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Islam SI, Mahfuj S, Baqar Z, Asadujjaman M, Islam MJ, Alsiwiehri N, Almehmadi M, Sanjida S, Ahammad F. Bacterial diseases of Asian sea bass ( Lates calcarifer): A review for health management strategies and future aquaculture sustainability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29793. [PMID: 38707314 PMCID: PMC11068540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of aquaculture has been one of the most significant shifts in world food supply during the last century. Aquaculture has rapidly expanded and become a global food industry, spurred by population expansion, increased seafood consumption, and decreased captured fisheries. Nonetheless, the exponential growth of aquaculture has emerged as a significant contributor to anthropogenic changes. Unexpectedly, the result has focused in the emergence and spread of new diseases. The Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) is an economically important species in aquaculture, contributing significantly to the global seafood market. However, bacterial diseases have emerged as a major concern, affecting both wild and cultured populations of this species. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens are streptococcus, vibriosis, nocardiosis, tenacibaculosis, and pot-belly disease. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively analyze both emerging and non-emerging bacterial diseases affecting L. calcarifer and explore potential management approaches for their control. Through an extensive literature survey and critical evaluation of research findings, this review highlights the current understanding of bacterial diseases in L. calcarifer and proposes strategies for better disease management. In addition, this review looks at the rise and characteristics of aquaculture, the major bacterial pathogens of L. calcarifer and their effects, and the specific attributes of disease emergence in an aquatic rather than terrestrial context. It also considers the potential for future disease emergence in L. calcarifer due to aquaculture expansion and climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Injamamul Islam
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sarower Mahfuj
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Zulqarnain Baqar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Md Asadujjaman
- Department of Aquaculture, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jakiul Islam
- Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Naif Alsiwiehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saloa Sanjida
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Foysal Ahammad
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Porter D, Peggs D, McGurk C, Martin SAM. Immune responses to prebiotics in farmed salmonid fish: How transcriptomic approaches help interpret responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:35-47. [PMID: 35667538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within aquaculture, prebiotics are composed of complex carbohydrate molecules that cannot be digested by the fish directly but are metabolised by the microbial communities within the host gut, with the desire that "healthy" bacterial species are promoted with subsequently improved performance of the fish, there are likely some direct responses of intestinal cells to these dietary components. The sources and processing of prebiotics, which fall under the overarching theme of "functional feeds" are highly varied between species and types of prebiotics administered. How these feeds exert their effect, and the host responses are hard to determine, but new technologies and the development of high-throughput technologies (omics) are enabling the mechanisms and methods of action to be further understood. The recent advances in the availability of 'omics' technologies with the transition from single gene assays to microarray and RNA-seq in fish health have enabled novel functional ingredients to be analysed. This review will focus on recent studies on targeted gene expression and 'omics' technologies to characterize immune responses. Comparisons between the immunomodulatory effect of different prebiotics have been made and specific examples of how transcriptomics techniques have been used to identify immune responses to prebiotics are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Porter
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK
| | - D Peggs
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - C McGurk
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - S A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK.
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Caballero-Solares A, Umasuthan N, Xue X, Katan T, Kumar S, Westcott JD, Chen Z, Fast MD, Skugor S, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Interacting Effects of Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection and Formalin-Killed Aeromonas salmonicida on Atlantic Salmon Skin Transcriptome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:804987. [PMID: 35401509 PMCID: PMC8987027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.804987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (sea lice) and bacterial co-infection threatens wild and farmed Atlantic salmon performance and welfare. In the present study, pre-adult L. salmonis-infected and non-infected salmon were intraperitoneally injected with either formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dorsal skin samples from each injection/infection group (PBS/no lice, PBS/lice, ASAL/no lice, and ASAL/lice) were collected at 24 h post-injection and used for transcriptome profiling using a 44K salmonid microarray platform. Microarray results showed no clear inflammation gene expression signatures and revealed extensive gene repression effects by pre-adult lice (2,189 down and 345 up-regulated probes) in the PBS-injected salmon (PBS/lice vs. PBS/no lice), which involved basic cellular (e.g., RNA and protein metabolism) processes. Lice repressive effects were not observed within the group of ASAL-injected salmon (ASAL/lice vs. ASAL/no lice); on the contrary, the observed skin transcriptome changes –albeit of lesser magnitude (82 up and 1 down-regulated probes)– suggested the activation in key immune and wound healing processes (e.g., neutrophil degranulation, keratinocyte differentiation). The molecular skin response to ASAL was more intense in the lice-infected (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/lice; 272 up and 11 down-regulated probes) than in the non-infected fish (ASAL/no lice vs. PBS/no lice; 27 up-regulated probes). Regardless of lice infection, the skin’s response to ASAL was characterized by the putative activation of both antibacterial and wound healing pathways. The transcriptomic changes prompted by ASAL+lice co-stimulation (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/no lice; 1878 up and 3120 down-regulated probes) confirmed partial mitigation of lice repressive effects on fundamental cellular processes and the activation of pathways involved in innate (e.g., neutrophil degranulation) and adaptive immunity (e.g., antibody formation), as well as endothelial cell migration. The qPCR analyses evidenced immune-relevant genes co-stimulated by ASAL and lice in an additive (e.g., mbl2b, bcl6) and synergistic (e.g., hampa, il4r) manner. These results provided insight on the physiological response of the skin of L. salmonis-infected salmon 24 h after ASAL stimulation, which revealed immunostimulatory properties by the bacterin with potential applications in anti-lice treatments for aquaculture. As a simulated co-infection model, the present study also serves as a source of candidate gene biomarkers for sea lice and bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Albert Caballero-Solares,
| | | | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tomer Katan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition, Cargill, Sea Lice Research Center (SLRC), Sandnes, Norway
| | | | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Liu D, Liu DC, Fan H, Wang Y. Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC08 Attenuates Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice Through Its Antioxidant Effects and Effective Intervention of Galactooligosaccharide. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:5151-5164. [PMID: 34992351 PMCID: PMC8714972 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s317456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study is to study the antioxidant effect of Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC08 (CQPC08) on exercise-induced fatigue, and the beneficial intervention of GOS on CQPC08. Methods We use the treadmill to establish a fatigue model caused by exercise, and perform drug treatment after exercise. We tested the exhaustive exercise time of mice; investigated the changes of mice body weight, liver index, histopathology, serum biochemical indicators and mRNA expression levels of oxidative and inflammation-related genes; and assessed the potential fatigue inhibitory effect of CQPC08, and the anti-oxidation effect of the combination of GOS and CQPC08. Results The results suggest that CQPC08 and combination with GOS reduces fatigue-induced oxidative damage of the liver, and it decreases blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactic acid (LA), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), malonaldehyde (MDA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in serum. Higher levels of serum catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found. Treatment with the CQPC08 and combination with GOS correlates with lower relative mRNA expression levels of neuronal NOS (nNOS), iNOS, and TNF-α, and with higher mRNA expression levels of catalase and copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) and manganese (Mn) SOD enzymes in the liver and muscles. Conclusion These results suggest that CQPC08 can resolve exercise-induced fatigue by improving antioxidant ability in mice, and the combination of GOS and CQPC08 enhances this ability of CQPC08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Development Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Education Major in Physical Education, University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Las Pinas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Da Chuan Liu
- Student Affairs Department, Jiangmen Preschool Education College, Jiangmen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Fan
- School of Tourism and Service Management, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Cultural Industries and Cultural Policy, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Wang
- Orthopedics Department, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yu Wang Orthopedics Department, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-18609886338 Email
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Transcriptome sequencing and histology reveal dosage compensation in the liver of triploid pre-smolt Atlantic salmon. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16836. [PMID: 33033342 PMCID: PMC7544907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is seen as one of the best solutions to solve key issues in the salmon farming industry, such as the impact of escapees on wild stocks and pre-harvest sexual maturation. However, the effects of triploidy on salmon smoltification are poorly understood at the molecular level, even though smoltification is a very sensitive period that has a major influence on survival rate and performance of farmed salmon. In this study, we have compared the liver transcriptomes of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon at three ontogeny stages: fry, parr and smolt. In diploid fish, a total of 2,655 genes were differentially expressed between fry and parr, whereas 506 genes had significantly different transcript levels between parr and smolts. In triploids, 1,507 and 974 genes were differentially expressed between fry and parr, and between parr and smolts, respectively. Most of these genes were down-regulated and 34 genes were differentially expressed between ploidies at the same stage. In both ploidy groups, the top differentially expressed genes with ontogeny stage belonged to common functional categories that can be related to smoltification. Nucleotide and energy metabolism were significantly down-regulated in fry when compared to parr, while immune system processes were significantly down-regulated in parr when compared to smolts. The close resemblance of enriched biological processes and pathways between ploidy groups suggests that triploidy is regulated by genome dosage compensation in Atlantic salmon. Histological analysis revealed that areas of vacuolization (steatosis) were present only in fry and parr stages, in contrast to a compact cellular histology with glycogen granules after smoltification. There was no significant difference in vacuolization between ploidy groups at the fry stage but the liver of diploid parr had a 33.5% higher vacuolization area compared to their triploid counterparts. Taken together, our data provide novel insights into the changes that occur at the molecular and histological level in the liver of both diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon prior to and during smoltification.
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Swain JK, Carpio Y, Johansen LH, Velazquez J, Hernandez L, Leal Y, Kumar A, Estrada MP. Impact of a candidate vaccine on the dynamics of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation and immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239827. [PMID: 33006991 PMCID: PMC7531828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with parasitic copepod salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis, represents one of the most important limitations to sustainable Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) farming today in the North Atlantic region. The parasite exerts negative impact on health, growth and welfare of farmed fish as well as impact on wild salmonid populations. It is therefore central to ensure continuous low level of salmon lice with the least possible handling of the salmon and drug use. To address this, vaccination is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly control approach. In this study, efficacy of a vaccine candidate, containing a peptide derived from ribosomal protein P0, was validated post infestation with L. salmonis, at the lab-scale. The sampling results showed good potential of the vaccine candidate when administered intraperitoneally in the host, in reducing the ectoparasite load, through reduction of adult female lice counts and fecundity and with greater presumptive effect in F1 lice generation. The sampling results correlated well with the differential modulation of pro-inflammatory, Th1, Th2 and T regulatory mediators at the transcript level at different lice stages. Overall, the results supports approximately 56% efficacy when administered by intraperitoneal injection. However, additional validation is necessary under large-scale laboratory trial for further application under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Kumari Swain
- Nofima—The Food Research Institute, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail: (JKS); (YC); (MPE)
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- * E-mail: (JKS); (YC); (MPE)
| | | | - Janet Velazquez
- Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Liz Hernandez
- Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yeny Leal
- Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ajey Kumar
- Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- * E-mail: (JKS); (YC); (MPE)
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Maina S, Misinzo G, Bakari G, Kim HY. Human, Animal and Plant Health Benefits of Glucosinolates and Strategies for Enhanced Bioactivity: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3682. [PMID: 32806771 PMCID: PMC7464879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSs) are common anionic plant secondary metabolites in the order Brassicales. Together with glucosinolate hydrolysis products (GSHPs), they have recently gained much attention due to their biological activities and mechanisms of action. We review herein the health benefits of GSs/GSHPs, approaches to improve the plant contents, their bioavailability and bioactivity. In this review, only literature published between 2010 and March 2020 was retrieved from various scientific databases. Findings indicate that these compounds (natural, pure, synthetic, and derivatives) play an important role in human/animal health (disease therapy and prevention), plant health (defense chemicals, biofumigants/biocides), and food industries (preservatives). Overall, much interest is focused on in vitro studies as anti-cancer and antimicrobial agents. GS/GSHP levels improvement in plants utilizes mostly biotic/abiotic stresses and short periods of phytohormone application. Their availability and bioactivity are directly proportional to their contents at the source, which is affected by methods of food preparation, processing, and extraction. This review concludes that, to a greater extent, there is a need to explore and improve GS-rich sources, which should be emphasized to obtain natural bioactive compounds/active ingredients that can be included among synthetic and commercial products for use in maintaining and promoting health. Furthermore, the development of advanced research on compounds pharmacokinetics, their molecular mode of action, genetics based on biosynthesis, their uses in promoting the health of living organisms is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Maina
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Korea;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania; (G.M.); (G.B.)
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania; (G.M.); (G.B.)
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania
| | - Gaymary Bakari
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania; (G.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Korea;
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Skugor A, Kjos NP, Sundaram AYM, Mydland LT, Ånestad R, Tauson AH, Øverland M. Effects of long-term feeding of rapeseed meal on skeletal muscle transcriptome, production efficiency and meat quality traits in Norwegian Landrace growing-finishing pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220441. [PMID: 31390356 PMCID: PMC6685631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of 20% rapeseed meal (RSM) as an alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in a three-month feeding experiment with growing finishing pigs. Dietary alteration affected growth performance, several carcass traits and transcriptional responses in the skeletal muscle, but did not affect measured meat quality traits. In general, pigs fed the RSM test diet exhibited reduced growth performance compared to pigs on SBM control diet. Significant transcriptional changes in the skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed RSM diet were likely the consequence of an increased amount of fiber and higher polyunsaturated fatty acids, and presence of bioactive phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates. RNAseq pipeline using Tophat2-Cuffdiff identified 57 upregulated and 63 downregulated genes in RSM compared to SBM pigs. Significantly enriched among downregulated pathways was p53-mediated signalling involved in cellular proliferation, while activation of negative growth regulators (IER5, KLF10, BTG2, KLF11, RETREG1, PRUNE2) in RSM fed pigs provided further evidence for reduced proliferation and increased cellular death, in accordance with the observed reduction in performance traits. Upregulation of well-known metabolic controllers (PDK4, UCP3, ESRRG and ESRRB), involved in energy homeostasis (glucose and lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function), suggested less available energy and nutrients in RSM pigs. Furthermore, several genes supported more pronounced proteolysis (ABTB1, OTUD1, PADI2, SPP1) and reduced protein synthesis (THBS1, HSF4, AP1S2) in RSM muscle tissue. In parallel, higher levels of NR4A3, PDK4 and FGF21, and a drop in adropin, ELOVL6 and CIDEC/FSP27 indicated increased lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, reflective of lower dressing percentage. Finally, pigs exposed to RSM showed greater expression level of genes responsive to oxidative stress, indicated by upregulation of GPX1, GPX2, and TXNIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijana Skugor
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Nils Petter Kjos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Anne-Helene Tauson
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Barker SE, Bricknell IR, Covello J, Purcell S, Fast MD, Wolters W, Bouchard DA. Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer 1837), infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) are more susceptible to infectious salmon anemia virus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209178. [PMID: 30650077 PMCID: PMC6334929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of parasitic sea lice (Siphonostomatoida; Caligidae), especially Lepeophtheirus salmonis, in the epidemiology of Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAv) has long been suspected. The epidemiological studies conducted during the 1998 major Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) outbreak in Scotland demonstrated a strong correlation between sea lice presence and ISAv positive sites or subsequent clinical outbreaks of ISA. The question posed from this observation was "do sea lice infestations on Atlantic salmon make them more susceptible to viral infections?" This study investigated the role that sea lice infestations have on the severity of ISAv infections and disease mortality in experimental populations of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A series of experiments was carried out that investigated the potential of sea lice to modify the outcome of an ISAv infection. Experimental populations of Atlantic salmon were established that had: no lice and no ISAv, a single infection with either ISAv or lice and a co-infection with lice then ISAV. The results were quite clear, the process of infestation by the parasite prior to ISAv exposure significantly increased the mortality and death rates of Atlantic salmon, when compared to uninfected controls and ISAv infected groups only. This was consistent over two source strains of Atlantic salmon (Pennobscot and Saint John River), but the severity and timing was altered. Immunological responses were also consistent in that pro-inflammatory genes were induced in lice only and co-infected fish, whereas the anti-viral response, Mx, MH class I β, Galectin 9 and TRIM 16, 25 genes were down-regulated by lice infection prior to and shortly after co-infection with ISAv. It is concluded that the sea lice settlement on Atlantic salmon and the parasite's subsequent manipulation of the host's immune system, which increases parasite settlement success, also increased susceptibility to ISAv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Barker
- Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Maine, Hitchner Hall, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Ian R. Bricknell
- Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Maine, Hitchner Hall, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- School of Marine Sciences, The University of Maine, Hitchner Hall, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Julia Covello
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Sarah Purcell
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - William Wolters
- USDA ARS National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, Franklin, Maine, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Bouchard
- Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Maine, Hitchner Hall, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dietary fatty acid source has little effect on the development of the immune system in the pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon fry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:27. [PMID: 30631091 PMCID: PMC6328623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and relative amounts of dietary lipids may affect the health and growth of cultured Atlantic salmon. So far, little is known about their effects on the performance of the fish immune system during early life stages and, in particular their importance in the transition from endogenous nutrition (yolk) in the alevin stage to exogenous nutrition in the later fry stage. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of fish oil, vegetable oil and phospholipid-rich oil in feeds for farmed Atlantic salmon using a transcriptomic approach. The experiment allowed a fine-scale monitoring of gene expression profiles in two tissues, the pyloric caeca of the intestine and the liver, in a 94 days-long first feeding experiment. The analysis of transcriptional profiles revealed that first feeding induced a strong immunomodulation in the pyloric caeca after 48 days of feeding, lasting up to day 94 and possibly beyond. On the other hand, the differential effect of the three dietary regimes was negligible. We interpret this upregulation, undetectable in liver, as a potentiation of the immune system upon the first contact of the digestive system with exogenous feed. This process involved a complex network of gene products involved in both cellular and humoral immunity. We identified the classical pathway of the complement system, acting at the crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity, as a key process modulated in response to the switch from endogenous to exogenous nutrition.
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Caballero-Solares A, Xue X, Parrish CC, Foroutani MB, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Changes in the liver transcriptome of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed experimental diets based on terrestrial alternatives to fish meal and fish oil. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:796. [PMID: 30390635 PMCID: PMC6215684 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dependence on marine natural resources threatens the sustainability of Atlantic salmon aquaculture. In the present study, Atlantic salmon fed for 14 weeks with an experimental diet based on animal by-products and vegetable oil (ABP) exhibited reduced growth performance compared with others fed a fish meal/fish oil based experimental diet (MAR) and a plant protein/vegetable oil-based experimental diet (VEG). To characterize the molecular changes underlying the differences in growth performance, we conducted a 44 K microarray study of the liver transcriptome of the three dietary groups. Results The microarray experiment identified 122 differentially expressed features (Rank Products, PFP < 10%). Based on their associated Gene Ontology terms, 46 probes were classified as metabolic and growth-relevant genes, 25 as immune-related, and 12 as related to oxidation-reduction processes. The microarray results were validated by qPCR analysis of 29 microarray-identified transcripts. Diets significantly modulated the transcription of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (gck and pfkfb4), cell growth and proliferation (sgk2 and htra1), apoptosis (gadd45b), lipid metabolism (fabp3, idi1, sqs), and immunity (igd, mx, ifit5, and mhcI). Hierarchical clustering and linear correlation analyses were performed to find gene expression patterns among the qPCR-analyzed transcripts, and connections between them and muscle and liver lipid composition. Overall, our results indicate that changes in the liver transcriptome and tissue lipid composition were driven by cholesterol synthesis up-regulation by ABP and VEG diets, and the lower carbohydrate intake in the ABP group. Two of the microarray-identified genes (sgk2 and htra1) might be key to explaining glucose metabolism regulation and the dietary-modulation of the immune system in fish. To evaluate the potential of these genes as predictive biomarkers, we subjected the qPCR data to a stepwise discriminant analysis. Three sets of no more than four genes were found to be able to predict, with high accuracy (67–94%), salmon growth and fatty acid composition. Conclusions This study provides new findings on the impact of terrestrial animal and plant products on the nutrition and health of farmed Atlantic salmon, and a new method based on gene biomarkers for potentially predicting desired phenotypes, which could help formulate superior feeds for the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5188-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Maryam Beheshti Foroutani
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | | | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Martin SAM, Król E. Nutrigenomics and immune function in fish: new insights from omics technologies. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:86-98. [PMID: 28254621 PMCID: PMC5495911 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between nutrition and immune system is well recognised, however the true integration of research between nutrition, animal energy status and immune function is still far from clear. In fish nutrition, especially for species maintained in aquaculture, formulated feeds are significantly different from the natural diet with recent changes in nutrient sources, especially with protein and oil sources now being predominated by terrestrial derived ingredients. Additionally, many feeds are now incorporated to health management and termed functional feeds, which are believed to improve fish health, reduce disease outbreaks and/or improve post-infection recovery. Using new omics technologies, including transcriptomics (microarray and RNA-seq) and proteomics, the impacts of nutrition on the immune system is becoming clearer. By using molecular pathway enrichment analysis, modules of genes can indicate how both local (intestinal) and systemic immune function are being altered. Although great progress has been made to define the changes in host immune function, understanding the interplay between fish nutrition, intestinal microbiome and immune system is only just beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A M Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Elżbieta Król
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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