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Ould Lemrabott MA, Briolant S, Gomez N, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. First report of kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in the arbovirus vector, Aedes aegypti, from Nouakchott, Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:464. [PMID: 38115092 PMCID: PMC10731742 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2014, dengue epidemics have occurred almost annually in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania, coinciding with the recent establishment of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue, in the city. Anopheles arabiensis, the primary vector of malaria, is also abundant not only in Nouakchott but also in most areas of the country. Resistance to insecticides has been studied in An. arabiensis but not in Ae. aegypti in Mauritania. The objective of the present study was to establish the baseline data on the frequencies of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene in Ae. aegypti collected in Nouakchott to improve vector control. METHODS Resting Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected in 2017 and 2018 in Teyarett and Dar Naim districts in Nouakchott using a battery-powered aspirator. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were performed to detect the presence of five kdr mutations known to be associated with pyrethroid resistance: L982W, S989P, I1011M/G, V1016G/I, and F1534C. RESULTS A total of 100 female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were identified among collected resting culicid fauna, of which 60% (60/100) were unfed, 12% (12/100) freshly blood-fed, and 28% (28/100) gravid. Among the mutations investigated in this study, 989P, 1016G, and 1534C were found to be widespread, with the frequencies of 0.43, 0.44, and 0.55, respectively. Mutations were not found in codons 982 and 1011. No other mutations were detected within the fragments analyzed in this study. Genotype distribution did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The most frequent co-occurring point mutation patterns among Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were the heterozygous individuals 989SP/1016VG/1534FC detected in 45.1% of mosquitoes. In addition, homozygous mutant 1534CC co-occurred simultaneously with homozygous wild type 989SS and 1016VV in 30.5% of mosquito specimens. Inversely, homozygous wild-type 1534FF co-occurred simultaneously with homozygous mutant 989PP and 1016GG in 19.5% of the mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of three point mutations in the vgsc gene of Ae. aegypti in Mauritania. The findings of the present study are alarming because they predict a high level of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides which are commonly used in vector control in the country. Therefore, further studies are urgently needed, in particular phenotypic characterization of insecticide resistance using the standardized test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France.
| | - Nicolas Gomez
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.
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El Moustapha I, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Brahim K, Briolant S, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Malaria prevalence in Mauritania: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2023; 22:146. [PMID: 37131226 PMCID: PMC10152621 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding malaria epidemiology is a critical step toward efficient malaria control and elimination. The objective of this meta-analysis was to derive robust estimates of malaria prevalence and Plasmodium species from studies conducted in Mauritania and published since 2000. METHODS The present review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in various electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. To obtain pooled prevalence of malaria, meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Methodological quality of eligible prevalence studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Inconsistency and heterogeneity between studies were quantified by the I2 index and Cochran's Q test. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and Egger's regression tests. RESULTS A total of 16 studies with a good individual methodological quality were included and analysed in this study. The overall random effects pooled prevalence of malaria infection (symptomatic and asymptomatic) across all included studies was 14.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 6.64, 25.80, I2 = 99.8%, P < 0.0001) by microscopy, 25.6% (95% CI: 8.74, 47.62, I2 = 99.6%, P < 0.0001) by PCR and 24.3% (95% CI: 12.05 to 39.14, I2 = 99.7%, P < 0.0001) by rapid diagnostic test. Using microscopy, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.00, 3.48) against 21.46% (95% CI: 11.03, 34.21) in symptomatic malaria. The overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was 51.14% and 37.55%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed significant variation (P = 0.039) in the prevalence of malaria between asymptomatic and symptomatic cases. CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are widespread in Mauritania. Results of this meta-analysis implies that distinct intervention measures including accurate parasite-based diagnosis and appropriate treatment of confirmed malaria cases are critical for a successful malaria control and elimination programme in Mauritania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inejih El Moustapha
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | - Khyarhoum Brahim
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.
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N'Dri BP, Wipf NC, Saric J, Fodjo BK, Raso G, Utzinger J, Müller P, Mouhamadou CS. Species composition and insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Ellibou, southern Côte d'Ivoire and first finding of Anopheles arabiensis in Côte d'Ivoire. Malar J 2023; 22:93. [PMID: 36915098 PMCID: PMC10010045 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowing the species composition and insecticide resistance status of the target vector population is important to guide malaria vector control. The aim of this study was to characterize the malaria vector population in terms of species composition, insecticide susceptibility status and potential underlying resistance mechanisms in Ellibou, southern Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS A 1-year longitudinal entomological survey was conducted using light traps and pyrethroid spray catches to sample adult mosquitoes in combination with larval sampling. The susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to bendiocarb, deltamethrin, DDT and malathion was assessed using the World Health Organization insecticide susceptibility test. Additionally, An. gambiae specimens were screened for knockdown (kdr) and acetylcholineesterase (ace1) target site resistance alleles, and the expression levels of eight metabolic resistance genes, including seven cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and one glutathione S-transferase (GST), measured with reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Overall, 2383 adult mosquitoes from 12 different taxa were collected with Culex quinquefasciatus and An. gambiae being the predominant taxa. Molecular identification of An. gambiae s.l. revealed the presence of Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii, An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles coluzzii/An. gambiae s.s. hybrids. Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were resistant to all insecticides except malathion. PCR diagnostics revealed the presence of ace1-G280S and the kdr L995F, L995S and N1570Y target-site mutations. Additionally, several genes were upregulated, including five P450s (i.e., CYP6P3, CYP6M2, CYP9K1, CYP6Z1, CYP6P1) and GSTE2. CONCLUSION This is the first documented presence of An. arabiensis in Côte d'Ivoire. Its detection - together with a recent finding further north of the country - confirms its existence in the country, which is an early warning sign, as An. arabiensis shows a different biology than the currently documented malaria vectors. Because the local An. gambiae population was still susceptible to malathion, upregulation of P450s, conferring insecticide resistance to pyrethroids, together with the presence of ace1, suggest negative cross-resistance. Therefore, organophosphates could be an alternative insecticide class for indoor residual spraying in the Ellibou area, while additional tools against the outdoor biting An. arabiensis will have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bédjou P N'Dri
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nadja C Wipf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasmina Saric
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Behi K Fodjo
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chouaïbou S Mouhamadou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7508, USA
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El Moustapha I, Deida J, Dadina M, El Ghassem A, Begnoug M, Hamdinou M, Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Khalef Y, Semane A, Ould Brahim K, Briolant S, Bogreau H, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Changing epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Nouakchott, Mauritania: a six-year (2015-2020) prospective study. Malar J 2023; 22:18. [PMID: 36650533 PMCID: PMC9843100 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax malaria is one of the major infectious diseases of public health concern in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania and the biggest urban setting in the Sahara. The assessment of the current trends in malaria epidemiology is primordial in understanding the dynamics of its transmission and developing an effective control strategy. METHODS A 6 year (2015-2020) prospective study was carried out in Nouakchott. Febrile outpatients with a clinical suspicion of malaria presenting spontaneously at Teyarett Health Centre or the paediatric department of Mother and Children Hospital Centre were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test, microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films, and nested polymerase chain reaction. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism and InStat software. RESULTS Of 1760 febrile patients included in this study, 274 (15.5%) were malaria-positive by rapid diagnostic test, 256 (14.5%) were malaria-positive by microscopy, and 291 (16.5%) were malaria-positive by PCR. Plasmodium vivax accounted for 216 of 291 (74.2%) PCR-positive patients; 47 (16.1%) and 28 (9.6%) had P. falciparum monoinfection or P. vivax-P. falciparum mixed infection, respectively. During the study period, the annual prevalence of malaria declined from 29.2% in 2015 to 13.2% in 2019 and 2.1% in 2020 (P < 0.05). Malaria transmission was essentially seasonal, with a peak occurring soon after the rainy season (October-November), and P. vivax infections, but not P. falciparum infections, occurred at low levels during the rest of the year. The most affected subset of patient population was adult male white and black Moors. The decline in malaria prevalence was correlated with decreasing annual rainfall (r = 0.85; P = 0.03) and was also associated with better management of the potable water supply system. A large majority of included patients did not possess or did not use bed nets. CONCLUSIONS Control interventions based on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment should be reinforced in Nouakchott, and P. vivax-specific control measures, including chloroquine and 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine, tafenoquine) for treatment, should be considered to further improve the efficacy of interventions and aim for malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inejih El Moustapha
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Jemila Deida
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Dadina
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Abdellahi El Ghassem
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Begnoug
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Hamdinou
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania ,Unité de Recherche Ressources Génétique et Environnement, Institut Supérieur d’Enseignement Technologique (ISET), Rosso, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Yacoub Khalef
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother and Children Hospital Centre, Centre Hospitalier Mère et Enfant (CHME), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Amal Semane
- Teyarett Health Centre (Centre de Santé de Teyarett), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France ,grid.418221.cUnité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France ,grid.418221.cUnité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Kendie FA, Wale M, Nibret E, Ameha Z. Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in and surrounding areas of Lake Tana, northwest Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:3. [PMID: 36639818 PMCID: PMC9838068 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector control is the most effective malaria control and prevention measure. Among these, IRS and LLINs are the most important chemical insecticide interventions used in malaria prevention and control strategies in Ethiopia. However, the long-term effectiveness of these strategies is under threat due to the emergency and spread of insecticide resistance in the principal malaria vector. Therefore, this study was carried out, under standardized laboratory conditions to assess the killing effect of some insecticides against An. gambiae s.l. METHODS Mosquitoes in late instar larvae and pupae stages were collected from different breeding habitats of the study sites using a soup ladle (350 ml capacity). The immature was reared to adults at optimum temperature and humidity in a field insectary using the WHO protocol. Four insecticides representing three chemical classes were used against adult mosquitoes. These were permethrin, deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and bendiocarb. Susceptibility tests were carried out from September to December 2021 using the WHO standard procedures. Mortality rate, variation, interaction effect and knockdown times (KDT50 and KDT95%) were computed using descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of variance and log-probit regression model using SPSS version 20 software. RESULTS Totally, 1300 Anopheles gambiae s.l. were tested to determine the susceptibility status to the four insecticides. Among these, 90.7% of them were susceptible to insecticides, whereas the remaining 9.3% of specimens were resistant to the insecticides. The results of the analysis of variance showed that mortality significantly varied between insecticides (F = 26.06, DF = 3, P < .0001), but not between study locations (F = 1.56, DF = 3, P = 0.212). On the other hand, the mean comparison of dead mosquitoes showed some signs of interaction between bendiocarb and locations, but not other insecticides and locations. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the knockdown times and effectiveness of different insecticides varied in different study sites. Therefore, insecticide resistance information is very essential for concerned bodies to make informed and evidence-based decisions on vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasil A. Kendie
- grid.442845.b0000 0004 0439 5951Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Wale
- grid.442845.b0000 0004 0439 5951Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- grid.442845.b0000 0004 0439 5951Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zena Ameha
- grid.512241.1Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Akoniyon OP, Adewumi TS, Maharaj L, Oyegoke OO, Roux A, Adeleke MA, Maharaj R, Okpeku M. Whole Genome Sequencing Contributions and Challenges in Disease Reduction Focused on Malaria. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:587. [PMID: 35453786 PMCID: PMC9027812 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malaria elimination remains an important goal that requires the adoption of sophisticated science and management strategies in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) is making whole genome sequencing (WGS) a standard today in the field of life sciences, as PCR genotyping and targeted sequencing provide insufficient information compared to the whole genome. Thus, adapting WGS approaches to malaria parasites is pertinent to studying the epidemiology of the disease, as different regions are at different phases in their malaria elimination agenda. Therefore, this review highlights the applications of WGS in disease management, challenges of WGS in controlling malaria parasites, and in furtherance, provides the roles of WGS in pursuit of malaria reduction and elimination. WGS has invaluable impacts in malaria research and has helped countries to reach elimination phase rapidly by providing required information needed to thwart transmission, pathology, and drug resistance. However, to eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with high malaria transmission, we recommend that WGS machines should be readily available and affordable in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Philip Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Taiye Samson Adewumi
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Olukunle Olugbenle Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Alexandra Roux
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
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Taremwa IM, Ashaba S, Kyarisiima R, Ayebazibwe C, Ninsiima R, Mattison C. Treatment-seeking and uptake of malaria prevention strategies among pregnant women and caregivers of children under-five years during COVID-19 pandemic in rural communities in South West Uganda: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:373. [PMID: 35189865 PMCID: PMC8860364 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite efforts to avert the negative effects of malaria, there remain barriers to the uptake of prevention measures, and these have hindered its eradication. This study explored the factors that influence uptake of malaria prevention strategies among pregnant women and children under-five years and the impact of COVID-19 in a malaria endemic rural district in Uganda. Methods This was a qualitative case study that used focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and key informant interviews involving pregnant women, caregivers of children under-five years, traditional birth attendants, village health teams, local leaders, and healthcare providers to explore malaria prevention uptake among pregnant women and children under-five years. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and data were analyzed using thematic content approach. Results Seventy-two participants were enrolled in the Focus Group Discussions, 12 in the in-depth interviews, and 2 as key informants. Pregnant women and caregivers of children under-five years were able to recognize causes of malaria, transmission, and symptoms. All participants viewed malaria prevention as a high priority, and the use of insecticide-treated mosquito bed nets (ITNs) was upheld. Participants' own experiences indicated adverse effects of malaria to both pregnant women and children under-five. Home medication and the use of local herbs were a common practice. Some participants didn’t use any of the malaria prevention methods due to deliberate refusal, perceived negative effects of the ITNs, and family disparity. The Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) control measures did not abate the risk of malaria infection but these were deleterious to healthcare access and the focus of malaria prevention. Conclusions Although pregnant women and caregivers of children under-five years recognized symptoms of malaria infection, healthcare-seeking was not apt as some respondents used alternative approaches and delayed seeking formal healthcare. It is imperative to focus on the promotion of malaria prevention strategies and address drawbacks associated with misconceptions about these interventions, and promotion of health-seeking behaviors. As COVID-19 exacerbated the effect of malaria prevention uptake and healthcare seeking, it’s critical to recommit and integrate COVID-19 prevention measures in normative living and restrict future barriers to healthcare access. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12771-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scholastic Ashaba
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Rose Kyarisiima
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Ruth Ninsiima
- Rwamanja Refugee Settlement, Kamwenge District, Uganda
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8
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Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Allelic Frequencies Shift. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121948. [PMID: 34946897 PMCID: PMC8701854 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution and spread of insecticide resistance mechanisms amongst malaria vectors across the sub-Saharan Africa threaten the effectiveness and sustainability of current insecticide-based vector control interventions. However, a successful insecticide resistance management plan relies strongly on evidence of historical and contemporary mechanisms circulating. This study aims to retrospectively determine the evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms among natural Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Senegal. Samples were randomly drawn from an existing mosquito sample, collected in 2013, 2017, and 2018 from 10 sentinel sites monitored by the Senegalese National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Molecular species of An. gambiae s.l. and the resistance mutations at the Voltage-gated Sodium Channel 1014 (Vgsc-1014) locus were characterised using PCR-based assays. The genetic diversity of the Vgsc gene was further analyzed by sequencing. The overall species composition revealed the predominance of Anopheles arabiensis (73.08%) followed by An. gambiae s.s. (14.48%), Anopheles coluzzii (10.94%) and Anopheles gambiae-coluzii hybrids (1.48%). Both Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S mutations were found in all studied populations with a spatial variation of allele frequencies from 3% to 90%; and 7% to 41%, respectively. The two mutations have been detected since 2013 across all the selected health districts, with Vgsc-L1014S frequency increasing over the years while Vgsc-1014F decreasing. At species level, the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S alleles were more frequent amongst An. gambiae s.s. (70%) and An. arabiensis (20%). The Vgsc gene was found to be highly diversified with eight different haplotypes shared between Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S. The observed co-occurrence of Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S mutations suggest that pyrethroid resistance is becoming a widespread phenomenon amongst malaria vector populations, and the NMCP needs to address this issue to sustain the gain made in controlling malaria.
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9
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Doumbe-Belisse P, Kopya E, Ngadjeu CS, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Talipouo A, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Awono-Ambene HP, Wondji CS, Njiokou F, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dynamic of the vectorial system and the entomological inoculation rate. Malar J 2021; 20:364. [PMID: 34493280 PMCID: PMC8424958 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is registering one of the highest urban population growth across the world. It is estimated that over 75% of the population in this region will be living in urban settings by 2050. However, it is not known how this rapid urbanization will affect vector populations and disease transmission. The present study summarizes findings from studies conducted in urban settings between the 1970s and 2020 to assess the effects of urbanization on the entomological inoculation rate pattern and anopheline species distribution. Different online databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Google were screened. A total of 90 publications were selected out of 1527. Besides, over 200 additional publications were consulted to collate information on anopheline breeding habitats and species distribution in urban settings. The study confirms high malaria transmission in rural compared to urban settings. The study also suggests that there had been an increase in malaria transmission in most cities after 2003, which could also be associated with an increase in sampling, resources and reporting. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex were the predominant vectors in most urban settings. Anopheline larvae were reported to have adapted to different aquatic habitats. The study provides updated information on the distribution of the vector population and the dynamic of malaria transmission in urban settings. The study also highlights the need for implementing integrated control strategies in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Doumbe-Belisse
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - E Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C S Ngadjeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - N Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - A Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - L Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang Cameroon, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - H P Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - C S Wondji
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - F Njiokou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun. .,Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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10
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Diallo SM, Bogreau H, Papa Mze N, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Khairy ML, Parola P, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Malaria epidemiology in Kobeni department, southeastern Mauritania from 2015 to 2017. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 32046780 PMCID: PMC7014702 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-0634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria is endemic in the southern sahelian zone of Mauritania where intense internal and trans-border human and livestock movement occurs. The risk of importation and spread of drug-resistant parasites need to be regularly assessed in this region. The objective of the study was to assess the recent malaria situation near the Mauritania-Mali border. Methods Between February 2015 and December 2017, patients with fever or history of fever during the previous 48 h, presenting at the health centre of Kobeni city, were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopic examination of blood smears. The diagnosis was later confirmed by PCR. Cohen’s kappa statistics was used to estimate the degree of agreement between diagnostic methods. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare proportions. The odds ratio was calculated to measure the association between the use of bed nets and malaria infection. Results A total of 2326 febrile patients (mean age, 20.2 years) were screened for malaria. The presence of malaria parasites was detected by RDT and microscopy in 53.0% and 49.3% of febrile patients, respectively, and was confirmed by PCR in 59.7% (45 missing data). Of 1361 PCR-positive samples, 1205 (88.5%) were P. falciparum, 47 (3.5%) P. vivax, and 99 (7.3%) P. falciparum-P. vivax mixed infection. Malaria transmission occurred mostly during and shortly after the rainy season. The annual rainfall was relatively low in 2016 (267 mm) and 2017 (274 mm), compared to 2015 (448 mm), and coincided with a decline in malaria prevalence in 2016–2017. Although 71.8% of febrile patients reported to possess at least one bed net in the household in our questionnaire, its reported use was not protective against malaria infection (odds ratio: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.91–1.32). Conclusions Our study confirmed that P. falciparum is the dominant species in the sahelian zone and that malaria transmission is seasonal and associated with rainfall in this zone. The application of the current national policy based on rapid and reliable malaria diagnosis, case management with artemisinin-based combination therapy, intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women, distribution and use of long-lasting insecticide impregnated bed nets, and the planned introduction of seasonal malaria chemoprevention for all children under 6 years old is expected to sustainably reduce malaria transmission in this zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sileye Mamadou Diallo
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Nasserdine Papa Mze
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Lemine Ould Khairy
- Ministère de la Santé, Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Present Address: Direction régionale de l'action sanitaire, Nouakchott sud, Ministère de la santé, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania. .,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.
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11
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Safi NHZ, Ahmadi AA, Nahzat S, Warusavithana S, Safi N, Valadan R, Shemshadian A, Sharifi M, Enayati A, Hemingway J. Status of insecticide resistance and its biochemical and molecular mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) from Afghanistan. Malar J 2019; 18:249. [PMID: 31349836 PMCID: PMC6660931 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance of Anopheles stephensi, the main malaria vector in eastern Afghanistan, has been reported previously. This study describes the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance to facilitate effective vector control and insecticide resistance management. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected from the provinces of Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar from 2014 to 2017. The susceptibility of the reared 3–4 days old adults was tested with deltamethrin 0.05%, bendiocarb 0.1%, malathion 5%, permethrin 0.75% and DDT 4%. Cytochrome P450 content and general esterase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were measured in the three field populations and the results were compared with those of the laboratory susceptible An. stephensi Beech strain. Two separate allele-specific PCR assays were used to identify L1014, L1014F and L1014S mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel gene of An. stephensi. Probit analysis, ANOVA and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were used to analyse bioassay, biochemical assay and gene frequency data respectively. Results The population of An. stephensi from Kunar was susceptible to bendiocarb, apart from this, all populations were resistant to all the other insecticides tested. The differences between all values for cytochrome P450s, general esterases, GSTs and AChE inhibition rates in the Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar populations were statistically significant when compared to the Beech strain, excluding GST activities between Kunar and Beech due to the high standard deviation in Kunar. The three different sodium channel alleles [L1014 (wild type), L1014F (kdr west) and L1014S (kdr east)] were all segregated in the Afghan populations. The frequencies of kdr east mutation were 22.9%, 32.7% and 35% in Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar populations respectively. Kdr west was at the lowest frequency of 4.44%. Conclusions Resistance to different groups of insecticides in the field populations of An. stephensi from Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar Provinces of Afghanistan is caused by a range of metabolic and site insensitivity mechanisms, including esterases, cytochrome P450s and GSTs combined with AChE and sodium channel target site insensitivity. The intensity and frequency of these mechanisms are increasing in these populations, calling for urgent reorientation of vector control programmes and implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Halim Zahid Safi
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Abdul Ali Ahmadi
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Sami Nahzat
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | | | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Atie Shemshadian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sharifi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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12
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da Cruz DL, Paiva MHS, Guedes DRD, Alves J, Gómez LF, Ayres CFJ. Detection of alleles associated with resistance to chemical insecticide in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Santiago, Cabo Verde. Malar J 2019; 18:120. [PMID: 30953531 PMCID: PMC6451206 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex are the main malaria vectors worldwide. Due to the lack of a vaccine to prevent malaria, the principal way to reduce the impact of this disease relies on the use of chemical insecticides to control its vectors. However, the intensive use of such compounds has led to the emergence of insecticide resistance in several Anopheles populations in Africa. This study aimed to investigate the presence of resistance alleles in an Anopheles arabiensis population from the City of Praia, capital of the Archipelago Cabo Verde, one of the countries on the World Health Organization list of countries that are on a path to eliminate local transmission of malaria. METHODS Larvae from the Anopheles genus were collected using a one-pint dipper in three areas of City of Praia. Larvae were fed and maintained until the emergence of adult mosquitoes, and these were morphologically identified. In addition, molecular identification was performed using IGS markers and all An. arabiensis samples were subjected to PCR to screen for mutations associated to resistance in the Ace-1, Nav and GSTE2 genes. RESULTS From a total of 440 mosquitoes collected, 52.3% were morphologically identified as An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and 46.7% as Anopheles pretoriensis. The molecular identification showed that 100% of the An. gambiae s.l. were An. arabiensis. The mutations G119S in the Ace-1 gene and L119F in the GSTE2 gene were screened but not found in any sample. However, sequencing analysis for GSTE2 revealed the presence of 37 haplotypes, 16 polymorphic sites and a high genetic diversity (π = 2.67). The L1014S mutation in the Nav (voltage-gated sodium channel gene) was detected at a frequency of 7.3%. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate the circulation of insecticide resistance alleles in An. arabiensis from Cabo Verde. The circulation of the L1014S allele in the population of An. arabiensis in the city of Praia suggests that pyrethroid resistance may arise, be quickly selected, and may affect the process of malaria elimination in Cabo Verde. Molecular monitoring of resistance should continue in order to guide the development of strategies to be used in vector control in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derciliano Lopes da Cruz
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Rodovia BR-104, km 59 - Nova Caruaru, Caruaru, PE, 55002-970, Brazil
| | - Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Joana Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública/Ministério da Saúde, Largo do Desastre da Assistência, CP-719, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Lara Ferrero Gómez
- Universidade Jean Piaget (UniPiaget), Caixa Postal 775, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
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