 461 base pair (bp) fragment from the mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was PCR amplified and sequenced from 116 individual female sand flies from Aswan and North Sinai, Egypt, as well as Swaimeh and Malka, Jordan. Haplotypes were identified and used to generate a median-joining network, F ST values and isolation-by-distance were also evaluated. Additional sand fly individuals from Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Libya, Tunisia and Turkey were included as well as previously published haplotypes to provide a geographically broad genetic variation analysis. RESULTS Thirteen haplotypes displaying nine variant sites were identified from P. papatasi collected in Egypt and Jordan. No private haplotypes were identified from samples in North Sinai, Egypt, two were observed in Aswan, Egypt, four from Swaimeh, Jordan and two in Malka, Jordan. The Jordan populations clustered separately from the Egypt populations and produced more private haplotypes than those from Egypt. Pairwise F ST values fall in the range 0.024-0.648. CONCLUSION The clustering patterns and pairwise F ST values indicate a strong differentiation between Egyptian and Jordanian populations, although this population structure is not due to isolation-by-distance. Other factors, such as environmental influences and the genetic variability in the circulating Le. major parasites, could possibly contribute to this heterogeneity. The present study aligns with previous reports in that pockets of genetic differentiation exists between populations of this widely dispersed species but, overall, the species remains relatively homogeneous.
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Lehrter V, Bañuls AL, Léger N, Rioux JA, Depaquit J. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) chabaudi and Phlebotomus riouxi: closely related species or synonyms? Parasite 2017; 24:47. [PMID: 29194032 PMCID: PMC5711378 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomus riouxi Depaquit, Killick-Kendrick & Léger 1998 was described as a species closely related to Phlebotomus chabaudi Croset, Abonnenc & Rioux 1970, differing mainly by the size and number of setae of the coxite basal lobe. Molecular studies carried out on several populations from Algeria and Tunisia and based on mitochondrial genes cytochrome b (Cytb) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) supported the typological validity of these two species. Recently, specimens from a single population in southern Tunisia were morphologically identified as Ph. riouxi, Ph. chabaudi and intermediates, but were clustered in the same clade according to their Cytb and nuclear gene elongation factor-1 α (EF-1α) sequences. These species were thus synonymized. To further explore this synonymy, we carried out a molecular study on specimens from Algeria and Tunisia using the same molecular markers and a part of 28S rDNA. We did not find any morphologically intermediate specimens in our sampling. We highlighted differences between the genetic divergence rates within and between the two species for the three markers and we identified new haplotypes. The sequence analysis did not reveal any signature of introgression in allopatric nor in sympatric populations such as in the Ghomrassen population. Phylogenetic analyses based on our specimens revealed that the two main clades are Ph. chabaudi and Ph. riouxi, in agreement with the morphological identification. These results support the validity of Ph. riouxi and Ph. chabaudi as typological species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lehrter
- EA 4688 - USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne,
51 rue Cognacq-Jay,
51096
Reims France
| | - Anne-Laure Bañuls
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD - CNRS - Université de Montpellier,
911 avenue Agropolis,
34394
Montpellier France
| | - Nicole Léger
- EA 4688 - USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne,
51 rue Cognacq-Jay,
51096
Reims France
| | - Jean-Antoine Rioux
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier,
2 rue de l'École de Médecine,
34000
Montpellier France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- EA 4688 - USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne,
51 rue Cognacq-Jay,
51096
Reims France
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