1
|
Hegde S, Khanipov K, Hornett EA, Nilyanimit P, Pimenova M, Saldaña MA, de Bekker C, Golovko G, Hughes GL. Interkingdom interactions shape the fungal microbiome of mosquitoes. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:11. [PMID: 38454530 PMCID: PMC10921588 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito microbiome is an important modulator of vector competence and vectoral capacity. Unlike the extensively studied bacterial microbiome, fungal communities in the mosquito microbiome (the mycobiome) remain largely unexplored. To work towards getting an improved understanding of the fungi associated with mosquitoes, we sequenced the mycobiome of three field-collected and laboratory-reared mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus). RESULTS Our analysis showed both environment and host species were contributing to the diversity of the fungal microbiome of mosquitoes. When comparing species, Ae. albopictus possessed a higher number of diverse fungal taxa than Cx. quinquefasciatus, while strikingly less than 1% of reads from Ae. aegypti samples were fungal. Fungal reads from Ae. aegypti were < 1% even after inhibiting host amplification using a PNA blocker, indicating that this species lacked a significant fungal microbiome that was amplified using this sequencing approach. Using a mono-association mosquito infection model, we confirmed that mosquito-derived fungal isolates colonize Aedes mosquitoes and support growth and development at comparable rates to their bacterial counterparts. Strikingly, native bacterial taxa isolated from mosquitoes impeded the colonization of symbiotic fungi in Ae. aegypti suggesting interkingdom interactions shape fungal microbiome communities. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study adds to our understanding of the fungal microbiome of different mosquito species, that these fungal microbes support growth and development, and highlights that microbial interactions underpin fungal colonization of these medically relevent species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pornjarim Nilyanimit
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria Pimenova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Miguel A Saldaña
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Charissa de Bekker
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nicoletti R, Russo E, Becchimanzi A. Cladosporium-Insect Relationships. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:78. [PMID: 38276024 PMCID: PMC10820778 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The range of interactions between Cladosporium, a ubiquitous fungal genus, and insects, a class including about 60% of the animal species, is extremely diverse. The broad case history of antagonism and mutualism connecting Cladosporium and insects is reviewed in this paper based on the examination of the available literature. Certain strains establish direct interactions with pests or beneficial insects or indirectly influence them through their endophytic development in plants. Entomopathogenicity is often connected to the production of toxic secondary metabolites, although there is a case where these compounds have been reported to favor pollinator attraction, suggesting an important role in angiosperm reproduction. Other relationships include mycophagy, which, on the other hand, may reflect an ecological advantage for these extremely adaptable fungi using insects as carriers for spreading in the environment. Several Cladosporium species colonize insect structures, such as galleries of ambrosia beetles, leaf rolls of attelabid weevils and galls formed by cecidomyid midges, playing a still uncertain symbiotic role. Finally, the occurrence of Cladosporium in the gut of several insect species has intriguing implications for pest management, also considering that some strains have proven to be able to degrade insecticides. These interactions especially deserve further investigation to understand the impact of these fungi on pest control measures and strategies to preserve beneficial insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Nicoletti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Elia Russo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.R.); (A.B.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Šigutová H, Pyszko P, Šigut M, Czajová K, Kostovčík M, Kolařík M, Hařovská D, Drozd P. Concentration-dependent effect of plant secondary metabolites on bacterial and fungal microbiomes in caterpillar guts. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0299423. [PMID: 37991377 PMCID: PMC10783044 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02994-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The caterpillar gut is an excellent model system for studying host-microbiome interactions, as it represents an extreme environment for microbial life that usually has low diversity and considerable variability in community composition. Our study design combines feeding caterpillars on a natural and artificial diet with controlled levels of plant secondary metabolites and uses metabarcoding and quantitative PCR to simultaneously profile bacterial and fungal assemblages, which has never been performed. Moreover, we focus on multiple caterpillar species and consider diet breadth. Contrary to many previous studies, our study suggested the functional importance of certain microbial taxa, especially bacteria, and confirmed the previously proposed lower importance of fungi for caterpillar holobiont. Our study revealed the lack of differences between monophagous and polyphagous species in the responses of microbial assemblages to plant secondary metabolites, suggesting the limited role of the microbiome in the plasticity of the herbivore diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Šigutová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Czajová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Martin Kostovčík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Hařovská
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Katak RDM, Cintra AM, Burini BC, Marinotti O, Souza-Neto JA, Rocha EM. Biotechnological Potential of Microorganisms for Mosquito Population Control and Reduction in Vector Competence. INSECTS 2023; 14:718. [PMID: 37754686 PMCID: PMC10532289 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit pathogens that cause human diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika fever, and filariasis. Biotechnological approaches using microorganisms have a significant potential to control mosquito populations and reduce their vector competence, making them alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Ongoing research has identified many microorganisms that can be used effectively to control mosquito populations and disease transmission. However, the successful implementation of these newly proposed approaches requires a thorough understanding of the multipronged microorganism-mosquito-pathogen-environment interactions. Although much has been achieved in discovering new entomopathogenic microorganisms, antipathogen compounds, and their mechanisms of action, only a few have been turned into viable products for mosquito control. There is a discrepancy between the number of microorganisms with the potential for the development of new insecticides and/or antipathogen products and the actual available products, highlighting the need for investments in the intersection of basic research and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Melo Katak
- Malaria and Dengue Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus 69060-001, AM, Brazil;
| | - Amanda Montezano Cintra
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (J.A.S.-N.)
| | - Bianca Correa Burini
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA;
| | - Osvaldo Marinotti
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Jayme A. Souza-Neto
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (J.A.S.-N.)
| | - Elerson Matos Rocha
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (J.A.S.-N.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nemadodzi LE, Prinsloo G. A New Proposed Symbiotic Plant-Herbivore Relationship between Burkea africana Trees, Cirina forda Caterpillars and Their Associated Fungi Pleurostomophora richardsiae and Aspergillus nomius. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1864. [PMID: 37513036 PMCID: PMC10383216 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkea africana is a tree found in savannah and woodland in southern Africa, as well as northwards into tropical African regions as far as Nigeria and Ethiopia. It is used as fuel wood, medicinally to treat various conditions, such as toothache, headache, migraine, pain, inflammation, and sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhoea, but also an ornamental tree. The current study investigated the possible symbiotic relationship between B. africana trees and the C. forda caterpillars and the mutual role played in ensuring the survival of B. africana trees/seedlings in harsh natural conditions and low-nutrient soils. Deoxyribonucleic acid isolation and sequencing results revealed that the fungal species Pleurostomophora richardsiae was highly predominant in the leaves of B. africana trees and present in the caterpillars. The second most prominent fungal species in the caterpillars was Aspergillus nomius. The latter is known to be related to a Penicillium sp. which was found to be highly prevalent in the soil where B. africana trees grow and is suggested to play a role in enhancing the effective growth of B. africana trees in their natural habitat. To support this, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted, and a tree was constructed, which shows a high percentage similarity between Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. The findings of the study revealed that B. africana trees not only serve as a source of feed for the C. forda caterpillar but benefit from C. forda caterpillars which, after dropping onto the soil, is proposed to inoculate the soil surrounding the trees with the fungus A. nomius which suggests a symbiotic and/or synergistic relationship between B. africana trees and C. forda caterpillars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno Ethel Nemadodzi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
- ABBERU, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Prinsloo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
- ABBERU, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nicoletti R, Andolfi A, Becchimanzi A, Salvatore MM. Anti-Insect Properties of Penicillium Secondary Metabolites. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1302. [PMID: 37317276 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In connection with their widespread occurrence in diverse environments and ecosystems, fungi in the genus Penicillium are commonly found in association with insects. In addition to some cases possibly implying a mutualistic relationship, this symbiotic interaction has mainly been investigated to verify the entomopathogenic potential in light of its possible exploitation in ecofriendly strategies for pest control. This perspective relies on the assumption that entomopathogenicity is often mediated by fungal products and that Penicillium species are renowned producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. Indeed, a remarkable number of new compounds have been identified and characterized from these fungi in past decades, the properties and possible applications of which in insect pest management are reviewed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Nicoletti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kirsch JM, Tay JW. Larval Mortality and Ovipositional Preference in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Induced by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1687-1693. [PMID: 35794805 PMCID: PMC9473649 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi allow chemical-free and environmentally safe vector management. Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin is a promising biological control agent and an important component of integrated vector management. We investigated the mortality of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) larvae exposed to five concentrations of B. bassiana using Mycotrol ESO and adult oviposition behavior to analyze the egg-laying preferences of wild Ae. albopictus in response to different fungal concentrations. We examined the mortality of mid-instars exposed to B. bassiana concentrations of 1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia/ml every 24 h for 12 d. In the oviposition behavior study, the fungus was applied to wooden paddles at 1 × 105, 1 × 107, and 1 × 109 conidia/ml, and the paddles were individually placed into quad-ovitraps. Both experiments contained control groups without B. bassiana. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that larval mortality was concentration dependent. The median lethal concentration was 2.43 × 105 conidia/ml on d 12. The median lethal time was 3.68 d at 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Oviposition monitoring revealed no significant difference in egg count between the control and treatment paddles. We observed an inverse relationship between the concentration of B. bassiana and the percentage of paddles with eggs. We concluded that concentrations above 1 × 106 conidia/ml are larvicidal, and Ae. albopictus laid similar numbers of eggs on fungus-impregnated and control wooden substrates; however, they were more likely to oviposit on substrates without B. bassiana. With these findings, we suggest that B. bassiana-infused ovitraps can be used for mosquito population monitoring while also delivering mycopesticides to adult mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Kirsch
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Gilmore, Honolulu, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Ding X, Fu K, Guo W, Zhan F, Yuan Z, Jia Z, Zhou L, Jiang X, Ghenijan O, Li Z, Dai J, Xie Y, Wang Z, Xinping Y. Molecular Identification and Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi Isolates Against Larvae of the Asian Corn Borer
Ostrinia furnacalis
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Xinjiang, China. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2979-2992. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Kaiyun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Wenchao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Faqiang Zhan
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Zihan Yuan
- College of Agriculture Xinjiang Agricultural University Ürümqi PR China
| | - Zunzun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Liuyan Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Xudong Jiang
- College of Agriculture Xinjiang Agricultural University Ürümqi PR China
| | - Osman Ghenijan
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Technology Information, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Jinping Dai
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Yang Xinping
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cui P, Kong K, Yao Y, Huang Z, Shi S, Liu P, Huang Y, Abbas N, Yu L, Zhang Y. Community composition, bacterial symbionts, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of honeybee-associated fungi. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:168. [PMID: 35761187 PMCID: PMC9235140 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungi associated with insects represent one potentially rich source for the discovery of novel metabolites. However, a comprehensive understanding of the fungal communities of Apis mellifera ligustica remains elusive. Results Here, we investigated the phylogenetic diversity and community composition of honeybee-associated fungi using combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. A total of forty-five fungi were isolated and purified from the Apis mellifera ligustica, royal jelly, and honeycomb, which belonged to four classes and eleven different genera. Furthermore, 28 bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained by PCR from the fungal metagenome. High-throughput sequencing analyses revealed that the fungal communities were more diverse, a total of 62 fungal genera were detected in the honeybee gut by culture-independent method, whereas only 4 genera were isolated by culture-dependent method. Similarly, 247 fungal genera were detected in the honeycomb, whereas only 4 genera were isolated. In addition, we assessed the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of fungal isolates. Most fungal crude extracts obtained from the cultivation supernatant exhibited antioxidant activities. Only two fungal crude extracts displayed moderate activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Chemical analysis of Chaetomium subaffine MFFC22 led to the discovery of three known compounds, including cochliodinol (1), emodin (2), chrysophanol (3). Among them, cochliodinol (1) showed intense DPPH radical scavenging activity with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3.06 μg/mL, which was comparable to that of the positive ascorbic acid (IC50 = 2.25 μg/mL). Compound 2 displayed weak inhibitory activities against Micrococcus tetragenus and S. aureus. Conclusions This research provided a fundamental clue for the complex interactions among honeybees, fungi, bacterial symbionts, and the effects on the honeybee. Furthermore, the diversity of honeybee-associated fungi had great potential in finding the resource of new species and antioxidants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02580-4.
Collapse
|
10
|
Talaromyces-Insect Relationships. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010045. [PMID: 35056494 PMCID: PMC8780841 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing the urgent need to reduce the input of agrochemicals, in recent years, the ecological relationships between plants and their associated microorganisms have been increasingly considered as an essential tool for improving crop production. New findings and data have been accumulated showing that the application of fungi can go beyond the specific role that has been traditionally assigned to the species, employed in integrated pest management as entomopathogens or mycoparasites, and that strains combining both aptitudes can be identified and possibly used as multipurpose biocontrol agents. Mainly considered for their antagonistic relationships with plant pathogenic fungi, species in the genus Talaromyces have been more and more widely reported as insect associates in investigations carried out in various agricultural and non-agricultural contexts. Out of a total of over 170 species currently accepted in this genus, so far, 27 have been found to have an association with insects from 9 orders, with an evident increasing trend. The nature of their mutualistic and antagonistic relationships with insects, and their ability to synthesize bioactive compounds possibly involved in the expression of the latter kind of interactions, are analyzed in this paper with reference to the ecological impact and applicative perspectives in crop protection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Aynalem B, Muleta D, Venegas J, Assefa F. Molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Ethiopia. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:127. [PMID: 34436715 PMCID: PMC8390704 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive, pesticide resistant, and a major treat of tomato production in the world. It needs effective management options that naturally infect the insect without causing any identified side effects. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are the most important options. However, geographic origin and climatic condition apparently creates genetic variation among EPF strains that influence on their pathogenicity. Thus, screening of effective EPF strains from the local source is vital to develop environmental friendly pest control tactic for T. absoluta. RESULTS In this study, 27 indigenous Beauveria were isolated from the various types of soil and 12 of the isolates were screened based on their biological efficiency index (BEI). These isolates scored 65.7-95.7% and 68.3-95% of mortality against second and third instar larvae of T. absoluta at concentration of 1 × 107spores·ml-1 in 7 days post inoculation, respectively. Out of these, five (18.5%) isolates scored above 90% mortality on both instar larvae with LT50 value of 3.33 to 5.33 days at the lowest (104 spores·ml-1) and 1.93 to 3.17 days at highest (108 spores·ml-1) spore concentrations and has LC50 value of 1.5 × 103 to 1.1× 105 spores·ml-1. Moreover, isolates exhibited the promising mortality better (1.5 × 106 to 3.5 × 107 spores·ml-1), sporulated over the larval cadavers, well grown at optimal temperature, and produced chitinolytic enzymes. Molecular analysis showed that isolates have nearly monophyletic characters and grouped under species of Beauveria bassiana. CONCLUSION Different types of soil in Ethiopia are an important source of B. bassiana, and these isolates showed promising pathogenicity against T. absoluta, which is crucial for ecofriendly biopesticide development. Although isolates were nearly monophyletic in phylogenetic study, five of them were highly effective in the laboratory bioassays against T. absoluta; however, further field evaluation is required for mass production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birhan Aynalem
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Diriba Muleta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Juan Venegas
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fassil Assefa
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Diversity and Seasonal Dynamics of Airborne Fungi in Nerja Cave, Spain. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nerja Cave, Southern Spain, was revealed as an important biodiversity reservoir from which several novel species of Aspergillus were described. We carried out an aerobiological study in Nerja Cave to assess the origin of airborne fungi. This study quantified the fungi present in the air of ten representative halls covering the three sectors comprising the cave: Touristic Galleries, High Galleries, and New Galleries. Microclimatological monitoring allowed us to understand the dynamic of airborne fungi in two seasons of the year (winter and summer), corresponding to the strongest and the lowest cave ventilation, and to validate the influence that the transport of airborne fungi from outside may have on the cave itself. The data show that cold air enters in winter, as confirmed by the abundant presence of Aspergillus and Penicillium spores inside and outside the cave. In summer, the abundance of some fungi in the air of Nerja Cave, which are not detected outside, indicates a stagnation or low ventilation, and therefore, the concentration of fungal spores is maxima. The high occurrence of Cladosporium outside the cave and the scarce abundance inside support the cave stagnation in this season.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kaur M, Chadha P, Kaur S, Kaur A. Aspergillus flavus induced oxidative stress and immunosuppressive activity in Spodoptera litura as well as safety for mammals. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:180. [PMID: 34126929 PMCID: PMC8204525 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last few decades, considerable attention has been paid to entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents, however little is known about their mode of action and safety. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of Aspergillus flavus in insect Spodoptera litura by analyzing the effect of fungal extract on antioxidant and cellular immune defense. In antioxidant defense, the lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde content) and antioxidant enzymes activities (Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase) were examined. In cellular immune defense, effect of A. flavus extract was analyzed on haemocytes using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, mammalian toxicity was analyzed with respect to DNA damage induced in treated rat relative to control by comet assay using different tissues of rat (blood, liver, and kidney). RESULTS Ethyl acetate extract of A. flavus was administrated to the larvae of S.litura using artificial diet method having concentration 1340.84 μg/ml (LC50 of fungus). The effect was observed using haemolymph of insect larvae for different time intervals (24, 48, 72 and 96). In particular, Malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzymes activities were found to be significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in treated larvae as compared to control. A. flavus ethyl acetate extract also exhibit negative impact on haemocytes having major role in cellular immune defense. Various deformities were observed in different haemocytes like cytoplasmic leakage and surface abnormalities etc. Genotoxicity on rat was assessed using different tissues of rat (blood, liver, and kidney) by comet assay. Non-significant effect of A. flavus extract was found in all the tissues (blood, liver, and kidney). CONCLUSIONS Overall the study provides important information regarding the oxidative stress causing potential and immunosuppressant nature of A. flavus against S. litura and its non toxicity to mammals (rat), mammals (rat), suggesting it an environment friendly pest management agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab India
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab India
| | - Sanehdeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab India
| | - Amarjeet Kaur
- Departments of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bobadilla Alvarez MC, Palomino Cadenas EJ. CONTROL DE Aedes aegypti (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) MEDIANTE ACTINOBACTERIAS FORMADORAS DE BIOPELÍCULAS. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v26n3.86966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
El phylum Actinobacteria incluye miembros productores de compuestos bioinsecticidas. No obstante, la sobreexplotacion de metabolitos derivados de Streptomyces ha conllevado a explorar nuevas moléculas provenientes de bacterias no estreptomicetos para contrarrestar la resistencia a insecticidas químicos en Aedes aegypti. Concordantes con el uso de bioagentes ecológicos, esta investigación caracterizó actinobacterias formadoras de biopelículas con el fin de evaluar su dinámica de crecimiento, actividad larvicida y efectos subletales. La identificación, crecimiento de biopelículas y bioactividades se realizaron por cultivos, análisis de imágenes por fotomicrografía y bioensayos. Los resultados mostraron que las biopelículas pertenecen a Pseudonocardiaceae (PsA1TA) y Corynebacteriaceae (CoA2CA) característicamente dependientes del revestimiento cuticular. PsA1TA coloniza estructuras membranosas de tórax y abdomen con microcolonias aleatoriamente distribuidas que desarrollan a extensas biopelículas mono y biestratificadas, al cubrir cuatro veces la amplitud toracoabdominal (envergadura infectiva entre 1010 µm a 1036 µm). En contraste, CoA2CA envuelve radialmente estructuras esclerotizadas cefálica y anal al triplicar la amplitud de tales órganos (1820 a 2030 µm y 1650 a 1860 µm, respectivamente). Las biopelículas ejercieron mortalidad diferenciada a todos los estadios larvales, no obstante, PsA1TA resultó más mortal y virulento en el segundo estadio larval (58 %-96 horas, TL50: 3,4 días), mientras que CoA2CA lo fue en el cuarto estadio larval (85 %-96 horas, TL50: 2,5 días). CoA2CA indujo emergencia incompleta de adultos farados y despliegue de tarsos curvos en emergentes, además de revestir con robustas biopelículas cadáveres larvarios. Las biopelículas actinobacterianas revelaron ejercer función larvicida y respuestas subletales en A. aegypti.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hashimoto K, Oda H, Saito Y, Akimoto M, Nojiri T, Kawakami Y. Isolation of Simplicillium sympodiophorum and Toxicocladosporium irritans from the Blowout Air of Household Air Conditioners. Biocontrol Sci 2021; 26:105-111. [PMID: 34092713 DOI: 10.4265/bio.26.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Household air conditioners are known to be contaminated with dematiaceous fungi such as genus Toxicocladosporium and genus Cladosporium. We frequently encounter cases in which a large amount of fungi, which are presumed to belong to the family Cordycipitaceae, are isolated from the blowout air of the household air conditioners. Therefore, the Cordycipitaceae isolated in the survey of four cases of the air conditioners were identified by genetic analyses. As a result, all of them were found to be Simplicillium sympodiophorum. The concentration of airborne fungi, S. sympodiophorum in the blowout air was high (> 104 cfu/m3) as exceeding the upper limit of quantification in three of four cases, and 5,000 cfu/m3 in one case. This study revealed that S. sympodiophorum contaminated multiple air conditioners. Genus Toxicocladosporium was also isolated from the two air conditioners, and it was found to be Toxicocladosporium irritans by the genetic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuki Saito
- Hitachi-Johnson Controls Air Conditioning, Inc
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
da Silva WJ, Pilz-Júnior HL, Heermann R, da Silva OS. The great potential of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus for mosquito control: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:376. [PMID: 32727530 PMCID: PMC7391577 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of insects of medical importance, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are still the only effective way to prevent the transmission of diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Their control is performed mainly using chemical products; however, they often have low specificity to non-target organisms, including humans. Also, studies have reported resistance to the most commonly used insecticides, such as the organophosphate and pyrethroids. Biological control is an ecological and sustainable method since it has a slow rate of insect resistance development. Bacterial species of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus have been the target of several research groups worldwide, aiming at their use in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial products. This review highlights articles referring to the use of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus for insects and especially for mosquito control proposing future ways for their biotechnological applicability. Approximately 24 species of Xenorhabdus and five species of Photorhabdus have been described to have insecticidal properties. These studies have shown genes that are capable of encoding low molecular weight proteins, secondary toxin complexes and metabolites with insecticide activities, as well as antibiotic, fungicidal and antiparasitic molecules. In addition, several species of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus showed insecticidal properties against mosquitoes. Therefore, these biological agents can be used in new control methods, and must be, urgently considered in short term, in studies and applications, especially in mosquito control.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Junior da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Harry Luiz Pilz-Júnior
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Onilda Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Heryanto C, Eleftherianos I. Nematode endosymbiont competition: Fortune favors the fittest. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 238:111298. [PMID: 32621939 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbiotic bacteria that obligately associate with entomopathogenic nematodes as a complex are a unique model system to study competition. These nematodes seek an insect host and provide entry for their endosymbionts. Through their natural products, the endosymbionts nurture their nematodes by eliminating secondary infection, providing nutrients through bioconversion of the insect cadaver, and facilitating reproduction. On one hand, they cooperatively colonize the insect host and neutralize other opportunistic biotic threats. On the other hand, inside the insect cadaver as a fighting pit, they fiercely compete for the fittest partnership that will grant them the reproductive dominance. Here, we review the protective and nurturing nature of endosymbiotic bacteria for their nematodes and how their selective preference shapes the superior nematode-endosymbiont pairs as we know today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park R, Dzialo MC, Spaepen S, Nsabimana D, Gielens K, Devriese H, Crauwels S, Tito RY, Raes J, Lievens B, Verstrepen KJ. Microbial communities of the house fly Musca domestica vary with geographical location and habitat. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:147. [PMID: 31699144 PMCID: PMC6839111 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
House flies (Musca domestica) are widespread, synanthropic filth flies commonly found on decaying matter, garbage, and feces as well as human food. They have been shown to vector microbes, including clinically relevant pathogens. Previous studies have demonstrated that house flies carry a complex and variable prokaryotic microbiota, but the main drivers underlying this variability and the influence of habitat on the microbiota remain understudied. Moreover, the differences between the external and internal microbiota and the eukaryotic components have not been examined. To obtain a comprehensive view of the fly microbiota and its environmental drivers, we sampled over 400 flies from two geographically distinct countries (Belgium and Rwanda) and three different environments-farms, homes, and hospitals. Both the internal as well as external microbiota of the house flies were studied, using amplicon sequencing targeting both bacteria and fungi. Results show that the house fly's internal bacterial community is very diverse yet relatively consistent across geographic location and habitat, dominated by genera Staphylococcus and Weissella. The external bacterial community, however, varies with geographic location and habitat. The fly fungal microbiota carries a distinct signature correlating with the country of sampling, with order Capnodiales and genus Wallemia dominating Belgian flies and genus Cladosporium dominating Rwandan fly samples. Together, our results reveal an intricate country-specific pattern for fungal communities, a relatively stable internal bacterial microbiota and a variable external bacterial microbiota that depends on geographical location and habitat. These findings suggest that vectoring of a wide spectrum of environmental microbes occurs principally through the external fly body surface, while the internal microbiome is likely more limited by fly physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Park
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Beer Research (LIBR), Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria C Dzialo
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Beer Research (LIBR), Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Spaepen
- CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Beer Research (LIBR), Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Donat Nsabimana
- Biology Department, School of Science, College of Science and technology, University of Rwanda, RN1, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Kim Gielens
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Beer Research (LIBR), Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Devriese
- Safety, Health & Environment Department, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- Leuven Institute for Beer Research (LIBR), Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, Fortsesteenweg 30A, 2860, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Raul Y Tito
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Bioinformatics and (eco-)systems biology lab, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Bioinformatics and (eco-)systems biology lab, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Leuven Institute for Beer Research (LIBR), Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, Fortsesteenweg 30A, 2860, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Institute for Beer Research (LIBR), Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Janeh M, Osman D, Kambris Z. Comparative Analysis of Midgut Regeneration Capacity and Resistance to Oral Infection in Three Disease-Vector Mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14556. [PMID: 31601867 PMCID: PMC6787257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes acquire the pathogens they transmit through ingestion, and the insects' gut constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Indeed the gut epithelium acts as a physical barrier, activates local antimicrobial peptides production and triggers the systemic immune response. Consequently, gut epithelium is constantly confronted to stress and often suffers cellular damage. We have previously shown that regenerative cells are present in the guts of adult Aedes albopictus, and that chemical damage or bacterial infection leads to the proliferation of these regenerative cells in the midgut. In this study, we extended the analysis of gut cells response to stress to two other important disease vector mosquitoes: Culex pipiens and Anopheles gambiae. We fed mosquitoes on sucrose solutions or on sucrose supplemented with pathogenic bacteria or with damage-inducing chemicals. We also assayed the survival of mosquitoes following the ingestion of pathogenic bacteria. We found that in adult C. pipiens, dividing cells exist in the digestive tract and that these cells proliferate in the midgut after bacterial or chemical damage, similarly to what we previously observed in A. albopictus. In sharp contrast, we did not detect any mitotic cell in the midguts of A. gambiae mosquitoes, neither in normal situation nor after the induction of gut damage. In agreement with this observation, A. gambiae mosquitoes were more sensitive to oral bacterial infections compared to A. albopictus and C. pipiens. This work provides evidence that major differences in gut physiological responses exist between different mosquitoes. The presence of regenerative cells in the mosquito guts and their ability to multiply after gut damage affect the mosquito survival to oral infections, and is also likely to affect its vectorial capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Janeh
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, 1300, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Zakaria Kambris
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Corpse management of the invasive Argentine ant inhibits growth of pathogenic fungi. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7593. [PMID: 31110201 PMCID: PMC6527551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A dead conspecific poses a potential pathogen risk for social animals. We have discovered that Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) prevent spread of pathogenic fungi from corpses by depositing the dead to combined toilet and refuse areas and applying pygidial gland secretion on them. The presence of a corpse in a nest increases this secretion behaviour. We identified three fungi growing on Argentine ant corpses. Growth of the Argentine ant pathogen Aspergillus nomius and the plant pathogen Fusarium solani on corpses was inhibited as long as the ants were constantly attending them as the ant anal secretion only delayed germination of their spores. In contrast, the effect of the ant anal secretion on the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus was much stronger: it prevented spore germination and, accordingly, the fungus no longer grew on the treated corpses. The Argentine ants are one of the world's worst invasive alien species as they cause ecological and economical damage in their new habitats. Our discovery points at a novel method to limit Argentine ant colonies through their natural fungal pathogens.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kaur M, Chadha P, Kaur S, Kaur A, Kaur R, Yadav AK, Kaur R. Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of ethyl acetate extract of Aspergillus flavus on Spodoptera litura. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:881-893. [PMID: 30216609 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recent concerns about the possible adverse effects of agricultural chemicals on health and environment have generated a considerable interest in biological alternatives. This study aimed to test the insecticidal potential of fungus Aspergillus flavus and revealed its genotoxic and cytotoxic effects using Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) as a model. METHODS AND RESULTS The fungus was isolated from the surface of the dead insect and investigated for its insecticidal potential against S. litura by bioassay studies. Significant increase in mortality, prolonged development period and reduced adult emergence in S. litura were observed in larva fed on diet supplemented with fungal extract. In addition, fungus was also found to cause oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell death. Significantly higher percentages of necrotic cells and DNA damage were observed in larvae treated with fungal extract. Furthermore, DNA repair studies predicted the longevity of toxic effects induced by fungus. Phytochemical and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography studies revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated it to be a non-aflatoxin strain of A. flavus. Fungal extract was less toxic to mammalian cell lines as compared to cytotoxic drug doxorubicin (DOX) in the MTT assay. CONCLUSION The study highlights the insecticidal potential of A. flavus by revealing its genotoxicity and cytotoxicity causing potential. This is the first report showing the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the fungus A. flavus on S. litura. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides a useful insight to explore microbial agents as biopesticides in order to reduce various environmental as well as human health problems due to synthetic pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - P Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - S Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - A Kaur
- Departments of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - R Kaur
- Departments of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - A K Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - R Kaur
- Department cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ou D, Zhang LH, Guo CF, Chen XS, Ali S, Qiu BL. Identification of a new Cordyceps javanica fungus isolate and its toxicity evaluation against Asian citrus psyllid. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00760. [PMID: 30421866 PMCID: PMC6562118 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the most serious pest of citrus worldwide. It acts as a vector for a group of phloem‐limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.) that causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Thus, D. citri management is an important strategy against HLB, and biological control is currently considered as the most effective method because of the unsustainable and negative side effects of chemical control. Here, we isolated a new strain of entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps javanica (GZQ‐1), from one cadaver of D. citri adult based on its morphological and phylogenetic data. Five conidial concentrations of the C. javanica pathogen (1 × 103, 1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106, and 1 × 107 conidia/ml) were assessed against six life stages of D. citri (1st‐5th instar nymphs and adults). Results showed that C. javanica GZQ‐1 was highly pathogenic to D. citri nymphs (69.49%–90.87% mortality) and adults (69.98% mortality). The LC50 and LT50 values of C. javanica against 1st‐2nd instar (younger), 3rd‐4th instar (middle aged), 5th instar (older), and adults were 1.20 × 105, 1.10 × 106, 4.47 × 106, 8.12 × 106 conidia/ml and 4.25, 4.51, 5.17, 5.49 days, respectively. Moreover, glasshouse experiments indicated that this C. javanica GZQ‐1 caused higher infection rates of D. citri adults compared to two other fungal strains we previously isolated in the laboratory, Cordyceps fumosorosea (IF010) and Metarhizium anisopliae (CNGD7).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Singh RK, Dhama K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Bueno-Marí R. Prevention and Control Strategies to Counter Zika Virus, a Special Focus on Intervention Approaches against Vector Mosquitoes-Current Updates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:87. [PMID: 29472902 PMCID: PMC5809424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is the most recent intruder that acquired the status of global threat creating panic and frightening situation to public owing to its rapid spread, attaining higher virulence and causing complex clinical manifestations including microcephaly in newborns and Guillain Barré Syndrome. Alike other flaviviruses, the principal mode of ZIKV transmission is by mosquitoes. Advances in research have provided reliable diagnostics for detecting ZIKV infection, while several drug/therapeutic targets and vaccine candidates have been identified recently. Despite these progresses, currently there is neither any effective drug nor any vaccine available against ZIKV. Under such circumstances and to tackle the problem at large, control measures of which mosquito population control need to be strengthened following appropriate mechanical, chemical, biological and genetic control measures. Apart from this, several other known modes of ZIKV transmission which have gained importance in recent past such as intrauterine, sexual intercourse, and blood-borne spread need to be checked and kept under control by adopting appropriate precautions and utmost care during sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and organ transplantation. The virus inactivation by pasteurization, detergents, chemicals, and filtration can effectively reduce viral load in plasma-derived medicinal products. Added to this, strengthening of the surveillance and monitoring of ZIKV as well as avoiding travel to Zika infected areas would aid in keeping viral infection under check. Here, we discuss the salient advances in the prevention and control strategies to combat ZIKV with a focus on highlighting various intervention approaches against the vector mosquitoes of this viral pathogen along with presenting an overview regarding human intervention measures to counter other modes of ZIKV transmission and spread. Additionally, owing to the success of vaccines for a number of infections globally, a separate section dealing with advances in ZIKV vaccines and transmission blocking vaccines has also been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Rubén Bueno-Marí
- Laboratorios Lokímica, Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Angleró-Rodríguez YI, Talyuli OA, Blumberg BJ, Kang S, Demby C, Shields A, Carlson J, Jupatanakul N, Dimopoulos G. An Aedes aegypti-associated fungus increases susceptibility to dengue virus by modulating gut trypsin activity. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29205153 PMCID: PMC5716662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of dengue virus (DENV) requires successful completion of the infection cycle in the Aedes aegypti vector, which is initiated in the midgut tissue after ingestion of an infectious blood meal. While certain Ae. aegypti midgut-associated bacteria influence virus infection, little is known about the midgut-associated fungi (mycobiota), and how its members might influence susceptibility to DENV infection. We show that a Talaromyces (Tsp_PR) fungus, isolated from field-caught Ae. aegypti, render the mosquito more permissive to DENV infection. This modulation is attributed to a profound down-regulation of digestive enzyme genes and trypsin activity, upon exposure to Tsp_PR-secreted factors. In conclusion, we show for the first time that a natural mosquito gut-associated fungus can alter Ae. aegypti physiology in a way that facilitates pathogen infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesseinia I Angleró-Rodríguez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Octavio Ac Talyuli
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Benjamin J Blumberg
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Celia Demby
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Alicia Shields
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jenny Carlson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fukruksa C, Yimthin T, Suwannaroj M, Muangpat P, Tandhavanant S, Thanwisai A, Vitta A. Isolation and identification of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes and their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:440. [PMID: 28934970 PMCID: PMC5609025 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a potential vector of West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses. Alternative control measurements of the vector are needed to overcome the problems of environmental contamination and chemical resistance. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are symbionts in the intestine of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. These bacteria are able to produce a broad range of bioactive compounds including antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cytotoxic and insecticidal compounds. The objectives of this study were to identify Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus isolated from EPNs in upper northern Thailand and to study their larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti larvae. RESULTS A total of 60 isolates of symbiotic bacteria isolated from EPNs consisted of Xenorhabdus (32 isolates) and Photorhabdus (28 isolates). Based on recA gene sequencing, BLASTN and phylogenetic analysis, 27 isolates of Xenorhabdus were identical and closely related to X. stockiae, 4 isolates were identical to X. miraniensis, and one isolate was identical to X. ehlersii. Twenty-seven isolates of Photorhabdus were closely related to P. luminescens akhurstii and P. luminescens hainanensis, and only one isolate was identical and closely related to P. luminescens laumondii. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus were lethal to Ae aegypti larvae. Xenorhabdus ehlersii bMH9.2_TH showed 100% efficiency for killing larvae of both fed and unfed conditions, the highest for control of Ae. aegypti larvae and X. stockiae (bLPA18.4_TH) was likely to be effective in killing Ae. aegypti larvae given the mortality rates above 60% at 72 h and 96 h. CONCLUSIONS The common species in the study area are X. stockiae, P. luminescens akhurstii, and P. luminescens hainanensis. Three symbiotic associations identified included P. luminescens akhurstii-H. gerrardi, P. luminescens hainanensis-H. gerrardi and X. ehlersii-S. Scarabaei which are new observations of importance to our knowledge of the biodiversity of, and relationships between, EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria. Based on the biological assay, X. ehlersii bMH9.2_TH begins to kill Ae. aegypti larvae within 48 h and has the most potential as a pathogen to the larvae. These data indicate that X. ehlersii may be an alternative biological control agent for Ae. aegypti and other mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamaiporn Fukruksa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Thatcha Yimthin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Manawat Suwannaroj
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Paramaporn Muangpat
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Sarunporn Tandhavanant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Aunchalee Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Apichat Vitta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand. .,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jammal A, Bariche M, Zu Dohna H, Kambris Z. Characterization of the Cultivable Gut Microflora in Wild-Caught
Mediterranean Fish Species. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2017; 13:147-154. [PMID: 28553195 PMCID: PMC5427772 DOI: 10.2174/1573401313666170216165332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Microflora of the gastrointestinal tract plays important roles in food digestion, nutrient absorption and in host defense against ingested pathogens. Several studies have focused on the microflora of farmed fishes, but the gut flora of wild fishes remains poorly characterized. The aim of this work was to provide an overview of the bacteria colonizing the gut of wild-caught fishes and to determine whether some bacterial species can be pathogenic. Results: We isolated cultivable bacteria from fifteen wild-caught Mediterranean fish species corresponding to different habitat, diet and origin. Bacterial species identity was determined by 16s rRNA gene sequencing for the 61 isolates. The potential pathogenicity of isolated bacteria was investigated using fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) as model organisms. Two bacterial strains (Serratia sp. and Aeromonas salmonicida) were lethal when microinjected to Drosophila, while zebrafish did not develop any disease when exposed to any of 34 isolated bacterial strains. However, it was interesting to note that two bacterial strains (Shewanella and Arthrobacter) isolated from marine fishes were able to colonize the guts of freshwater zebrafish. Conclusion: The results of this study give an overview of the bacterial species found in the guts of wild fishes living off Beirut seashore. It shows that some parameters believed to be limiting factors to host-gut colonization by bacteria can be overcome by some species. This pilot study could be extended by sampling a larger number of fish species with several specimens per fish species, and by identifying uncultivable bacteria that reside in the fish guts. Our results may have implications for the utilization of certain bacterial species in fish farming or their use as bio-indicators for water and/or food quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jammal
- Biology Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel Bariche
- Biology Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Zakaria Kambris
- Biology Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|