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Huang Q, Hu W, Meng X, Chen J, Pan G. Nosema bombycis: A remarkable unicellular parasite infecting insects. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13045. [PMID: 39095558 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Microsporidia are opportunistic fungal-like pathogens that cause microsporidiosis, which results in significant economic losses and threatens public health. Infection of domesticated silkworms by the microsporidium Nosema bombycis causes pébrine disease, for which this species of microsporidia has received much attention. Research has been conducted extensively on this microsporidium over the past few decades to better understand its infection, transmission, host-parasite interaction, and detection. Several tools exist to study this species including the complete genome sequence of N. bombycis. In addition to the understanding of N. bombycis being important for the silkworm industry, this species has become a model organism for studying microsporidia. Research on biology of N. bombycis will contribute to the development of knowledge regarding microsporidia and potential antimicrosporidia drugs. Furthermore, this will provide insight into the molecular evolution and functioning of other fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wanying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Bagheri M, Dehghan S, Zahmatkesh A. Strategies for diagnosing Nosema bombycis (Microsporidia: Nosematidae); the agent of pebrine disease. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 260:111645. [PMID: 38908801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Pebrine disease, caused by Nosema bombycis (N. bombycis), is the most important pathogen known to the silk industry. Historical evidence from several countries shows that the outbreaks of pebrine disease have largely caused the decline of the sericulture industry. Prevention is the first line to combat pebrine as a deadly disease in silkworm; however, no effective treatment has yet been presented to treat the disease. Many different methods have been used for detection of pebrine disease agent. This review focuses on the explanation and comparison of these methods, and describes their advantages and/or disadvantages. Also, it highlights the ongoing advances in diagnostic methods for N. bombycis that could enable efforts to halt this microsporidia infection. The detection methods are categorized as microscopic, immunological and nucleic acid-based approaches, each with priorities over the other methods; however, the suitability of each method depends on the available equipment in the laboratory, the mass of infection, and the speed and sensitivity of detection. The accessibility and economic efficiency are compared as well as the speed and the sensitivity for each method. Although, the light microscopy is the most common method for detection of N. bombycis, qPCR is the most preferred method for large data based on speed and sensitivity as well as early detection ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Bagheri
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Shirin Dehghan
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Lv Q, Hong L, Qi L, Chen Y, Xie Z, Liao H, Li C, Li T, Meng X, Chen J, Bao J, Wei J, Han B, Shen Q, Weiss LM, Zhou Z, Long M, Pan G. Microsporidia dressing up: the spore polaroplast transport through the polar tube and transformation into the sporoplasm membrane. mBio 2024; 15:e0274923. [PMID: 38193684 PMCID: PMC10865828 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02749-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide variety of hosts including humans. Microsporidian spores possess a unique, highly specialized invasion apparatus involving the polar filament, polaroplast, and posterior vacuole. During spore germination, the polar filament is discharged out of the spore forming a hollow polar tube that transports the sporoplasm components including the nucleus into the host cell. Due to the complicated topological changes occurring in this process, the details of sporoplasm formation are not clear. Our data suggest that the limiting membrane of the nascent sporoplasm is formed by the polaroplast after microsporidian germination. Using electron microscopy and 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate staining, we describe that a large number of vesicles, nucleus, and other cytoplasm contents were transported out via the polar tube during spore germination, while the posterior vacuole and plasma membrane finally remained in the empty spore coat. Two Nosema bombycis sporoplasm surface proteins (NbTMP1 and NoboABCG1.1) were also found to localize in the region of the polaroplast and posterior vacuole in mature spores and in the discharged polar tube, which suggested that the polaroplast during transport through the polar tube became the limiting membrane of the sporoplasm. The analysis results of Golgi-tracker green and Golgi marker protein syntaxin 6 were also consistent with the model of the transported polaroplast derived from Golgi transformed into the nascent sporoplasm membrane.IMPORTANCEMicrosporidia, which are obligate intracellular pathogenic organisms, cause huge economic losses in agriculture and even threaten human health. The key to successful infection by the microsporidia is their unique invasion apparatus which includes the polar filament, polaroplast, and posterior vacuole. When the mature spore is activated to geminate, the polar filament uncoils and undergoes a rapid transition into the hollow polar tube that transports the sporoplasm components including the microsporidian nucleus into host cells. Details of the structural difference between the polar filament and polar tube, the process of cargo transport in extruded polar tube, and the formation of the sporoplasm membrane are still poorly understood. Herein, we verify that the polar filament evaginates to form the polar tube, which serves as a conduit for transporting the nucleus and other sporoplasm components. Furthermore, our results indicate that the transported polaroplast transforms into the sporoplasm membrane during spore germination. Our study provides new insights into the cargo transportation process of the polar tube and origin of the sporoplasm membrane, which provide important clarification of the microsporidian infection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liuyi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Biomedical Research Center for Structural Analysis, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengkai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingtao Shen
- School of Life Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ma M, Ling M, Huang Q, Xu Y, Yang X, Kyei B, Wang Q, Tang X, Shen Z, Zhang Y, Zhao G. Functional characterization of Nosema bombycis (microsporidia) trehalase 3. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:59. [PMID: 38112902 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Nosema bombycis, an obligate intracellular parasite, is a single-celled eukaryote known to infect various tissues of silkworms, leading to the manifestation of pebrine. Trehalase, a glycosidase responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of trehalose into two glucose molecules, assumes a crucial role in thermal stress tolerance, dehydration, desiccation stress, and asexual development. Despite its recognized importance in these processes, the specific role of trehalase in N. bombycis remains uncertain. This investigation focused on exploring the functions of trehalase 3 in N. bombycis (NbTre3). Immunofluorescence analysis of mature (dormant) spores indicated that NbTre3 primarily localizes to the spore membrane or spore wall, suggesting a potential involvement in spore germination. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the transcriptional level of NbTre3 peaked at 6 h post N. bombycis infection, potentially contributing to energy storage for proliferation. Throughout the life cycle of N. bombycis within the host cell, NbTre3 was detected in sporoplasm during the proliferative stage rather than the sporulation stage. RNA interference experiments revealed a substantial decrease in the relative transcriptional level of NbTre3, accompanied by a certain reduction in the relative transcriptional level of Nb16S rRNA. These outcomes suggest that NbTre3 may play a role in the proliferation of N. bombycis. The application of the His pull-down technique identified 28 proteins interacting with NbTre3, predominantly originating from the host silkworm. This finding implies that NbTre3 may participate in the metabolism of the host cell, potentially utilizing the host cell's energy resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Ling
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qilong Huang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yijie Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bismark Kyei
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Guodong Zhao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhang L, Zhang S, Qiao Y, Cao X, Jiang G, Cheng J, Wan X, Meng Q, Shen H. A comparative transcriptome analysis of how shrimp endure and adapt to long-term symbiosis with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109088. [PMID: 37778737 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a prevalent microsporidian pathogen responsible for hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) in Litopenaeus vannamei. This infection not only leads to slowed growth in shrimp abut aslo inflicts substantial economic losses in the global aquaculture industry. However, the molecular mechanisms by which EHP influences the host during various infection stages remain unclear. This study employed comparative transcriptomics to examine the effects of EHP infection on Litopenaeus vannamei between early and late stage of infection groups. Utilizing transcriptomic approaches, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with notable biological significance through the COG, GO, KEGG, GSEA, and Mufzz time-series methodologies. The results reveal that EHP infection considerably influences host gene expression, with marked differences between early and late infection across distinct timeframes. Key processes such as detoxification, cell apoptosis, and lipid metabolism are pivotal during host-parasite interactions. Hexokinase and phosphatidic acid phosphatase emerge as key factors enabling invasion and sustained effects. Cytochrome P450 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase could facilitate infection progression. EHP significantly impacts growth, especially through ecdysteroids and 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase. By delineating stage-specific effects, we gain insights into interaction between EHP and Litopenaeus vannamei, showing how intracellular pathogens reprogram host defenses into mechanisms enabling long-term persistence. This study provides a deeper understanding of host-pathogen dynamics, emphasizing the interplay between detoxification, metabolism, immunity, apoptosis and growth regulation over the course of long-term symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiting Zhang
- Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Ge Jiang
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Xihe Wan
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China.
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Wadi L, El Jarkass HT, Tran TD, Islah N, Luallen RJ, Reinke AW. Genomic and phenotypic evolution of nematode-infecting microsporidia. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011510. [PMID: 37471459 PMCID: PMC10393165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a large phylum of intracellular parasites that can infect most types of animals. Species in the Nematocida genus can infect nematodes including Caenorhabditis elegans, which has become an important model to study mechanisms of microsporidia infection. To understand the genomic properties and evolution of nematode-infecting microsporidia, we sequenced the genomes of nine species of microsporidia, including two genera, Enteropsectra and Pancytospora, without any previously sequenced genomes. Core cellular processes, including metabolic pathways, are mostly conserved across genera of nematode-infecting microsporidia. Each species encodes unique proteins belonging to large gene families that are likely used to interact with host cells. Most strikingly, we observed one such family, NemLGF1, is present in both Nematocida and Pancytospora species, but not any other microsporidia. To understand how Nematocida phenotypic traits evolved, we measured the host range, tissue specificity, spore size, and polar tube length of several species in the genus. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that Nematocida is composed of two groups of species with distinct traits and that species with longer polar tubes infect multiple tissues. Together, our work details both genomic and trait evolution between related microsporidia species and provides a useful resource for further understanding microsporidia evolution and infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wadi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Tuan D Tran
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nizar Islah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert J Luallen
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Fan Y, Wu P, Sun Q, Yu B, Zhang Y, Wei J, Pan G, Li C, Zhou Z. The development of single-chain antibody anchored on the BmE cell membrane to inhibit BmNPV infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107937. [PMID: 37209810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) poses a significant threat to sericulture production, and traditional sanitation practices remain the main strategy for controlling BmNPV infection. Although RNAi targeting BmNPV genes engineered into transgenic silkworms has shown to be a promising approach in reducing viral infection, it cannot block viral entry into host cells. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new effective prevention and control measures. In this study, we screened a monoclonal antibody 6C5 that potently neutralizes BmNPV infection by clamping the internal fusion loop of the BmNPVglycoprotein64 (GP64). Furthermore, we cloned the VH and VL fragments of mAb-6C5 from the hybridoma cell, and the eukaryotic expression vector of scFv6C5 was constructed to anchor the antibody on the cell membrane. The GP64 fusion loop antibody-expressing cells exhibited a reduced capacity for BmNPV infection. The results from our study provide a novel BmNPV control strategy and lay the foundation for the future development of transgenic silkworms with improved antiviral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youpeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Quan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Ran M, Shi Y, Li B, Xiang H, Tao M, Meng X, Li T, Li C, Bao J, Pan G, Zhou Z. Genome-Wide Characterization and Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Serpin Gene Family in Microsporidian Nosema bombycis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010550. [PMID: 36613990 PMCID: PMC9820262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are ubiquitous in the environment, infecting almost all invertebrates, vertebrates, and some protists. The microsporidian Nosema bombycis causes silkworms pébrine disease and leads to huge economic losses. Parasite secreted proteins play vital roles in pathogen-host interactions. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins), belonging to the largest and most broadly distributed protease inhibitor superfamily, are also found in Microsporidia. In this study, we characterized 19 serpins (NbSPNs) in N. bombycis; eight of them were predicted with signal peptides. All NbSPN proteins contain a typical conserved serpin (PF00079) domain. The comparative genomic analysis revealed that microsporidia serpins were only found in the genus Nosema. In addition to N. bombycis, a total of 34 serpins were identified in another six species of Nosema including N. antheraeae (11), N. granulosis (8), Nosema sp. YNPr (3), Nosema sp. PM-1 (3), N. apis (4), and N. ceranae (5). Serpin gene duplications in tandem obviously occurred in Nosema antheranae. Notably, the NbSPNs were phylogenetically clustered with serpins from the Chordopoxvirinae, the subfamily of Poxvirus. All 19 NbSPN transcripts were detected in the infected midgut and fat body, while 19 NbSPN genes except for NbSPN12 were found in the transcriptome of the infected silkworm embryonic cell line BmE-SWU1. Our work paves the way for further study of serpin function in microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yulian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Boning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Heng Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Meilin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (Z.Z.)
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Dolgikh VV, Senderskiy IV, Timofeev SA, Zhuravlyov VS, Dolgikh AV, Seliverstova EV, Ismatullaeva DA, Mirzakhodjaev BA. Construction of scFv Antibodies against the Outer Loops of the Microsporidium Nosema bombycis ATP/ADP-Transporters and Selection of the Fragment Efficiently Inhibiting Parasite Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315307. [PMID: 36499634 PMCID: PMC9738396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional sanitation practices remain the main strategy for controlling Bombyx mori infections caused by microsporidia Nosema bombycis. This actualizes the development of new approaches to increase the silkworm resistance to this parasite. Here, we constructed a mouse scFv library against the outer loops of N. bombycis ATP/ADP carriers and selected nine scFv fragments to the transporter, highly expressed in the early stages of the parasite intracellular growth. Expression of selected scFv genes in Sf9 cells, their infection with different ratios of microsporidia spores per insect cell, qPCR analysis of N. bombycis PTP2 and Spodoptera frugiperda COXI transcripts in 100 infected cultures made it possible to select the scFv fragment most effectively inhibiting the parasite growth. Western blot analysis of 42 infected cultures with Abs against the parasite β-tubulin confirmed its inhibitory efficiency. Since the VL part of this scFv fragment was identified as a human IgG domain retained from the pSEX81 phagemid during library construction, its VH sequence should be a key antigen-recognizing determinant. Along with the further selection of new recombinant Abs, this suggests the searching for its natural mouse VL domain or "camelization" of the VH fragment by introducing cysteine and hydrophilic residues, as well as the randomization of its CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V. Dolgikh
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky Chausse 3, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-921-351-6383
| | - Igor V. Senderskiy
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky Chausse 3, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergej A. Timofeev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky Chausse 3, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir S. Zhuravlyov
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky Chausse 3, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra V. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chausse 3, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Seliverstova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Thorez 44, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Zhang R, Zheng S, Huang H, Sun X, Huang Y, Wei J, Pan G, Li C, Zhou Z. Expression of anti-NbHK single-chain antibody in fusion with NSlmb enhances the resistance to Nosema bombycis in Sf9-III cells. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:502-508. [PMID: 35382911 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nosema bombycis is a destructive and specific intracellular parasite of silkworm, which is extremely harmful to the silkworm industry. N. bombycis is considered as a quarantine pathogen of sericulture because of its long incubation period and horizontal and vertical transmission. Herein, two single-chain antibodies targeting N. bombycis hexokinase (NbHK) were cloned and expressed in fusion with the N-terminal of Slmb (a Drosophila melanogaster FBP), which contains the F-box domain. Western blotting demonstrated that Sf9-III cells expressed NSlmb-scFv-7A and NSlmb-scFv-6H, which recognized native NbHK. Subsequently, the NbHK was degraded by host ubiquitination system. When challenged with N. bombycis, the transfected Sf9-III cells exhibited better resistance relative to the controls, demonstrating that NbHK is a prospective target for parasite controls and this approach represents a potential solution for constructing N. bombycis-resistant Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shiyi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China
| | - Hongyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yukang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Chen Y, Wei E, Chen Y, He P, Wang R, Wang Q, Tang X, Zhang Y, Zhu F, Shen Z. Identification and subcellular localization analysis of membrane protein Ycf 1 in the microsporidian Nosema bombycis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13530. [PMID: 35833014 PMCID: PMC9272817 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that can infect a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans and insects, such as silkworm and bees. The microsporidium Nosema bombycis can cause pebrine in Bombyx mori, which is the most destructive disease in the sericulture industry. Although membrane proteins are involved in a wide range of cellular functions and part of many important metabolic pathways, there are rare reports about the membrane proteins of microsporidia up to now. We screened a putative membrane protein Ycf 1 from the midgut transcriptome of the N. bombycis-infected silkworm. Gene cloning and bioinformatics analysis showed that the Ycf 1 gene contains a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 969 bp in length encoding a 322 amino acid polypeptide that has one signal peptide and one transmembrane domain. Indirect immunofluorescence results showed that Ycf 1 protein is distributed on the plasma membrane. Expression pattern analysis showed that the Ycf 1 gene expressed in all developmental stages of N. bombycis. Knockdown of the Ycf 1 gene by RNAi effectively inhibited the proliferation of N. bombycis. These results indicated that Ycf 1 is a membrane protein and plays an important role in the life cycle of N. bombycis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erjun Wei
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping He
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runpeng Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericulture, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericulture, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericulture, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shangdong, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericulture, Zhenjiang, China
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Zhang X, Feng H, He J, Liang X, Zhang N, Shao Y, Zhang F, Lu X. The gut commensal bacterium Enterococcus faecalis LX10 contributes to defending against Nosema bombycis infection in Bombyx mori. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2215-2227. [PMID: 35192238 PMCID: PMC9314687 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidia, a group of obligate intracellular fungal-related parasites, have been used as efficient biocontrol agents for agriculture and forestry pests due to their host specificity and transovarial transmission. They mainly infect insect pests through the intestinal tract, but the interactions between microsporidia and the gut microbiota of the host have not been well demonstrated. RESULTS Based on the microsporidia-Bombyx mori model, we report that the susceptibility of silkworms to exposure to the microsporidium Nosema bombycis was both dose and time dependent. Comparative analyses of the silkworm gut microbiome revealed substantially increased abundance of Enterococcus belonging to Firmicutes after N. bombycis infection. Furthermore, a bacterial strain (LX10) was obtained from the gut of B. mori and identified as Enterococcus faecalis based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. E. faecalis LX10 reduced the N. bombycis spore germination rate and the infection efficiency in vitro and in vivo, as confirmed by bioassay tests and histopathological analyses. In addition, after simultaneous oral feeding with E. faecalis LX10 and N. bombycis, gene (Akirin, Cecropin A, Mesh, Ssk, DUOX and NOS) expression, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide levels, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed different degrees of recovery and correction compared with those under N. bombycis infection alone. Finally, the enterococcin LX protein was identified from sterile LX10 fermentation liquid based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. CONCLUSION Altogether, the results revealed that E. faecalis LX10 with anti-N. bombycis activity might play an important role in protecting silkworms from microsporidia. Removal of these specific commensal bacteria with antibiotics and utilization of transgenic symbiotic systems may effectively improve the biocontrol value of microsporidia. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancui Zhang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huihui Feng
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jintao He
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xili Liang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Li T, Wei J, Pan G. Advances in the Genetic Manipulation of Nosema bombycis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:137-152. [PMID: 35544002 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidium Nosema bombycis can infect and transmit both vertically and horizontally in multiple lepidopteran insects including silkworms and crop pests. While there have been several studies on the N. bombycis spore, there have been only limited studies on the N. bombycis sporoplasm. This chapter reviews what is known about this life cycle stage as well as published studies on purification of the N. bombycis sporoplasm and its survival in an in vitro cell culture system. Genetic transformation techniques have revolutionized the study of many pathogenic organisms. While progress has been made on the development of such systems for microsporidia, this critical problem has not been solved for these pathogens. This chapter provides a summary of the latest research progress on genetic manipulation of N. bombycis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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