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Hamed A, Amir R, Tahereh S, Parastoo T, Amir Hossein N, Mohadese M. A New Herbal Medicine Formulation with Potential Anti-scabies Properties to Treat Demodex and Sarcoptes Parasites. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1472-1482. [PMID: 38590675 PMCID: PMC10998946 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2023.78.5.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Scabies is considered an external parasite notorious for its high prevalence causing severe and contagious skin lesions in humans and animals worldwide. This study has introduced a medicine to treat dogs infested with scabies (variants of Demodex, Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, Otodectes, etc.). The present study offers a no-side-effect herbal formulation to treat dogs infested with scabies. Unlike oral and injectable medicines, which take the form of an ointment and are topically applied on-site, this medicinal formulation can be easily used without concerns over its side effects or consumption dosages. This medicinal formulation requires no skin rinsing due to its herbal and high skin absorption properties, as recovery may take less than a month with a maximum of two times of application. To carry out the experiment, 25 sick dogs with various breeds and ages suspected of scabies were gathered. Following accurate morphological examinations of all the samples, a deep skin chip of the lesion site was provided, which was examined by a microscope. Then, 13 dogs (Mix, Terrier, Pug, Husky, Spitz) were infested with Demodex scabies and 12 dogs (Pittbull, Mix, Shih Tzu, Terrier, Boxer, Setter) with Sarcoptic scabies. The prepared product was topically administered at a constant 2% dosage to the bodies of all the samples. To prepare the ointment, 1 g of Borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O) was first dissolved in 35 g deionized water and heated to 70°C. Then, 45 g of liquid paraffin (CnH2n+2) was mixed with 1 g of Carvacrol (C10H14O) and 1 g of geranium (C10H18O) and stirred well to become a phase. Later, 17 g of the melted beeswax (C15H31COOC30H61) was added to the liquid paraffin compound. In the end, the aqueous phase was added to the oil phase, and the mixture process immediately began in one direction with a glass stirrer and continued until the product cooled down. Essential oils (EO) was obtained by steam distillation of fresh Thyme and Rose-Acented Geranium in a stainless steel distillation apparatus (alembic) for 3 h. The main components of the essential oils used in the formulation were performed using a Hewlett-Packard GC system interfaced with a mass spectrometer equipped with an HP5-MS capillary column (30 m, 0.32 mm, 0.25 µm film thicknesses). For GC-MS detection, electron ionization with ionization energy of 70 eV was used. To examine the presence of scabies, weekly skin sampling was performed, and the treatment continued until 30 days, when no skin chip of the scabies was noted. The findings revealed that the formulation developed no side effects and removed the daily use, as it could be administered once or twice a week. Also, complete recovery of scabies in all the breeds was found to be less than a month at most. This medicinal formulationcan be easily used without concerns over its side effects or consumption dosages. This study introduced a herbal formulation with effective herbal ingredients without any side effects to treat the sarcoptes and demodex parasites; unlike other chemical compounds, this medicinal formulation has no side effects, while some other formulations could develop side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghazadeh Hamed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rigi Amir
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sangchooli Tahereh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, NaghsheJahan University, Isfahan, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taheri Parastoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research and Development, Vitabiotics Ltd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasiraei Amir Hossein
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Mohammadi Mohadese
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Elmaidomy AH, Abdel-Maqsoud NMR, Tammam OY, Abdel-Rahman IM, Elrehany MA, Bakhsh HT, Altemani FH, Algehainy NA, Alzubaidi MA, Alsenani F, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR, Zahran EM. Egyptian mandarin peel oil's anti-scabies potential via downregulation-of-inflammatory/immune-cross-talk: GC-MS and PPI network studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14192. [PMID: 37648727 PMCID: PMC10469216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the scabicidal potential of Egyptian mandarin peel oil (Citrus reticulata Blanco, F. Rutaceae) against sarcoptic mange-in-rabbits. Analysis of the oil's GC-MS identified a total of 20 compounds, accounting for 98.91% of all compounds found. Mandarin peel oil topical application improved all signs of infection, causing a scabicidal effect three days later, whereas in vitro application caused complete mite mortality one day later. In comparison to ivermectin, histopathological analysis showed that the epidermis' inflammatory-infiltration/hyperkeratosis-had disappeared. In addition to TIMP-1, the results of the mRNA gene expression analysis showed upregulation of I-CAM-1-and-KGF and downregulation of ILs-1, 6, 10, VEGF, MMP-9, and MCP-1. The scabies network was constructed and subjected to a comprehensive bioinformatic evaluation. TNF-, IL-1B, and IL-6, the top three hub protein-coding genes, have been identified as key therapeutic targets for scabies. From molecular docking data, compounds 15 and 16 acquired sufficient affinity towards the three screened proteins, particularly both possessing higher affinity towards the IL-6 receptor. Interestingly, it achieved a higher binding energy score than the ligand of the docked protein rather than displaying proper binding interactions like those of the ligand. Meanwhile, geraniol (15) showed the highest affinity towards the GST protein, suggesting its contribution to the acaricidal effect of the extract. The subsequent, MD simulations revealed that geraniol can achieve stable binding inside the binding site of both GST and IL-6. Our findings collectively revealed the scabicidal ability of mandarin peel extract for the first time, paving the way for an efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly herbal alternative for treating rabbits with Sarcoptes mange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Omar Y Tammam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Valley University, Kharga, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Islam M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrehany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minya, Egypt
| | - Hussain T Bakhsh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh A Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak A Alzubaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alsenani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, 62513, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Maher Zahran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya, Egypt
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Begna T, Ulziibayar D, Bisrat D, Jung C. Acaricidal Toxicity of Four Essential Oils, Their Predominant Constituents, Their Mixtures against Varroa Mite, and Their Selectivity to Honey Bees ( Apis cerana and A. mellifera). INSECTS 2023; 14:735. [PMID: 37754703 PMCID: PMC10532382 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee (Apis mellifera) faces a significant threat from Varroa destructor, causing the losses of millions of colonies worldwide. While synthetic acaricides are widely used to control Varroa infestations, excessive application has led to resistant strains and poses side effects on the host. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a new acaricide that is both effective and affordable, yet safe to use on bees. One potential source of these acaricides is essential oils (EOs) and their constituents. This study evaluated the acaricidal properties of four essential oils (Eucalyptus globulus, Rosemary officinalis, Trachyspermum ammi (Ethiopian and Indian varieties), their constituents and mixture of constituents against V. destructor through the complete exposure method. Our finding showed that a 1:1 mixture of thymol and carvacrol (4 h-LC50 = 42 μg/mL), thymol (4 h-LC50 = 71 μg/mL), and T. ammi oil (4 h-LC50 = 81-98 μg/mL) were the most toxic test samples against V. destructor. Honey bee behavior and selectivity were also assessed with one additional EO Thymus schimperi, indicating that T. schimperi, T. ammi, and their components were selective and did not affect the learning and memory of bees. In conclusion, the thymol and carvacrol (1:1) mixture was shown to be a promising replacement for synthetic acaricides, being three times more toxic than a commercial acaricide, fluvalinate (4 h-LC50 = 143 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekalign Begna
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea;
| | - Delgermaa Ulziibayar
- Department of Environmental Technology, School of Tourism and Land Management, Mongolian National University, Ulanbator P.O. Box -46A/523, Mongolia;
| | - Daniel Bisrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia;
| | - Chuleui Jung
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea;
- Agriculture Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
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Fereydooni S, Arfaee F, Youssefi MR, Gharib FZ, Tabari MA. In vitro toxicity of combination of amitraz and carvacrol on Demodex canis. Open Vet J 2023; 13:894-902. [PMID: 37614730 PMCID: PMC10443819 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i7.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine generalized demodicosis is an inflammatory skin disease, which usually has time-consuming and frustrating treatments. Aim The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of carvacrol as a green drug and a combination of carvacrol and amitraz on Demodex canis mites and investigate mites' survival lifetime. Methods Mite samples were collected from a dog affected by demodicosis and had been diagnosed with deep skin scrapings. The motility of mites was examined by using optical microscopy. Samples were tested with 5% of carvacrol, the combination of Carvacrol 5% + Amitraz 0.05%, Amitraz 0.05% as a positive control, and mineral oil as a negative control. The interval time between the adding the test solutions and the moment the last mite ceased was defined as the survival time in the samples and the killing times of mites in each group were compared with each other. Results It was determined that after administration of a 5% concentration of carvacrol, lethal effects were faster than the combination solution of Carvacrol 5% + Amitraz 0.05%, and the survival times in the control groups were longer than in both treatment groups. Conclusion Carvacrol, as one of the most important bioactive terpenes, had the most effective in vitro miticidal activity, and it seems that carvacrol alone or in combination with amitraz can be suggested as a possible therapy in the treatment of canine demodicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Fereydooni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Arfaee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zahra Gharib
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
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Li M, Feng S, Huang S, Guillot J, Fang F. In Vitro Efficacy of Terpenes from Essential Oils against Sarcoptes scabiei. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083361. [PMID: 37110595 PMCID: PMC10143962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mite Sarcoptes scabiei is responsible for the emerging or re-emerging skin disease called scabies in humans and sarcoptic mange in animals. Essential oils represent an appealing alternative strategy for the control of Sarcoptes infections, but the commercial development of essential oils may be hampered by their inconsistency in efficacy due to their varied chemical compositions. In order to address this issue, we assessed the efficacy of six components (carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, citral, terpinen-4-ol, and linalool) against S. scabiei. At a concentration of 0.5%, carvacrol presented the best miticidal efficacy, with a median lethal time (LT50) value of 6.7 min, followed by eugenol (56.3 min), geraniol (1.8 h), citral (6.1 h), terpinen-4-ol (22.3 h), and linalool (39.9 h). The LC50 values at 30 min for carvacrol, eugenol, and geraniol were 0.24, 0.79, and 0.91%, respectively. In conclusion, carvacrol, eugenol, and geraniol represent potential complementary or alternative agents for S. scabiei infections in humans or animals. Our study provides a scientific basis for the development of scabicidal products based on essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Li
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shenrui Feng
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Siyi Huang
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dermatology-Parasitology-Mycology Departement, Oniris, 100 Route de Gachet, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Fang Fang
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
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Engashev SV, Engasheva ES, Kolesnikov VI, Bagamaev BM, Ustarov RJ. Persistent activity and therapeutic efficacy of Delcid® 7.5 against scab mites (<i>Psoroptes ovis</i>) in sheep. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.31016/1998-8435-2022-16-4-468-474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to study persistent activity and therapeutic efficacy of Delcid® 7.5 against scab mites Psoroptes ovis in sheep.Materials and methods. The studies were performed in the Bukhty peasant farm enterprise in November 2021 on the Kizlyarsky District winter pastures in the Republic of Dagestan. Three groups of sheep were formed, of which two groups (second and third) had a confirmed clinical diagnosis of psoroptic mange (P. ovis) and one group (first) was free from scab mites. Sheep from the first and second groups were treated with Delcid at a dose of 10 ml of the drug per animal. After 10 days, sheep from the second group were treated with the drug repeatedly at the same dose. Sheep from the first and second groups were treated with the drug applied on dry and intact skin of the back along the spine using the drop method. The third control (infected) group of animals was not treated. All experimental groups of sheep were kept in a common flock. The Delcid persistent activity and thera-peutic efficacy were evaluated by clinical examination and microscopy of the skin for P. ovis mites before the experiment started and at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 25 and 30 days after treatment in the first group and at 1, 3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 20, 24, 31, 35 and 40 days in the second and third groups of sheep.Results and discussion. It was found that Delcid 7.5 showed persistent activity in sheep against psoroptic mange pathogens for 21 days after a single treatment at a dose of 10 ml per animal. Delcid acaricidal effect after double treatment against P. ovis was 31 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Engashev
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA named after K. I. Skryabin
| | | | | | | | - R. J. Ustarov
- Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Republic of Dagestan
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Shang X, Miao X, Zhang J. How can reasonable and repeatable acaricidal tests of natural products against Sarcoptes and Psoroptes mites be carried out? Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109763. [PMID: 35863290 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoptic and psoroptic mange threaten the health of both animals and humans worldwide and result in enormous socioeconomic loss. Discovery of new lead compounds is a major goal for controlling this kind of disease. However, the methodological shortcomings of acaricidal tests against Sarcoptes and Psoroptes mites for screening active compounds in vitro troubles colleagues and should be given more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Gansu Herbage and Livestock Environment Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Xiaolou Miao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Gansu Herbage and Livestock Environment Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Gansu Herbage and Livestock Environment Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
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Li M, Liu S, Yin Z, Bernigaud C, Guillot J, Fang F. Activity of terpenes derived from essential oils against Sarcoptes scabiei eggs. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:600. [PMID: 34886874 PMCID: PMC8656058 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The limited ovicidal activity of currently available acaricides is a significant obstacle to efficacious scabies treatment. Several essential oils or their respective components have proved to be active against the eggs of arthropods, mainly lice and ticks. Information on the activity of these oils and/or components against the eggs of mites remains very limited. The aim of this study was to assess the activity of six terpenes (carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, citral, terpinen-4-ol and linalool) commonly found in essential oils against the eggs of Sarcoptes scabiei. Methods Sarcoptes eggs were exposed to paraffin oil containing 1, 2.5, or 5% of each terpene tested. After a 12-h exposure period, the eggs were washed and placed in paraffin oil for hatching. Embryonic development following treatment was assessed every day to determine the stage of developmental arrest. Results The median effective concentration to obtain 50% egg mortality (EC50) was 0.5, 0.9, 2.0, 4.8, 5.1 and 9.8% for carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, citral, terpinen-4-ol and linalool, respectively. The microscopic images of eggs after each treatment indicated that these six terpenes may act by penetrating through the aeropyles on the egg surface. Conclusions In conclusion, carvacrol, eugenol and geraniol possess significant ovicidal activities, which should be considered as promising ovicidal agents for the treatment of scabies. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Li
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shunlong Liu
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhijuan Yin
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- Dynamic, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Dermatology Department, Faculté de Santé, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dynamic, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Dermatology Parasitology Mycology Department, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire , Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation (ONIRIS), Nantes, France
| | - Fang Fang
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
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Rahmani S, Azimi S. Fumigant toxicity of three Satureja species on tomato leafminers, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1767651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Rahmani
- Department of Plant Protection, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Azimi
- Department of Plant Protection, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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Acaricidal activity and clinical safety of arecoline hydrobromide on calves infested with cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109490. [PMID: 34271319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the acaricidal activity of arecoline hydrobromide against cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus infesting calves. in vivo efficacy of arecoline emulsified with polysorbate-80 (2%) was evaluated using ear bag method with the effective dose of 12.5 mg/mL applied on ear pinna of calves infested with ticks. Control group received polysorbate-80 (2%) after larvae infestation, however, reference group received deltamethrin (0.5 %). The experiment was continued for six days (144 h) and treatment of drug was given twice a day. Daily observation of calves was done to count the number of ticks after treatment. Acute dermal toxicity study for test drug was performed on wistar rats. Clinical safety of arecoline was determined by examining hematological profile and skin irritancy assay for calves infested with ticks. Results showed that arecoline significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the number of ticks attached to ear pinna of calves. Fewer number of ticks remained on calves skin at 120 h and 144 h were 8.09 and 6.21, respectively after treatment with arecoline in comparison to control group. Treatment of animals with arecoline hydrobromide significantly (p < 0.01) restored the hematological profile of animals as hemoglobin (Hb) level was 9.01 g/100 mL, PVC was 29.24 %, TEC and TLC were 5.23 and 7.19 106/cumm, respectively as compared to the control group having Hb 9.48 g/100 mL, PVC 31.60 %, TEC 5.64 106/cumm and TLC 7.27 106/cumm. Arecoline showed no toxicity while applied on wistar rats. The drug was mild irritative for an initial 20 min to the calves after that no redness or erythema was seen on the skin of the animals. Thus, arecoline hydrobromide may be an effective alternative to be used as herbal ectoparasiticide for the eradication of R. microplus ticks.
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Shang XF, Dai LX, Yang CJ, Guo X, Liu YQ, Miao XL, Zhang JY. A value-added application of eugenol as acaricidal agent: The mechanism of action and the safety evaluation. J Adv Res 2020; 34:149-158. [PMID: 35024187 PMCID: PMC8655235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Eugenol is a major component of essential oils of several plants, it exhibits significant antiparasitic and acaricidal activities, yet its molecular targets remain unknown. Objectives We aimed to systematically investigate the mechanism of action and the potential targets of eugenol against P. cuniculi, and evaluate the safety for laying the theoretical foundation for clinical application as an acaricide. Methods Using RNA-Seq analysis, surface plasmon resonance analysis and RNA interference assay, the mode of action of eugenol against Psoroptes cuniculi was investigated. The effect on the mitochondrial membrane potential and complex I of PC12 cells and C6/36 cells was assayed to investigate the species specificity of eugenol in insects and mammals. Finally, a safety evaluation of eugenol in vivo was performed. Results Eugenol inhibited complex I activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway by binding to NADH dehydrogenase chain 2 and resulted in the death of mites. The inhibition rates were 37.89% for 50 μg/mL and 60.26% for 100 μg/mL, respectively. Further experiments indicated that the difference in the complex I sequence between insects and mammals led to the different affinity of eugenol to specific peptide, resulting in species specificity. Eugenol exhibited significant inhibitory effects against the mitochondrial membrane potential and complex I in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells but was not active in rat PC12 cells. Insect cells were particularly sensitive to eugenol. In contrast to the known inhibitor rotenone, eugenol had better safety and did not result in Parkinson's disease or other diseases in rats. Conclusion This is the first report on acaricidal eugenol targeting complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This work lays the foundation for the development of eugenol as an environmentally alternative acaricidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xia Dai
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Chen-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lou Miao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
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Jain P, Satapathy T, Pandey RK. Rhipicephalus microplus (acari: Ixodidae): Clinical safety and potential control by topical application of cottonseed oil (Gossypium sp.) on cattle. Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108017. [PMID: 33039477 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to determine the acaricidal activity of the cottonseed oil (CSO) against cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. CSO was analyzed using Gas Chromatograph with high-resolution Mass Spectrometer (GC-HRMS) to identify the presence of active compounds. In vitro bioassays were performed using larval packet test (LPT) and adult immersion test (AIT) by taking different concentrations of CSO (i.e. 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%). In vivo acaricidal activity of CSO was evaluated by its topical application on red Sahiwal calves for 144 h. Clinical safety of CSO was evaluated by performing skin irritancy test and examination of hematological profile of calves'. GC-HRMS analysis of CSO revealed the presence of many fatty acids including oleic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and other components. Results exhibited that all the concentrations of CSO were effective in reducing the number of ticks and their growth. However, CSO at concentrations of 10% (CSO7) and 12.5% (CSO8) exhibited 100% mortality of R. microplus larvae and adults in LPT and AIT, respectively. In vivo acaricidal assay revealed that CSO7 and CSO8 shown 85% and 89% inhibition of ticks, respectively on calves after 144 h as compared to the control group. CSO was clinically safe on calves' skin with mild erythema up to 20 min. Hematological profile of calves revealed no sign of toxicity after treatment with CSO. Thus, CSO can be used as an alternative and safe drug therapy against R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 493111, India
| | - Trilochan Satapathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 493111, India.
| | - Ravindra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 493111, India
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