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Bezerra-Santos MA, Benelli G, Germinara GS, Volf P, Otranto D. Smelly interactions: host-borne volatile organic compounds triggering behavioural responses in mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:227. [PMID: 38755646 PMCID: PMC11100076 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals emitted as products of cell metabolism, which reflects the physiological and pathological conditions of any living organisms. These compounds play a key role as olfactory cues for arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks, which act in the transmission of pathogens to many animal species, including humans. Some VOCs may influence arthropod behaviour, e.g., host preference and oviposition site selection for gravid females. Furthermore, deadly vector-borne pathogens such as Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania infantum are suggested to manipulate the VOCs profile of the host to make them more attractive to mosquitoes and sand fly vectors, respectively. Under the above circumstances, studies on these compounds have demonstrated their potential usefulness for investigating the behavioural response of mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks toward their vertebrate hosts, as well as potential tools for diagnosis of vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Herein, we provide an account for scientific data available on VOCs to study the host seeking behaviour of arthropod vectors, and their usefulness as attractants, repellents, or tools for an early diagnosis of VBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Menezes SA, Tasca T. Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases - from pathogenesis to future diagnostic tools. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105310. [PMID: 38316376 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are still a major public health problem especially among individuals of low socioeconomic status in underdeveloped countries. In recent years it has been demonstrated that parasites can release extracellular vesicles that participate in the host-parasite communication, immune evasion, and in governing processes associated with host infection. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures released into the extracellular space that can carry several types of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites, which directly impact the target cells. Extracellular vesicles have attracted wide attention due to their relevance in host-parasite communication and for their potential value in applications such as in the diagnostic biomarker discovery. This review of the literature aimed to join the current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in host-parasite interaction and summarize its molecular content, providing information for the acquisition of new tools that can be used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. These findings shed light to the potential of extracellular vesicle cargo derived from protozoan parasites as novel diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Almeida Menezes
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Alves-Rosa MF, Tayler NM, Dorta D, Coronado LM, Spadafora C. P. falciparum Invasion and Erythrocyte Aging. Cells 2024; 13:334. [PMID: 38391947 PMCID: PMC10887143 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites need to find red blood cells (RBCs) that, on the one hand, expose receptors for the pathogen ligands and, on the other hand, maintain the right geometry to facilitate merozoite attachment and entry into the red blood cell. Both characteristics change with the maturation of erythrocytes. Some Plasmodia prefer younger vs. older erythrocytes. How does the life evolution of the RBC affect the invasion of the parasite? What happens when the RBC ages? In this review, we present what is known up until now.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicio de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (M.F.A.-R.); (N.M.T.); (D.D.); (L.M.C.)
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4
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Moura PC, Raposo M, Vassilenko V. Breath biomarkers in Non-Carcinogenic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 552:117692. [PMID: 38065379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from human matrices like breath, perspiration, and urine has received increasing attention from academic and medical researchers worldwide. These biological-borne VOCs molecules have characteristics that can be directly related to physiologic and pathophysiologic metabolic processes. In this work, gathers a total of 292 analytes that have been identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of various non-carcinogenic diseases. Herein we review the advances in VOCs with a focus on breath biomarkers and their potential role as minimally invasive tools to improve diagnosis prognosis and therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Catalão Moura
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria Raposo
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Valentina Vassilenko
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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5
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Stead Z, Capuano R, Di Natale C, Pain A. The volatilome signatures of Plasmodium falciparum parasites during the intraerythrocytic development cycle in vitro under exposure to artemisinin drug. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20167. [PMID: 37978324 PMCID: PMC10656521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprise a diverse range of metabolites with high vapour pressure and low boiling points. Although they have received attention, they are a largely unexplored part of the metabolome. Previous studies have shown that malaria infections produce characteristic, definitive, and detectable volatile signatures. Many transcriptional and metabolic differences are observed at different stages of the parasite Intraerythrocytic Developmental Cycle (IDC) as well as when artemisinin-resistant parasites are put under drug pressure. This prompted our research to characterize whether these responses are reflected at a volatile level in malaria during the IDC stages using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We investigated whether the resistant P. falciparum parasites would produce their own characteristic volatilome profile compared to near-isogenic wild-type parasite in vitro; firstly at three different stages of the IDC and secondly in the presence or absence of artemisinin drug treatment. Finally, we explored the VOC profiles from two media environments (Human serum and Albumax) of recently lab-adapted field parasite isolates, from Southeast Asia and West/East Africa, compared to long-term lab-adapted parasites. Recognizable differences were observed between IDC stages, with schizonts having the largest difference between wild type and resistant parasites, and with cyclohexanol and 2,5,5-trimethylheptane only present for resistant schizonts. Artemisinin treatment had little effect on the resistant parasite VOC profile, whilst for the wild type parasites compounds ethylbenzene and nonanal were greatly affected. Lastly, differing culturing conditions had an observable impact on parasite VOC profile and clustering patterns of parasites were specific to geographic origin. The results presented here provide the foundation for future studies on VOC based characterization of P. falciparum strains differing in abilities to tolerate artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenaida Stead
- Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, KAUST, 239556900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Volatilomics "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre for Volatilomics "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
| | - Arnab Pain
- Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, KAUST, 239556900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Qin Y, Liu X, Peng G, Xia Y, Cao Y. Recent Advancements in Pathogenic Mechanisms, Applications and Strategies for Entomopathogenic Fungi in Mosquito Biocontrol. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:746. [PMID: 37504734 PMCID: PMC10381795 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases are widespread among insects and play a crucial role in naturally regulating insect populations. Mosquitoes, known as vectors for numerous infectious diseases, pose a significant threat to human health. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have emerged as highly promising alternative agents to chemical mosquitocides for controlling mosquitoes at all stages of their life cycle due to their unique infection pathway through direct contact with the insect's cuticle. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the infection pathways and pathogenic mechanisms of EPF against mosquitoes. Various strategies involving the use of EPF alone or combinations with other approaches have been employed to target mosquitoes at various developmental stages. Moreover, the application of genetic technologies in fungi has opened up new avenues for enhancing the mosquitocidal efficacy of EPF. This review presents a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in our understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of EPF, their applications in mosquito management, and the combination of EPF with other approaches and employment of transgenic technologies. The biosafety concerns associated with their use and the corresponding approaches are also discussed. The recent progress suggests that EPF have the potential to serve as a future biorational tool for controlling mosquito vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guoxiong Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yueqing Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
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Chhibber-Goel J, Shukla A, Shanmugam D, Sharma A. Profiling of metabolic alterations in mice infected with malaria parasites via high-resolution metabolomics. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 252:111525. [PMID: 36209797 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria infection can result in distinct clinical outcomes from asymptomatic to severe. The association between patho-physiological changes and molecular changes in the host, and their correlation with severity of malaria progression is not fully understood. METHODS In this study, we addressed mass spectrometry-based temporal profiling of serum metabolite levels from mice infected with Plasmodium berhgei (strain ANKA). RESULTS We show global perturbations and identify changes in specific metabolites in correlation with disease progression. While metabolome-wide changes were apparent in late-stage malaria, a subset of metabolites exhibited highly correlated changes with disease progression. These metabolites changed early on following infection and either continued or maintained the change as mice developed severe disease. Some of these have the potential to be sentinel metabolites for severe malaria. Moreover, glycolytic metabolites, purine nucleotide precursors, tryptophan and its bioactive derivatives were many fold decreased in late-stage disease. Interestingly, uric acid, a metabolic waste reported to be elevated in severe human malaria, increased with disease progression, and subsequently appears to be detoxified into allantoin. This detoxification mechanism is absent in humans as they lack the enzyme uricase. CONCLUSIONS We have identified candidate marker metabolites that may be of relevance in the context of human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Chhibber-Goel
- Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anurag Shukla
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dhanasekaran Shanmugam
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Amit Sharma
- Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India; ICMR-National institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India.
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8
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Zhu Q, Huang Y, Yang Q, Liu F. Recent technical advances to study metabolomics of extracellular vesicles. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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The Potential Use of Volatile Biomarkers for Malaria Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122244. [PMID: 34943481 PMCID: PMC8700171 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens may change the odor and odor-related biting behavior of the vector and host to enhance pathogen transmission. In recent years, volatile biomarker investigations have emerged to identify odors that are differentially and specifically released by pathogens and plants, or the pathogen-infected or even cancer patients. Several studies have reported odors or volatile biomarkers specifically detected from the breath and skin of malaria-infected individuals. This review will discuss the potential use of these odors or volatile biomarkers for the diagnosis of malaria. This approach not only allows for the non-invasive mean of sample collection but also opens up the opportunity to develop a biosensor for malaria diagnosis in low-resource settings.
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10
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Pulido H, Stanczyk NM, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. A unique volatile signature distinguishes malaria infection from other conditions that cause similar symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13928. [PMID: 34230505 PMCID: PMC8260776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that changes in human odors caused by malaria infection have significant potential as diagnostic biomarkers. However, uncertainty remains regarding the specificity of such biomarkers, particularly in populations where many different pathological conditions may elicit similar symptoms. We explored the ability of volatile biomarkers to predict malaria infection status in Kenyan schoolchildren exhibiting a range of malaria-like symptoms. Using genetic algorithm models to explore data from skin volatile collections, we were able to identify malaria infection with 100% accuracy among children with fever and 75% accuracy among children with other symptoms. While we observed characteristic changes in volatile patterns driven by symptomatology, our models also identified malaria-specific biomarkers with robust predictive capability even in the presence of other pathogens that elicit similar symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannier Pulido
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina M Stanczyk
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Ivan I, Ivan I, Stella MM, Stella MM, Tandarto K, Tandarto K, Budiman F, Budiman F, Joprang FS, Joprang FS. Plasmodium falciparum Breath Metabolomics (Breathomics) Analysis as a Non-Invasive Practical Method to Diagnose Malaria in Pediatric. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i1.24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children under 5 years of age are particularly vulnerable to malaria. Malaria has caused 445,000 deaths worldwide. Currently, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the fastest method to diagnose malaria. However, there are limitations that exist such as low sensitivity in detecting infections with low parasitemia. Practical, non-invasive and high ability tests to detect parasite are needed to find specific biomarkers for P. falciparum infection to determine the potential of P. falciparum 4 thioether in breathomics analysis by GC-MS as a practical non-invasive method in diagnosing malaria in pediatrics. Literature reviews from Google Scholar and ProQuest were published no later than the last 5 years. The concept of breathomics is that the breath’s volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile is altered when the health condition changes. Breath samples from individuals infected with P. falciparum malaria were taken by exhalation. Through GC-MS analysis, it was found that 4 thioether compounds (allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), 1-methylthio-propane, (Z) -1-methylthio-1-propene and (E) -1-methylthio-1-propene) underwent a significant change in concentration during the infection. Based on experiments conducted on mice and humans, the breathomics method is known to be able to detect parasitemia levels up to <100 parasites/µL, has a sensitivity level of about 71% to 91% and a specificity of about 75% to 94%. The discovery of 4 thioether compounds by GC-MS is a strong indication of malaria, because it has the potential for high sensitivity and specificity, and the detection power exceeds the ability of RDTs.
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12
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Garrido A, Atencio LA, Bethancourt R, Bethancourt A, Guzmán H, Gutiérrez M, Durant-Archibold AA. Antibacterial Activity of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by the Octocoral-Associated Bacteria Bacillus sp. BO53 and Pseudoalteromonas sp. GA327. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120923. [PMID: 33353062 PMCID: PMC7766662 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by octocoral-associated bacteria Bacillus sp. BO53 and Pseudoalteromonas sp. GA327. The volatilome bioactivity of both bacteria species was evaluated against human pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumanni, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this regard, the in vitro tests showed that Bacillus sp. BO53 VOCs inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa and reduced the growth of S. aureus and A. baumanni. Furthermore, Pseudoalteromonas sp. GA327 strongly inhibited the growth of A. baumanni, and P. aeruginosa. VOCs were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) joined to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology. Nineteen VOCs were identified, where 5-acetyl-2-methylpyridine, 2-butanone, and 2-nonanone were the major compounds identified on Bacillus sp. BO53 VOCs; while 1-pentanol, 2-butanone, and butyl formate were the primary volatile compounds detected in Pseudoalteromonas sp. GA327. We proposed that the observed bioactivity is mainly due to the efficient inhibitory biochemical mechanisms of alcohols and ketones upon antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This is the first report which describes the antibacterial activity of VOCs emitted by octocoral-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Garrido
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (A.G.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Librada A. Atencio
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (A.G.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Rita Bethancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Natural, Exact Sciences, and Technology, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 0824-03366, Panama; (R.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Ariadna Bethancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Natural, Exact Sciences, and Technology, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 0824-03366, Panama; (R.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Héctor Guzmán
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City 0843-03092, Panama;
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (A.G.); (L.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (A.A.D.-A.)
| | - Armando A. Durant-Archibold
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (A.G.); (L.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural, Exact Sciences, and Technology, University of Panama, Panama City 0824-03366, Panama
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (A.A.D.-A.)
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13
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Correa R, Caballero Z, De León LF, Spadafora C. Extracellular Vesicles Could Carry an Evolutionary Footprint in Interkingdom Communication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:76. [PMID: 32195195 PMCID: PMC7063102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute particles secreted by the cells of living organisms. Although the functional role of EVs is not yet clear, recent work has highlighted their role in intercellular communication. Here, we expand on this view by suggesting that EVs can also mediate communication among interacting organisms such as hosts, pathogens and vectors. This inter-kingdom communication via EVs is likely to have important evolutionary consequences ranging from adaptation of parasites to specialized niches in the host, to host resistance and evolution and maintenance of parasite virulence and transmissibility. A potential system to explore these consequences is the interaction among the human host, the mosquito vector and Plasmodium parasite involved in the malaria disease. Indeed, recent studies have found that EVs derived from Plasmodium infected red blood cells in humans are likely mediating the parasite's transition from the asexual to sexual stage, which might facilitate transmission to the mosquito vector. However, more work is needed to establish the adaptive consequences of this EV signaling among different taxa. We suggest that an integrative molecular approach, including a comparative phylogenetic analysis of the molecules (e.g., proteins and nucleic acids) derived from the EVs of interacting organisms (and their closely-related species) in the malaria system will prove useful for understanding interkingdom communication. Such analyses will also shed light on the evolution and persistence of host, parasite and vector interactions, with implications for the control of vector borne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correa
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama.,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Zuleima Caballero
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama
| | - Luis F De León
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama
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14
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Joice Cordy R. Mining the Human Host Metabolome Toward an Improved Understanding of Malaria Transmission. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:164. [PMID: 32117175 PMCID: PMC7033509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The big data movement has led to major advances in our ability to assess vast and complex datasets related to the host and parasite during malaria infection. While host and parasite genomics and transcriptomics are often the focus of many computational efforts in malaria research, metabolomics represents another big data type that has great promise for aiding our understanding of complex host-parasite interactions that lead to the transmission of malaria. Recent analyses of the complement of metabolites present in human blood, skin and breath suggest that host metabolites play a critical role in the transmission cycle of malaria. Volatile compounds released through breath and skin serve as attractants to mosquitoes, with malaria-infected hosts appearing to have unique profiles that further increase host attractiveness. Inside the host, fluctuations in the levels of certain metabolites in blood may trigger increased production of transmission-competent sexual stages (gametocytes), setting the stage for enhanced transmission of malaria from human to mosquito. Together, these recent discoveries suggest that metabolites of human blood, skin and breath play critical roles in malaria transmission. This review discusses recent advances in this area, with a focus on metabolites that have been identified to play a role in malaria transmission and methods that may lead to an improved understanding of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Joice Cordy
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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15
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Metabolomics Applied to the Study of Extracellular Vesicles. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9110276. [PMID: 31718094 PMCID: PMC6918219 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) have rapidly gained prominence as sources of biomarkers for non-invasive biopsies, owing to their ubiquity across human biofluids and physiological stability. There are many characterisation studies directed towards their protein, nucleic acid, lipid and glycan content, but more recently the metabolomic analysis of EV content has also gained traction. Several EV metabolite biomarker candidates have been identified across a range of diseases, including liver disease and cancers of the prostate and pancreas. Beyond clinical applications, metabolomics has also elucidated possible mechanisms of action underlying EV function, such as the arginase-mediated relaxation of pulmonary arteries or the delivery of nutrients to tumours by vesicles. However, whilst the value of EV metabolomics is clear, there are challenges inherent to working with these entities—particularly in relation to sample production and preparation. The biomolecular composition of EVs is known to change drastically depending on the isolation method used, and recent evidence has demonstrated that changes in cell culture systems impact upon the metabolome of the resulting EVs. This review aims to collect recent advances in the EV metabolomics field whilst also introducing researchers interested in this area to practical pitfalls in applying metabolomics to EV studies.
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16
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Capuano R, Khomenko I, Grasso F, Messina V, Olivieri A, Cappellin L, Paolesse R, Catini A, Ponzi M, Biasioli F, Di Natale C. Simultaneous Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry and electronic nose study of the volatile compounds released by Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12360. [PMID: 31451707 PMCID: PMC6710240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) can be biomarkers for several diseases has led to the conception of their possible application as diagnostic tools. In this study, we aimed at defining of diagnostic signatures for the presence of malaria transmissible stages in infected individuals. To do this, we compared VOCs released by asexual and sexual stage cultures of Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest species of malaria, with those emitted by uninfected red blood cells (RBCs). VOC analysis was carried out with an innovative set-up, where each sample was simultaneously analysed by proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and an electronic nose. PTR-Tof-MS results show that sexual stages are characterized by a larger emission of hexanal, compared with uninfected or asexual stage-infected RBCs, which makes them clearly identifiable. PTR-Tof-MS analysis also detected differences in VOC composition between asexual stages and uninfected RBCs. These results have been substantially replicated by the electronic nose analysis and may open the possibility to develop sensitive and easy-to-use devices able to detect sexual parasite stages in infected individuals. This study also demonstrates that the combination of mass spectrometry with electronic noses is a useful tool to identify markers of diseases and to support the development of optimized sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Department Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione E. Mach., Via E. Mach 1, 38010S, Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Felicia Grasso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Messina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Olivieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Ponzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione E. Mach., Via E. Mach 1, 38010S, Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
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17
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Correa R, Coronado L, Caballero Z, Faral-Tello P, Robello C, Spadafora C. Extracellular vesicles carrying lactate dehydrogenase induce suicide in increased population density of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5042. [PMID: 30911042 PMCID: PMC6434017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with access to sufficient nutrients and atmosphere, Plasmodium falciparum can barely be cultured at maximum growth capacity in vitro conditions. Because of this behavior, it has been suggested that P. falciparum has self-regulatory mechanisms in response to density stress. Only recently has this process begun to be acknowledged and characteristics of a programmed cell death been assigned to the parasite at high parasitaemia in vitro cultures. In searching for death signals within the parasite community, we have found that extracellular vesicles (EVs) of P. falciparum from high parasitaemia cultures are able to induce programmed cell death processes in the population. A comparative proteomic analysis of EVs from low (EVL) and high (EVH) parasitaemia cultures was conducted, pointing to lactate dehydrogenase from P. falciparum (PfLDH) as the only parasite protein overexpressed in the later. Although the major function of P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) is the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, a key process in the production of energy in most living organisms, we investigated its possible role in the mechanism of parasite density control by intercellular signaling, given that PfLDH had already been listed as a component of extracellular vesicles of P. falciparum. In this study we present evidence of the EV-associated PfLDH regulation of parasite population by inducing apoptosis in highly parasitized cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correa
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP). City of Knowledge, Panama City, 0843-01103, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 522 510, A.P., India
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Panama City, 0843-01103, Panama
| | - Lorena Coronado
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP). City of Knowledge, Panama City, 0843-01103, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Panama City, 0843-01103, Panama
| | - Zuleima Caballero
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP). City of Knowledge, Panama City, 0843-01103, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Panama City, 0843-01103, Panama
| | | | | | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP). City of Knowledge, Panama City, 0843-01103, Panama.
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Panama City, 0843-01103, Panama.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Stanczyk
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Capuano R, Spitalieri P, Talarico RV, Catini A, Domakoski AC, Martinelli E, Scioli MG, Orlandi A, Cicconi R, Paolesse R, Novelli G, Di Natale C, Sangiuolo F. Volatile compounds emission from teratogenic human pluripotent stem cells observed during their differentiation in vivo. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11056. [PMID: 30038375 PMCID: PMC6056464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several investigations point out that the volatile fraction of metabolites, often called volatilome, might signal the difference processes occurring in living beings, both in vitro and in vivo. These studies have been recently applied to stem cells biology, and preliminary results show that the composition of the volatilome of stem cells in vitro changes along the differentiation processes leading from pluripotency to full differentiation. The identification of pluripotent stem cells is of great importance to improve safety in regenerative medicine avoiding the formation of teratomas. In this paper, we applied gas chromatography and gas sensor array to the study of the volatilome released by mice transplanted with human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) or embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from hiPSCs at 5 days and spontaneously differentiated cells at 27 day. Gas chromatography analysis finds that, in mice transplanted with hiPSCs, the abundance of 13 volatile compounds increases four weeks after the implant and immediately before the formation of malignant teratomas (grade 3) become observable. The same behaviour is also followed by the signals of the gas sensors. Besides this event, the gas-chromatograms and the sensors signals do not show any appreciable variation related neither among the groups of transplanted mice nor respect to a placebo population. This is the first in vivo observation of the change of volatile metabolites released by human induced pluripotent stem cells and hiPSCs-derived cells during the differentiation process. These results shed further light on the differentiation mechanisms of stem cells and suggest possible applications for diagnostic purposes for an early detection of tumor relapse after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Spitalieri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Valentina Talarico
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Carolina Domakoski
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Scioli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Cicconi
- Centro Servizi Interdipartimentale STA, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Oertel P, Bergmann A, Fischer S, Trefz P, Küntzel A, Reinhold P, Köhler H, Schubert JK, Miekisch W. Evaluation of needle trap micro-extraction and solid-phase micro-extraction: Obtaining comprehensive information on volatile emissions from in vitro cultures. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4285. [PMID: 29761519 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from in vitro cultures may reveal information on species and metabolism. Owing to low nmol L-1 concentration ranges, pre-concentration techniques are required for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based analyses. This study was intended to compare the efficiency of established micro-extraction techniques - solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and needle-trap micro-extraction (NTME) - for the analysis of complex VOC patterns. For SPME, a 75 μm Carboxen®/polydimethylsiloxane fiber was used. The NTME needle was packed with divinylbenzene, Carbopack X and Carboxen 1000. The headspace was sampled bi-directionally. Seventy-two VOCs were calibrated by reference standard mixtures in the range of 0.041-62.24 nmol L-1 by means of GC-MS. Both pre-concentration methods were applied to profile VOCs from cultures of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Limits of detection ranged from 0.004 to 3.93 nmol L-1 (median = 0.030 nmol L-1 ) for NTME and from 0.001 to 5.684 nmol L-1 (median = 0.043 nmol L-1 ) for SPME. NTME showed advantages in assessing polar compounds such as alcohols. SPME showed advantages in reproducibility but disadvantages in sensitivity for N-containing compounds. Micro-extraction techniques such as SPME and NTME are well suited for trace VOC profiling over cultures if the limitations of each technique is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oertel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sina Fischer
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut', Jena, Germany
| | - Phillip Trefz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Küntzel
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut', Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut', Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut', Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen K Schubert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Malaria elimination efforts are hindered by the prevalence of asymptomatic infections, which frequently go undetected and untreated. Consequently, there is a pressing need for improved diagnostic screening methods. Based on extensive collections of skin odors from human populations in Kenya, we report broad and consistent effects of malaria infection on human volatile emissions. Furthermore, we found that predictive models based on machine learning algorithms reliably determined infection status based on volatile biomarkers and, critically, identified asymptomatic infections with 100% sensitivity, even in the case of low-level infections not detectable by microscopy. These findings suggest that volatile biomarkers have significant potential for the development of robust, noninvasive screening methods for detecting symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infections under field conditions. Malaria remains among the world’s deadliest diseases, and control efforts depend critically on the availability of effective diagnostic tools, particularly for the identification of asymptomatic infections, which play a key role in disease persistence and may account for most instances of transmission but often evade detection by current screening methods. Research on humans and in animal models has shown that infection by malaria parasites elicits changes in host odors that influence vector attraction, suggesting that such changes might yield robust biomarkers of infection status. Here we present findings based on extensive collections of skin volatiles from human populations with high rates of malaria infection in Kenya. We report broad and consistent effects of malaria infection on human volatile profiles, as well as significant divergence in the effects of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. Furthermore, predictive models based on machine learning algorithms reliably determined infection status based on volatile biomarkers. Critically, our models identified asymptomatic infections with 100% sensitivity, even in the case of low-level infections not detectable by microscopy, far exceeding the performance of currently available rapid diagnostic tests in this regard. We also identified a set of individual compounds that emerged as consistently important predictors of infection status. These findings suggest that volatile biomarkers may have significant potential for the development of a robust, noninvasive screening method for detecting malaria infections under field conditions.
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22
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Mechanisms of Plasmodium-Enhanced Attraction of Mosquito Vectors. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:961-973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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