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Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Other Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:107-155. [PMID: 39008265 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis (schistosomiasis) affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, and infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The "Aporocotylidae" sensu lato are pathogenic in fish, "Spirorchiidae" sensu lato in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in mollusks and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diaz-Suarez A, Noreikiene K, Kahar S, Ozerov MY, Gross R, Kisand V, Vasemägi A. DNA metabarcoding reveals spatial and temporal variation of fish eye fluke communities in lake ecosystems. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:33-46. [PMID: 37633409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Eye flukes (Diplostomidae) are diverse and abundant trematode parasites that form multi-species communities in fish with negative effects on host fitness and survival. However, the environmental factors and host-related characteristics that determine species diversity, composition, and coexistence in such communities remain poorly understood. Here, we developed a cost-effective cox1 region-specific DNA metabarcoding approach to characterize parasitic diplostomid communities in two common fish species (Eurasian perch and common roach) collected from seven temperate lakes in Estonia. We found considerable inter- and intra-lake, as well as inter-host species, variation in diplostomid communities. Sympatric host species characterization revealed that parasite communities were typically more diverse in roach than perch. Additionally, we detected five positive and two negative diplostomid species associations in roach, whereas only a single negative association was observed in perch. These results indicate that diplostomid communities in temperate lakes are complex and dynamic systems exhibiting both spatial and temporal heterogeneity. They are influenced by various environmental factors and by host-parasite and inter-parasite interactions. We expect that the described methodology facilitates ecological and biodiversity research of diplostomid parasites. It is also adaptable to other parasite groups where it could serve to improve current understanding of diversity, distribution, and interspecies interactions of other understudied taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Diaz-Suarez
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kristina Noreikiene
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia. https://twitter.com/snaudale
| | - Siim Kahar
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikhail Y Ozerov
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, 17893 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Riho Gross
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Veljo Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, 17893 Drottningholm, Sweden
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Review of the metazoan parasites of the economically and ecologically important African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus in Africa: Current status and novel records. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 119:65-222. [PMID: 36707175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widely distributed African freshwater fish is the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) that is naturally distributed in 8 of the 10 ichthyofaunal regions of this continent. Clarias gariepinus is a highly valued and cheap staple to local communities and an ideal aquaculture species. Consequently, interest in the parasitic communities of C. gariepinus has increased as parasites may accidentally be ingested by humans when eating uncooked fish or can be introduced into culture systems through fish stocks supplied from local rivers which affect yield, growth, and marketability. This review provides an overview of the ∼107 metazoan parasite species known to parasitise C. gariepinus in Africa and their general life cycles, morphology, paratenic and post-cyclic infections, and the biogeography and validity of records are discussed. A brief overview is included on the application of some of these parasites in environmental studies and their link to human health.
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No strict host specificity: Brain metacercariae Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis Müller (Diesing, 1850) are conspecific with Diplostomum sp. Lineage 4 of Blasco-Costa et al. (2014). Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102654. [PMID: 36038057 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metacercariae of Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis (Digenea, Diplostomidae) from the brain of European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis from the Baltic Sea basin and Arctic lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum from the White Sea basin were studied with the use of genetic and morphological methods. Phylogenetic analysis based on cox1 marker showed that the parasites of both lamprey species were conspecific with Diplostomum sp. Lineage 4 of Blasco-Costa et al. (2014). The name Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis Müller (Diesing, 1850) has historical precedence as a species described from the brain of lampreys and should be used in genus nomenclature. There were no morphological qualitative differences between the metacercariae from the two lamprey species but those from L. fluviatilis were larger than those from L. camtschaticum. We expanded the data on the second intermediate hosts and the localization of D. petromyzifluviatilis, showing that its metacercariae occur not only in the brain of lampreys but also in the brain and the retina of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and the vitreous humour of the perch Perca fluviatilis across the European part of the Palearctic.
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Faltýnková A, Kudlai O, Pantoja C, Yakovleva G, Lebedeva D. Another plea for 'best practice' in molecular approaches to trematode systematics: Diplostomum sp. clade Q identified as Diplostomum baeri Dubois, 1937 in Europe. Parasitology 2022; 149:503-518. [PMID: 35331351 PMCID: PMC11010530 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequence data became an integral part of species characterization and identification. Still, specimens associated with a particular DNA sequence must be identified by the use of traditional morphology-based analysis and correct linking of sequence and identification must be ensured. Only a small part of DNA sequences of the genus Diplostomum (Diplostomidae) is based on adult isolates which are essential for accurate identification. In this study, we provide species identification with an aid of morphological and molecular (cox1, ITS-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S) characterization of adults of Diplostomum baeri Dubois, 1937 from naturally infected Larus canus Linnaeus in Karelia, Russia. Furthermore, we reveal that the DNA sequences of our isolates of D. baeri are identical with those of the lineage Diplostomum sp. clade Q , while other sequences labelled as the ‘D. baeri’ complex do not represent lineages of D. baeri. Our new material of cercariae from Radix balthica (Linnaeus) in Ireland is also linked to Diplostomum sp. clade Q. We reveal that D. baeri is widely distributed in Europe; as first intermediate hosts lymnaeid snails (Radix auricularia (Linnaeus), R. balthica) are used; metacercariae occur in eye lens of cyprinid fishes. In light of the convoluted taxonomy of D. baeri and other Diplostomum spp., we extend the recommendations of Blasco-Costa et al. (2016, Systematic Parasitology 93, 295–306) for the ‘best practice’ in molecular approaches to trematode systematics. The current study is another step in elucidating the species spectrum of Diplostomum based on integrative taxonomy with well-described morphology of adults linked to sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Faltýnková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Camila Pantoja
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Galina Yakovleva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya St. 11, 185910Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Daria Lebedeva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya St. 11, 185910Petrozavodsk, Russia
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Molecular phylogeny of Diplostomum, Tylodelphys, Austrodiplostomum and Paralaria (Digenea: Diplostomidae) necessitates systematic changes and reveals a history of evolutionary host switching events. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:47-63. [PMID: 34371018 PMCID: PMC8742756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 is a large, globally distributed family of digeneans parasitic in intestines of their definitive hosts. Diplostomum and Tylodelphys spp. are broadly distributed, commonly reported, and the most often sequenced diplostomid genera. The majority of published DNA sequences from these genera originated from larval stages only, which typically cannot be identified to the species level based on morphology alone. We generated partial large ribosomal subunit (28S) rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mtDNA gene sequences from 14 species/species-level lineages of Diplostomum, six species/species-level lineages of Tylodelphys, two species/species-level lineages of Austrodiplostomum, one species previously assigned to Paralaria, two species/species-level lineages of Dolichorchis and one unknown diplostomid. Our DNA sequences of 11 species/species-level lineages of Diplostomum (all identified to species), four species/species-level lineages of Tylodelphys (all identified to species), Austrodiplostomum compactum, Paralaria alarioides and Dolichorchis lacombeensis originated from adult specimens. 28S sequences were used for phylogenetic inference to demonstrate the position of Paralaria alarioides and Dolichorchis spp. within the Diplostomoidea and study the interrelationships of Diplostomum, Tylodelphys and Austrodiplostomum. Our results demonstrate that two diplostomids from the North American river otter (P. alarioides and a likely undescribed taxon) belong within Diplostomum. Further, our results demonstrate the non-monophyly of Tylodelphys due to the position of Austrodiplostomum spp., based on our phylogenetic analyses and morphology. Furthermore, the results of phylogenetic analysis of 28S confirmed the status of Dolichorchis as a separate genus. The phylogenies suggest multiple definitive host-switching events (birds to otters and among major avian groups) and a New World origin of Diplostomum and Tylodelphys spp. Our DNA sequences from adult digeneans revealed identities of 10 previously published lineages of Diplostomum and Tylodelphys, which were previously identified to genus only. The novel DNA data from this work provide opportunities for future comparisons of larval diplostomines collected in ecological studies.
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Li N, Guo L, Guo H. Establishment, characterization, and transfection potential of a new continuous fish cell line (CAM) derived from the muscle tissue of grass goldfish (Carassius auratus). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:912-931. [PMID: 34725799 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new continuous fish cell line (CAM) has been successfully derived from the muscle tissues of grass goldfish, Carassius auratus. The primary cell cultures were initiated by incomplete trypsinization first and then explant culture in a Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum and 10% fish muscle extract. It was found that the CAM cells were very sensitive to trypsinization and needed to be sub-cultured at a low trypsin concentration of 0.0625% to be able to go through the crisis of spontaneous immortalization transformation, and afterward a total of five derivative cell strains were isolated from the original CAM cell line. This spontaneous immortalization transformation event was recorded successively at passages 44-47, beginning with a large-scale apoptosis and senescence and followed by mitosis arrest and re-activation, thus designated as cell strain CAM-44A, 44B, 45A, 44B, and 47A. Now both the CAM cell line and strains had been sub-cultured for more than 89 times and could be well cryopreserved in the growth medium containing 5% dimethylsulfoxide. Chromosome analysis and COI gene analysis had confirmed the grass goldfish origin of these CAM cells. Transfection potential analysis indicated that Lipofectamine LTX and Xfect were two suitable transfection reagents to be used in the gene delivery of CAM cells with a transfection efficiencies up to 11±6% and 8±3% in the CAM cell lines, respectively. Among the five cell strains, CAM-47A showed the highest transfection potential with a transfection efficiency up to 28 ± 5%. This work will provide a useful cell source for works on the cell-based artificial fish meat production and functional studies of fish myogenesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liwen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huarong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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8
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Molecular and morphological characterisation of Diplostomum phoxini (Faust, 1918) with a revised classification and an updated nomenclature of the species-level lineages of Diplostomum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) sequenced worldwide. Parasitology 2021; 148:1648-1664. [PMID: 35060471 PMCID: PMC8564804 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We characterised morphologically and molecularly Diplostomum phoxini (Faust, 1918) based on cercarial isolates from the snail Ampullaceana balthica (L.) (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) and metacercariae from the Eurasian minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae), and provided molecular evidence for the identification of the snail intermediate host. Phylogenetic analyses based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene depicted 44 molecularly characterised species and genetically distinct lineages of Diplostomum, and resulted in: (i) a re-identification/re-classification of 98 isolates plus D. baeri sampled in North America; (ii) re-definition of the composition of the D. baeri species complex which now includes nine molecularly characterised species/lineages; (iii) re-definition of the composition of the D. mergi species complex which now includes seven molecularly characterised species/lineages; and (iv) an updated nomenclature for the molecularly characterised species-level lineages of Diplostomum.
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Lebedeva DI, Chrisanfova GG, Ieshko EP, Guliaev AS, Yakovleva GA, Mendsaikhan B, Semyenova SK. Morphological and molecular differentiation of Diplostomum spp. metacercariae from brain of minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus L.) in four populations of northern Europe and East Asia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104911. [PMID: 33991672 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metacercariae of trematodes from the genus Diplostomum are major helminth pathogens of freshwater fish, infecting the eye or the brain. The taxonomy of the genus Diplostomum is complicated, and has recently been based mainly on the molecular markers. In this study, we report the results of the morphological and molecular genetic analysis of diplostomid metacercaria from the brain of the minnow Phoxinus phoxinus from three populations in Fennoscandia (Northern Europe) and one population in Mongolia (East Asia). We obtained the data on the polymorphism of the partial mitochondrial cox1 gene and ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of these parasites. РСА-based morphological analysis revealed that the parasites in the Asian and the European groups of Diplostomum sp. were distinctly different. Metacercariae from the brain of Mongolian minnows were much larger than those from the brain of Fennoscandian minnows but had much fewer excretory granules. Considering that the two study regions were separated by a distance of about 4500 km, we also tested the genetic homogeneity of their host, the minnow, using the mitochondrial cytb gene. It was shown that Diplostomum-infected minnows from Mongolia and Fennoscandia represented two previously unknown separate phylogenetic lineages of the genus Phoxinus. Both molecular and morphological analysis demonstrated that the parasites from Fennoscandia belonged the species Diplostomum phoxini, while the parasites from Mongolia belonged to a separate species, Diplostomum sp. MТ.Each of the two studied Diplostomum spp. was associated with a specific, and previously unknown, genealogical lineage of its second intermediate host, P. phoxinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria I Lebedeva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya St. 11, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia.
| | - Galina G Chrisanfova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str., 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny P Ieshko
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya St. 11, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Andrei S Guliaev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str., 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Yakovleva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya St. 11, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Bud Mendsaikhan
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences,РО Box 361, 214192 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Seraphima K Semyenova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str., 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Nakao M, Sasaki M. Trematode diversity in freshwater snails from a stopover point for migratory waterfowls in Hokkaido, Japan: An assessment by molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102329. [PMID: 33753234 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cryptic diversity of trematodes was evaluated in the Nagayama-Shinkawa River, an artificial canal of the Ishikari River System of Hokkaido, Japan. Numerous migratory waterfowls use the canal as a stopover point in every spring season. The lymnaeid snail, Radix auricularia, and the semisulcospirid snail, Semisulcospira libertina, colonize the static and flowing water areas, respectively. The trematode fauna of the two snails was assessed by molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. Each of distinctive clades in mitochondrial DNA trees was arbitrarily set as a species. In total, 14 species of the families Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Notocotylidae, Plagiorchiidae, and Strigeidae occurred in R. auricularia, wherease S. libertina harbored 10 species of the families Echinochasmidae, Heterophyidae, Notocotylidae, and Lecithodendridae and Cercaria creta, an unclassified species whose adult stage is still unknown. The species diversity of the larval trematodes could be recognized as a "hot spot", suggesting that the seasonal visit of waterfowls is very important to spread trematodes and to keep their diversity. A high intraspecific genetic diversity was observed in the echinostomatid, notocotylid, echinochasmid, and heterophyid species, whose definitive hosts include birds. It seems likely that each of the parasite populations is always disturbed by repeated visits of waterfowls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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Landeryou T, Kett SM, Ropiquet A, Wildeboer D, Lawton SP. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Diplostomum baeri. Parasitol Int 2020; 79:102166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Species-specific patterns in cercarial emergence of Diplostomum spp. from snails Radix lagotis. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:1177-1188. [PMID: 32896571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cercarial emergence patterns of three species of Diplostomum (Diplostomum 'mergi', Diplostomum spathaceum and Diplostomum parviventosum) parasitizing freshwater first intermediate host Radix lagotis sampled in Most Lake, Czech Republic, were studied under various experimental conditions, i.e. field, laboratory and incubator, and seasons, i.e. spring, summer and autumn. We discovered unexpected daily periodicity-dependent species-specific emergence patterns among the three Diplostomum spp. depending on experimental conditions. At the same time, the intraspecific variation of D. spathaceum cercarial release in response to seasonal conditions was observed. We found that a complex array of mechanisms can affect Diplostomum species-specific patterns in cercarial emergence, of which behavioural characteristics of fish related to reproduction and feeding processes are considered the most important factors. This might represent a specific adaptive evolutionary mechanism to maximise transmission success while avoiding competition for host resources. Our results contribute to a better understanding of ecological and epidemiological aspects with respect to specific adaptive strategies compartmentalised among species of Diplostomum and consequences for infection risk in fish hosts.
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Noreikiene K, Ozerov M, Ahmad F, Kõiv T, Kahar S, Gross R, Sepp M, Pellizzone A, Vesterinen EJ, Kisand V, Vasemägi A. Humic-acid-driven escape from eye parasites revealed by RNA-seq and target-specific metabarcoding. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:433. [PMID: 32859251 PMCID: PMC7456052 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are extensively used to dissect the molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions in human pathogens. However, ecological studies have yet to fully exploit the power of NGS as a rich source for formulating and testing new hypotheses. Methods We studied Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and its eye parasite (Trematoda, Diplostomidae) communities in 14 lakes that differed in humic content in order to explore host-parasite-environment interactions. We hypothesised that high humic content along with low pH would decrease the abundance of the intermediate hosts (gastropods), thus limiting the occurrence of diplostomid parasites in humic lakes. This hypothesis was initially invoked by whole eye RNA-seq data analysis and subsequently tested using PCR-based detection and a novel targeted metabarcoding approach. Results Whole eye transcriptome results revealed overexpression of immune-related genes and the presence of eye parasite sequences in RNA-seq data obtained from perch living in clear-water lakes. Both PCR-based and targeted-metabarcoding approach showed that perch from humic lakes were completely free from diplostomid parasites, while the prevalence of eye flukes in clear-water lakes that contain low amounts of humic substances was close to 100%, with the majority of NGS reads assigned to Tylodelphys clavata. Conclusions High intraspecific diversity of T. clavata indicates that massively parallel sequencing of naturally pooled samples represents an efficient and powerful strategy for shedding light on cryptic diversity of eye parasites. Our results demonstrate that perch populations in clear-water lakes experience contrasting eye parasite pressure compared to those from humic lakes, which is reflected by prevalent differences in the expression of immune-related genes in the eye. This study highlights the utility of NGS to discover novel host-parasite-environment interactions and provide unprecedented power to characterize the molecular diversity of cryptic parasites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Noreikiene
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mikhail Ozerov
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.,Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 17893, Drottningholm, Sweden.,Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Freed Ahmad
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Toomas Kõiv
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siim Kahar
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riho Gross
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margot Sepp
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Antonia Pellizzone
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.,Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eero J Vesterinen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75651, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veljo Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006, Tartu, Estonia. .,Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 17893, Drottningholm, Sweden.
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14
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Hoogendoorn C, Smit NJ, Kudlai O. Resolution of the identity of three species of Diplostomum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) parasitising freshwater fishes in South Africa, combining molecular and morphological evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 11:50-61. [PMID: 31908920 PMCID: PMC6938850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Reliable data on the diversity of the genus Diplostomum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) parasitising freshwater fishes in South Africa, as well as in Africa, is almost non-existent. Most of the morphology-based identifications of species within this genus reported from Africa require critical revision. The aim of the present study was to determine the diversity of Diplostomum metacercariae in South African fishes applying molecular and traditional morphological techniques. To achieve this aim, a total of 216 fishes belonging to 21 species collected in the Rivers Phongolo, Riet, Usuthu and Mooi in three provinces of South Africa were examined. Metacercariae of Diplostomum were recovered from the eye lenses of 38 fishes belonging to five species of the families Anguillidae, Cichilidae and Mochokidae, with an overall low prevalence of infection (18%). Metacercariae were subjected to morphological study and molecular sequencing of the partial mithochondrial cox1 and ribosomal 28S rDNA genes as well as of ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of three species which matched those previously reported from Nigeria, Iraq and China, therefore those from Tilapia sparrmanii and Synodontis zambezensis were named Diplostomum sp.; those from Anguilla labiata, Oreochromis mossambicus and S. zambezensis were named Diplostomum sp. 14; and those from Pseudocrenilabrus philander were named Diplostomum sp. 16. Geographic distribution of several species of Diplostomum appeared to be wider than expected. Morphological description and novel sequence data generated during this study will contribute to the elucidation of the life cycles of Diplostomum sp., Diplostomum sp. 14 and Diplostomum sp. 16 and advance further research of diplostomids in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coret Hoogendoorn
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
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15
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Andrade-Gómez L, Sereno-Uribe AL, García-Varela M. Description of a new species and understanding the genetic diversity of Saccocoelioides Szidat, 1954 (Haploporidae) in Middle America using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:87-98. [PMID: 30974204 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Saccocoelioides Szidat, 1954, include endoparasites from freshwater and brackish fishes from the Americas. Adult specimens were collected from the intestines of Poecilia catemaconis Miller, 1975, a poeciliid fish endemic to Catemaco Lake, and the white mullet Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836, from Alvarado Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico. The specimens were sequenced for three molecular markers, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and domains D1-D3 from the large subunit (LSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) from mitochondrial DNA. The newly sequenced specimens were aligned with other sequences downloaded from GenBank. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses were inferred with three data sets (a combination of nuclear DNA ITS2 + LSU, cox 1 alone and the concatenated cox 1+ ITS2 + LSU). The phylogenetic analyses inferred with the combined data set of the two nuclear molecular markers (ITS2 + LSU) revealed that Saccocoelioides is monophyletic and formed 11 independent lineages representing 11 valid species previously recognized plus the new lineage that is herein described as a new species named Saccocoelioides macrospinosus n. sp., however, the new species was placed in a basal polytomy in the tree. Therefore, the addition of a mitochondrial gene with a fast rate of substitution was fundamental to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the new species. The genetic divergences estimated with the cox 1 gene were high, ranging from 8.3 to 15.5% among Saccocoelioides macrospinosus n. sp. and sister taxa. The new species has a slightly elongated body measuring 440-850 μm long and was classified in the diminutive morphotype. In addition, seven adult specimens recovered from the intestines of the banded tetra fish Astyanax aeneus Günther, 1860 from Nicaragua and Costa Rica formed a monophyletic clade with other specimens identified previously as Saccocoelioides tkachi, expanding its distribution range in other areas of Middle America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Andrade-Gómez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510 Distrito Federal, México; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510 Distrito Federal, México
| | - Ana Lucia Sereno-Uribe
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510 Distrito Federal, México
| | - Martín García-Varela
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510 Distrito Federal, México.
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16
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Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:217-254. [PMID: 31297764 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The Aporocotylidae are pathogenic in fish, Spirorchiidae in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in molluscs and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive, but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
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17
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Enabulele EE, Awharitoma AO, Lawton SP, Kirk RS. First molecular identification of an agent of diplostomiasis, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (Niewiadomska 1984) in the United Kingdom and its genetic relationship with populations in Europe. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:444-453. [PMID: 29975660 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trematode genus Diplostomum comprises of parasitic species which cause diplostomiasis, the 'white eye' disease in fish and heavy infection can result in mortality. The increasing availability of DNA sequences of accurately identified Diplostomum species on public data base presently enables the rapid identification of species from novel sequences. We report the first molecular evidence of the occurrence of D. pseudospathaceum in the United Kingdom. Two gene regions, nuclear internal transcribed spacer cluster (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) of cercariae from infected aquatic snails, Lymnaea stagnalis collected in several locations in Southern England were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on both sequenced genes revealed that the novel sequences were D. pseudospathaceum. Molecular diversity analysis of published D. pseudospathaceum cox1 sequences from seven countries in Europe and the novel sequences from the present study revealed high diversity, but low nucleotide divergence and a lack of gene differentiation between the populations. Haplotype network analysis depicted a star-like pattern and revealed a lack of geographic structure in the population. Fixation indices confirmed gene flow between populations and we suspect high levels of dispersal facilitated by highly mobile second intermediate (fish) and definitive (piscivorous birds) host may be driving gene flow between populations. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution indicated recent population growth/expansion for D. pseudospathaceum in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egie Elisha Enabulele
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin Nigeria, PMB 1154, Benin City, Africa
| | - Agnes Ogheneruemu Awharitoma
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin Nigeria, PMB 1154, Benin City, Africa
| | - Scott P Lawton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Ruth S Kirk
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
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