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Li F, Nie L, Huang J, Sin TH, Wang X, Zhang F, Ma J, Shi X, Chen L, Niu K, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Evaluation of significantly changed chemokine factors of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in non-puerperal patients. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23745. [PMID: 38923065 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400114rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM), a recurrent inflammation disease of the non-lactating breast, has had an increasing clinical morbidity rate in recent years, and its complicated symptoms and unclear etiology make it challenging to treat. This rare benign inflammatory breast disease, centered on the lobules, represents the most challenging type of non-puerperal mastitis (NPM), also known as non-lactating mastitis. In this study, patients diagnosed with IGM (M, n = 23) were recruited as cases, and patients with benign control breast disease (C, n = 17) were enrolled as controls. Cytokine microarray detection measured and analyzed the differentially expressed cytokine factors between IGM and control patients. Then, we verified the mRNA and protein expression levels of the significantly changed cytokine factors using Q-RT-PCR, ELISA, western blot, and IHC experiments. The cytokine factor expression levels significantly changed compared to the control group. We observed a significant increase between IGM and control patients in cytokine factors expression, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNF RII). Then, we verified the expression of these top five dysregulated factors in both mRNA and protein levels. Our results demonstrated the cytokine map in IGM and indicated that several cytokines, especially chemokines, were associated with and significantly dysregulated in IGM tissues compared to the control group. The chemokine factors involved might be essential in developing and treating IGM. These findings would be helpful for a better understanding of IGM and offer valuable insights for devising novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Li
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Longzhu Nie
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junying Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tat-Hang Sin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Dangdai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Dangdai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kunying Niu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Dangdai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yidong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Urbańska DM, Pawlik M, Korwin-Kossakowska A, Rutkowska K, Kawecka-Grochocka E, Czopowicz M, Mickiewicz M, Kaba J, Bagnicka E. The Expression of Selected Cytokine Genes in the Livers of Young Castrated Bucks after Supplementation with a Mixture of Dry Curcuma longa and Rosmarinus officinalis Extracts. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3489. [PMID: 38003107 PMCID: PMC10668812 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to determine the effect of supplementation with a mixture of Curcuma longa and Rosmarinus officinalis extracts (896:19 ratio) on the expression of 15 cytokine genes in the livers of 20 castrated goat bucks. Two equal groups were created: treated and control groups. The treated group was provided a mixture (1.6 g/day/buck) for 124 days. Liver tissue samples were collected after slaughter. The gene expression was analyzed using RT-qPCR with two reference genes. Variance analysis was conducted using a model with the group fixed effect. IL-2 and IL-8 expression was below the detection level. No differences were found for IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-16, IFN-α, IFN-β, TNF-α, and CCL4 expressions, suggesting that supplementation does not activate cytokine production in the healthy hepatocytes. The treated group demonstrated lower IL-12 expression (p < 0.05) and a tendency for higher IL-18 and INF-γ (0.05 < p < 0.10) expressions, which may indicate a hypersensitivity resulting from excessive supplement dose. The increased IFN-γ expression could be caused by the increased IL-18 expression. If a small dose of extract can induce an allergic reaction in young goat bucks, it is also possible that humans may be susceptible to an overdose of curcumin and/or turmeric extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Maria Urbańska
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Marek Pawlik
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Korwin-Kossakowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Karolina Rutkowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3c, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kawecka-Grochocka
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
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Häyry A, Faustini F, Zickert A, Larsson A, Niewold TB, Svenungsson E, Oke V, Gunnarsson I. Interleukin (IL) 16: a candidate urinary biomarker for proliferative lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000744. [PMID: 36104119 PMCID: PMC9476119 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The pathogenesis is incompletely understood and diagnostic biomarkers are scarce. We investigated interleukin (IL) 16 as a potential biomarker for LN in a well-characterised cohort of patients with SLE. Methods We measured urinary (u-) and plasma (p-) levels of IL-16 in predefined patient groups using ELISA: LN (n=84), active non-renal SLE (n=63), inactive non-renal SLE (n=73) and matched population controls (n=48). The LN group included patients with recent biopsy-confirmed proliferative (PLN, n=47), mesangioproliferative (MES, n=11) and membranous (MLN, n=26) LN. Renal expression of IL-16 was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Associations between IL-16 measurements and clinical parameters and the diagnostic value for LN were explored. Results p-IL-16 was detected in all investigated cases and high p-IL-16 levels were observed in patients with active SLE. u-IL-16 was detected (dt-u-IL-16) in 47.6% of patients with LN, while only up to 17.8% had dt-u-IL-16 in other groups. In the LN group, 68% of patients with PLN had dt-u-IL-16, while the proportions in the MLN and MES groups were lower (11.5% and 45.5%, respectively). The highest u-IL-16 levels were detected in the PLN group. In the regression model, u-IL-16 levels differentiated PLN from other LN patient subgroups (area under the curve 0.775–0.896, p<0.0001). dt-u-IL-16 had superior specificity but slightly lower sensitivity than elevated anti-double-stranded DNA and low complement C3 or C4 in diagnosing PLN. A high proportion of LN kidney infiltrating cells expressed IL-16. Conclusions We demonstrate that detectable u-IL-16 can differentiate patients with PLN from those with less severe LN subtypes and active non-renal SLE. Our findings suggest that u-IL-16 could be used as a screening tool at suspicion of severe LN. Furthermore, the high IL-16 levels in plasma, urine and kidney tissue imply that IL-16 could be explored as a therapeutic target in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliisa Häyry
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Faustini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Zickert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilija Oke
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .,Center for Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zeinalzadeh S, Kheradmand N, Rasouli G, Esmaeilzadeh E, Pakzad B, Behroozi J, Chamanara M, Zoshk MY, Ehtesham N, Sabet MN. Association of a miRNA-binding site polymorphism in IL-16 gene with disease risk and clinical characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:2189-2196. [PMID: 35332405 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION /objectives. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at the 3'-UTR region of the target genes of microRNAs (miRNAs) can dysregulate their expression via disrupting the binding site of miRNAs. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the current study, we assessed the possible association between rs1131445 polymorphism in IL-16 gene with risk and clinical characteristics of RA and SLE in the Iranian population. METHODS In this case-control study, 120 patients with RA, 120 patients with SLE, and 120 unrelated healthy subjects were collected to estimate rs1131445 (T > C) polymorphism in IL-16 gene using real-time PCR high-resolution melting (HRM) method. RESULTS Our results demonstrated considerable associations between TC genotype and C allele of rs1131445 with enhanced risk of RA (ORfor TC genotype = 3.01; 95%CI [1.667-5.526], P < 0.001; ORfor C allele = 1.96; 95%CI [1.314-2.941], P < 0.001). Besides, there was a marginal association between CC genotype and increased risk of RA (P: 0.031). However, there was an insignificant correlation between genotypes and allele frequencies of rs1131445 with incidence risk of SLE (P > 0.05). Moreover, stratification analysis indicated that the C allele in rs1131445 was linked with disease activity-associated laboratory parameters such as CRP and ESR in both RA and SLE patients, as well as the higher incidence of neurological symptoms in SLE subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results proposed a significant association between IL-16 polymorphism and augmented risk of RA and clinical characteristics of RA and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Kheradmand
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghazal Rasouli
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Bahram Pakzad
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Behroozi
- Research Center for Cancer Screening and Epidemiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics and Advanced Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Toxicology Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Naeim Ehtesham
- Fetal Health Research Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran
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Kong X, Wu S, Dai X, Yu W, Wang J, Sun Y, Ji Z, Ma L, Dai X, Chen H, Ma L, Jiang L. A comprehensive profile of chemokines in the peripheral blood and vascular tissue of patients with Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:49. [PMID: 35172901 PMCID: PMC8848964 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a chronic granulomatous large vessel vasculitis with multiple immune cells involved. Chemokines play critical roles in recruitment and activation of immune cells. This study aimed to investigate chemokine profile in the peripheral blood and vascular tissue of patients with TAK. Methods A total of 58 patients with TAK and 53 healthy controls were enrolled. Chemokine array assay was performed in five patients with TAK and three controls. Chemokines with higher levels were preliminarily validated in 20 patients and controls. The validated chemokines were further confirmed in another group of samples with 25 patients and 25 controls. Their expression and distribution were also examined in vascular tissue from 8 patients and 5 controls. Correlations between these chemokines and peripheral immune cells, cytokines, and disease activity parameters were analyzed. Their serum changes were also investigated in these 45 patients after glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive treatment. Results Patients and controls were age and sex-matched. Twelve higher chemokines and 4 lower chemokines were found based on the chemokine array. After validation, increase of 5 chemokines were confirmed in patients with TAK, including CCL22, RANTES, CXCL16, CXCL11, and IL-16. Their expressions were also increased in vascular tissue of patients with TAK. In addition, levels of RANTES and IL-16 were positively correlated with peripheral CD3+CD4+ T cell numbers. Close localization of CCL22, CXCL11, or IL-16 with inflammatory cells was also observed in TAK vascular tissue. No correlations were found between these chemokines and cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, IFN-γ) or inflammatory parameters (ESR, CRP). No differences were observed regarding with these chemokines between active and inactive patients. After treatment, increase of CCL22 and decrease of RANTES and CXCL16 were found, while no changes were showed in levels of CXCL11 and IL-16. Conclusions CCL22, RANTES, CXCL16, CXCL11, and IL-16 were identified as the major chemokines involved in the recruitment of immune cells in the vascular tissue of patients with TAK. Additionally, the persistently high levels of CCL22, CXCL11, and IL-16 observed after treatment indicate their role in vascular chronic inflammation or fibrosis and demonstrate the need for developing more efficacious treatment options. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-022-02740-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Kong
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sifan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensu Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongfei Ji
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingying Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lindi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Eltit F, Noble J, Sharma M, Benam N, Haegert A, Bell RH, Simon F, Duncan CP, Garbuz DS, Greidanus NV, Masri BA, Ng TL, Wang R, Cox ME. Cobalt ions induce metabolic stress in synovial fibroblasts and secretion of cytokines/chemokines that may be diagnostic markers for adverse local tissue reactions to hip implants. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:581-594. [PMID: 34192572 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adverse local tissue reactions (ALTRs) are a prominent cause of hip implant failure. ALTRs are characterized by aseptic necrosis and leukocyte infiltration of synovial tissue. The prevalence of ALTRs in hips with failing metal implants, with highest rates occurring in patients with metal-on-metal articulations, suggests a role for CoCrMo corrosion in ALTR formation. Although hypersensitivity reactions are the most accepted etiology, the precise cellular mechanism driving ALTR pathogenesis remains enigmatic. Here we show that cobalt ions released by failing hip implants induce mitochondrial stress and cytokine secretion by synovial fibroblasts: the presumptive initiators of ALTR pathogenesis. We found that in-vitro treatment of synovial fibroblasts with cobalt, but not chromium, generated gene expression changes indicative of hypoxia and mitophagy responses also observed in ALTRs biopsies. Inflammatory factors secreted by cobalt-exposed synovial fibroblasts were among those most concentrated in ALTR synovial fluid. Furthermore, both conditioned media from cobalt-exposed synovial fibroblasts, and synovial fluid from ALTRs patients, elicit endothelial activation and monocyte migration. Finally, we identify the IL16/CTACK ratio in synovial fluid as a possible diagnostic marker of ALTRs. Our results provide evidence suggesting that metal ions induce cell stress in synovial fibroblasts that promote an inflammatory response consistent with initiating ALTR formation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate that the cytotoxic effects of cobalt ions on the synovial cells (fibroblast) is sufficient to trigger inflammation on hip joints with metal implants. Cobalt ions affect mitochondrial function, leading to the auto phagocytosis of mitochondria and trigger a hypoxic response. The cell's hypoxic response includes secretion of cytokines that are capable of trigger inflammation by activating blood vessels and enhancing leukocyte migration. Among the secreted cytokines is IL-16, which is highly concentrated in the synovial fluid of the patients with adverse local tissue reactions and could be use as diagnostic marker. In conclusion we define the cells of the hip joint as key players in triggering the adverse reactions to hip implants and providing biomarkers for early diagnosis of adverse reactions to hip implants.
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Ahn SS, Park YB, Lee SW. Serological Biomarkers and Indices for the Current Activity and Prognosis of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Experience in a Single Centre in Korea. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:279-287. [PMID: 33779081 PMCID: PMC8007433 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.4.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Small vessel vasculitis is composed of two types of vasculitis based on immune-complex deposits, immune-complex vasculitis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) according to the 2012 Chapel Hill Consensus Conferences Nomenclature of Vasculitis. In general, the current disease-states are assessed in three ways in real clinical practice such as activity, damage and functional status. Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS, version 3) and five-factor score were calculated for assessing the cross-sectional activity and for predicting the prognosis of AAV, respectively. Since BVAS includes a wide spectrum of nine systemic items with differently weighted scores based on new-onset/worsening or persistent each symptom, it has been considered as the most reliable tool to assess AAV activity to date. However, since BVAS represents both cross-sectional and chronic clinical features, it has a limitation in flexibly reflecting the cross-sectional activity or severity of AAV. In addition, the heterogeneous items of BVAS are difficult to reflect the close correlation between BVAS and AAV pathogenesis. It is practically difficult to discover new biomarkers or indices that exceed the reliability of AAV-specific indices or acute-phase reactants established by long clinical experience. However, efforts to discover and develop new biomarkers or indices are expected to complement the clinical unmet need of existing AAV-specific indices and acute-phase reactants. In this review, we reviewed the serological biomarkers and indices that have been reported to date and introduced studies that investigated serological biomarkers and indices in Korean patients with AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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