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Tang B, Li J, Li T, Xie Y, Guan W, Zhao Y, Yang S, Liu M, Xu D. Vaccines as a Strategy to Control Trichinellosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857786. [PMID: 35401479 PMCID: PMC8984473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis caused by Trichinella spiralis is a worldwide food-borne parasitic zoonosis. Several approaches have been performed to control T. spiralis infection, including veterinary vaccines, which contribute to improving animal health and increasing public health by preventing the transmission of trichinellosis from animals to humans. In the past several decades, many vaccine studies have been performed in effort to control T. spiralis infection by reducing the muscle larvae and adult worms burden. Various candidate antigens, selected from excretory-secretory (ES) products and different functional proteins involved in the process of establishing infection have been investigated in rodent or swine models to explore their protective effect against T. spiralis infection. Moreover, different types of vaccines have been developed to improve the protective effect against T. spiralis infection in rodent or swine models, such as live attenuated vaccines, natural antigen vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, DNA vaccines, and synthesized epitope vaccines. However, few studies of T. spiralis vaccines have been performed in pigs, and future research should focus on exploring the protective effect of different types of vaccines in swine models. Here, we present an overview of the strategies for the development of effective T. spiralis vaccines and summarize the factors of influencing the effectiveness of vaccines. We also discuss several propositions in improving the effectiveness of vaccines and may provide a route map for future T. spiralis vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiting Xie
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yanqing Zhao
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Shuguo Yang
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Mingyuan Liu,
| | - Daoxiu Xu
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Daoxiu Xu,
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Development of expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers and genetic resource analysis of tea oil plants (Camellia spp.). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-021-01248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bilska-Zając E, Thompson P, Rosenthal B, Różycki M, Cencek T. Infection, genetics, and evolution of Trichinella: Historical insights and applications to molecular epidemiology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105080. [PMID: 34509647 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in pathogen populations provides the means to answer questions in disease ecology and transmission, illuminating interactions between genetic traits, environmental exposures, and disease. Such studies elucidate the phylogeny, evolution, transmission and pathogenesis of viruses, bacteria and parasites. Here, we review how such studies have fostered understanding of the biology and epidemiology of zoonotic nematode parasites in the genus Trichinella spp., which impose considerable economic and health burdens by infecting wildlife, livestock, and people. To use such data to define ongoing chains of local transmission and source traceback, researchers first must understand the extent and distribution of genetic variation resident in regional parasite populations. Thus, genetic variability illuminates a population's past as well as its present. Here we review how such data have helped define population dynamics of Trichinella spp. in wild and domesticated hosts, creating opportunities to harness genetic variation in the quest to prevent, track, and contain future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Thompson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Tomasz Cencek
- National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Poland
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Bilska-Zajac E, Tonanzi D, Pozio E, Rozycki M, Cencek T, Thompson PC, Rosenthal BM, La Rosa G. Genetic evidence substantiates transmission of Trichinella spiralis from one swine farm to another. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:359. [PMID: 34243814 PMCID: PMC8268521 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinella spiralis ranks seventh in the risk posed by foodborne parasites. It causes most human cases of trichinellosis and is the most frequent cause of Trichinella outbreaks on pig farms and in wild boar, worldwide. Veterinary inspectors seek the source of outbreaks in hopes of limiting the spread. Established molecular tools are inadequate for distinguishing among potential T. spiralis infection sources because genetic variability in these zoonotic pathogens is limited in Europe. Microsatellite markers proved successful in tracing an outbreak of T. britovi, a related parasite harboring much more genetic variation. Here, we successfully employed microsatellite markers to determine the genetic structure of T. spiralis isolates from two pig outbreaks, discovering notable uniformity among parasites within each farm and discovering an epidemiological link between these two outbreaks. METHODS The individual larvae from five isolates of T. spiralis from two pig farms and from ten wild boars were genotyped using nine microsatellite markers to examine their genetic structure. RESULTS Notably uniform parasite populations constituted each farm outbreak, and the parasites from the first and second outbreaks resembled each other to a notable degree, indicating an epidemiological link between them. Wild boar harbored more genetically variable larval cohorts, distinguishing them from parasites isolated from domestic pigs. CONCLUSIONS Microsatellite markers succeeded in distinguishing isolates of the highly homogeneous T. spiralis, aiding efforts to track transmission. Each outbreak was composed of a homogenous group of parasites, suggesting a point source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bilska-Zajac
- National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Al. Partyzantów 57, Puławy, Poland
| | - Daniele Tonanzi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Miroslaw Rozycki
- National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Al. Partyzantów 57, Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Al. Partyzantów 57, Puławy, Poland
| | - Peter C. Thompson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Zarlenga D, Thompson P, Pozio E. Trichinella species and genotypes. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:289-296. [PMID: 33199264 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis has historically been deemed "the pig parasite" owing to its initial classification within a monospecific genus. However, in recent years, the genus has expanded to include 10 distinct species and at least 3 different genotypes whose taxonomic status remains unstipulated. In contrast to T. spiralis, however, most of these sylvatic species and genotypes do not infect pigs well. Inasmuch as morphological characters cannot be used to define species within this genus, earlier classifications were based upon host and geographical ranges, biological characters, and the presence or absence of a collagen capsule that surrounds the muscle stage larvae. Later, isoenzymes, DNA gel fragmentation patterns and DNA probes were used to help in identification and classification. Today, amidst the "-omics" revolution, new molecular and biochemical-based methodologies have improved detection, differentiation and characterization at all levels including worm populations. These efforts have discernably expanded immunological, epidemiological, and genetic studies resulting in better hypotheses on the evolution of the genus, and on global events, transmission cycles, host associations, and biogeographical histories that contributed to its cosmopolitan distribution. Reviews of this sort are best begun with a background on the genus; however, efforts will divert to the most recent knowledge available on the taxonomy, phylogeny, epidemiology and biochemistry that define this genus in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Zarlenga
- Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Peter Thompson
- Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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