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Sveen LR, Chikwati E, Dalum A, Kortner TM, Ravndal J, Einen O, Mørkøre T. Lesions of the biliary system in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Dis 2023; 46:281-285. [PMID: 36308766 PMCID: PMC10092841 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lene R. Sveen
- Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima)TromsøNorway
| | - Elvis Chikwati
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Alf Dalum
- Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima)TromsøNorway
| | - Trond M. Kortner
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | | | | | - Turid Mørkøre
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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Caballero-Solares A, Umasuthan N, Xue X, Katan T, Kumar S, Westcott JD, Chen Z, Fast MD, Skugor S, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Interacting Effects of Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection and Formalin-Killed Aeromonas salmonicida on Atlantic Salmon Skin Transcriptome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:804987. [PMID: 35401509 PMCID: PMC8987027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.804987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (sea lice) and bacterial co-infection threatens wild and farmed Atlantic salmon performance and welfare. In the present study, pre-adult L. salmonis-infected and non-infected salmon were intraperitoneally injected with either formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dorsal skin samples from each injection/infection group (PBS/no lice, PBS/lice, ASAL/no lice, and ASAL/lice) were collected at 24 h post-injection and used for transcriptome profiling using a 44K salmonid microarray platform. Microarray results showed no clear inflammation gene expression signatures and revealed extensive gene repression effects by pre-adult lice (2,189 down and 345 up-regulated probes) in the PBS-injected salmon (PBS/lice vs. PBS/no lice), which involved basic cellular (e.g., RNA and protein metabolism) processes. Lice repressive effects were not observed within the group of ASAL-injected salmon (ASAL/lice vs. ASAL/no lice); on the contrary, the observed skin transcriptome changes –albeit of lesser magnitude (82 up and 1 down-regulated probes)– suggested the activation in key immune and wound healing processes (e.g., neutrophil degranulation, keratinocyte differentiation). The molecular skin response to ASAL was more intense in the lice-infected (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/lice; 272 up and 11 down-regulated probes) than in the non-infected fish (ASAL/no lice vs. PBS/no lice; 27 up-regulated probes). Regardless of lice infection, the skin’s response to ASAL was characterized by the putative activation of both antibacterial and wound healing pathways. The transcriptomic changes prompted by ASAL+lice co-stimulation (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/no lice; 1878 up and 3120 down-regulated probes) confirmed partial mitigation of lice repressive effects on fundamental cellular processes and the activation of pathways involved in innate (e.g., neutrophil degranulation) and adaptive immunity (e.g., antibody formation), as well as endothelial cell migration. The qPCR analyses evidenced immune-relevant genes co-stimulated by ASAL and lice in an additive (e.g., mbl2b, bcl6) and synergistic (e.g., hampa, il4r) manner. These results provided insight on the physiological response of the skin of L. salmonis-infected salmon 24 h after ASAL stimulation, which revealed immunostimulatory properties by the bacterin with potential applications in anti-lice treatments for aquaculture. As a simulated co-infection model, the present study also serves as a source of candidate gene biomarkers for sea lice and bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Albert Caballero-Solares,
| | | | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tomer Katan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition, Cargill, Sea Lice Research Center (SLRC), Sandnes, Norway
| | | | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Lambertini E, Ruzante JM, Kowalcyk BB. The Public Health Impact of Implementing a Concentration-Based Microbiological Criterion for Controlling Salmonella in Ground Turkey. Risk Anal 2021; 41:1376-1395. [PMID: 33336499 PMCID: PMC8518656 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite initiatives to improve the safety of poultry products in the United States, progress has stalled, and salmonellosis incidence is still above Healthy People 2020's goal. One strategy to manage Salmonella and verify process control in poultry establishments is to implement microbiological criteria (MC) linked to public health outcomes. Concentration-based MC have been used by the food industry; however, the public health impact of such approaches is only starting to be assessed. This study evaluated the public health impact of a concentration-based MC for Salmonella in raw ground turkey consumed in the United States using a quantitative risk assessment modeling approach. The distribution of Salmonella concentration in ground turkey was derived from USDA-FSIS monitoring surveys. Other variables and parameters were derived from public databases, literature, and expert opinion. Based on considered concentrations, implementing a MC of 1 cell/g led to an estimated 46.1% reduction (preventable fraction, PF) in the mean probability of illness when consumer cooking and cross-contamination were included. The PF was consistent across scenarios including or excluding cross-contamination and cooking, with slightly lower mean PF when cross-contamination was included. The proportion of lots not compliant with the 1 cell/g MC was 1.05% in the main scenarios and increased nonlinearly when higher Salmonella concentrations were assumed. Assumptions on concentration variability across lots and within lots had a large impact, highlighting the benefit of reducing this uncertainty. These approach and results can help inform the development of MC to monitor and control Salmonella in ground turkey products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- RTI International3040 East Cornwallis RoadResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition1701 Rhode Island Ave NWWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Barbara B. Kowalcyk
- RTI International3040 East Cornwallis RoadResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
- The Ohio State University213 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe RoadColumbusOHUSA
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