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Togre NS, Melaka N, Bhoj PS, Mogadala N, Winfield M, Trivedi J, Grove D, Kotnala S, Rom SS, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Neuroinflammatory Responses and Blood-Brain Barrier Injury in Chronic Alcohol Exposure: Role of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Signaling. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4350949. [PMID: 38766082 PMCID: PMC11100971 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4350949/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption leads to neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, resulting in neurological impairment. We previously demonstrated that ethanol-induced disruption of barrier function in human brain endothelial cells was associated with mitochondrial injury, increased ATP and extracellular vesicle (EV) release, and purinergic receptor P2X7R activation. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of P2X7r blockade on peripheral and neuro-inflammation in EtOH-exposed mice. In a chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE)-exposed mouse model, P2X7R was inhibited by two different methods: Brilliant Blue G (BBG) or gene knockout. We assessed blood ethanol concentration (BEC), plasma P2X7R and P-gp, number of extra-cellular vesicles (EV), serum ATP and EV-ATP levels. Brain microvessel gene expression and EV mtDNA copy numbers were measured by RT2 PCR array and digital PCR, respectively. A RT2 PCR array of brain microvessels revealed significant upregulation of proinflammatory genes involved in apoptosis, vasodilation, and platelet activation in CIE-exposed animals, which were decreased 15-50-fold in BBG-treated CIE-exposed animals. Plasma P-gp levels and serum P2X7R shedding were significantly increased in CIE-exposed animals. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of P2X7R decreased P2X7R shedding to levels equivalent to those in control group. The increase in EV number and EV-ATP content in the CIE-exposed mice was significantly reduced by P2X7R inhibition. CIE mice showed augmented EV-mtDNA copy numbers which were reduced in EVs after P2X7R inhibition or receptor knockout. These observations suggested that P2X7R signaling plays a critical role in ethanol-induced brain injury. Increased eATP, EV-ATP, EV numbers, and EV-mtDNA copy numbers highlight a new mechanism of brain injury during alcohol exposure via P2X7R and biomarkers of such damage. In this study, for the first time, we report the in vivo involvement of P2X7R signaling in CIE-induced brain injury.
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Carica papaya Leaf Juice for Dengue: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081584. [PMID: 35458146 PMCID: PMC9030784 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential therapeutic effect of Carica papaya leaf juice has attracted wide interest from the public and scientists in relieving dengue related manifestations. Currently, there is a lack of evaluated evidence on its juice form. Therefore, this scoping review aims to critically appraise the available scientific evidence related to the efficacy of C. papaya leaf juice in dengue. A systematic search was performed using predetermined keywords on two electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar). Searched results were identified, screened and appraised to establish the association between C. papaya and alleviating dengue associated conditions. A total of 28 articles (ethnobotanical information: three, in vitro studies: three, ex vivo studies: one, in vivo study: 13, clinical studies: 10) were included for descriptive analysis, which covered study characteristics, juice preparation/formulations, study outcomes, and toxicity findings. Other than larvicidal activity, this review also reveals two medicinal potentials of C. papaya leaf juice on dengue infection, namely anti-thrombocytopenic and immunomodulatory effects. C. papaya leaf juice has the potential to be a new drug candidate against dengue disease safely and effectively.
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Phytoconstituents as Lead Compounds for Anti-Dengue Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:159-193. [PMID: 34258741 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is an arthropod-borne viral disease common in subtropical and tropical regions. The widespread use of traditional medicines in these regions for dengue fever (DF) has encouraged researchers to explore the therapeutic effect of herbs and their phytochemicals in dengue infection. Phytochemicals such as quercetin, baicalein, luteolin, oxindole alkaloids, celastrol and geraniin have shown significant inhibition of dengue virus in vitro. Many phytoconstituents have better selectivity index supporting their safety profile for future development. However, in vivo studies supporting therapeutic potency for these active phytoconstituents are limited. There is a need for studies translating anti-dengue profile of active phytoconstituents to find successful anti-dengue compounds.
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Mohd Abd Razak MR, Norahmad NA, Md Jelas NH, Afzan A, Mohmad Misnan N, Mat Ripen A, Thayan R, Zainol M, Syed Mohamed AF. Immunomodulatory Activities of Carica papaya L. Leaf Juice in a Non-Lethal, Symptomatic Dengue Mouse Model. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050501. [PMID: 33919457 PMCID: PMC8170887 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Carica papaya L. leaf juice in immune dysregulation caused by dengue virus infection remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activities of the freeze-dried C. papaya leaf juice (FCPLJ) on AG129 mice infected with a clinical DENV-2 (DMOF015) isolate. The infected AG129 mice were orally treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day of FCPLJ, for three days. Platelet, leukocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts were microscopically determined. The level of plasma proinflammatory cytokines was measured by multiplex immunoassay. The levels of intracellular cytokines and viral RNA were determined by RT-qPCR technique. The results showed that the FCPLJ treatment increased the total white blood cell and neutrophil counts in the infected mice. The FCPLJ treatment decreased the level of GM-CSF, GRO-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP-1 beta in the plasma of the infected mice. The intracellular IL-6 and viral RNA levels in the liver of infected mice were decreased by the FCPLJ treatment. In conclusion, this study supports the potential immunomodulatory role of the FCPLJ in a non-lethal, symptomatic dengue mouse model. Further studies on the action mechanism of the C. papaya leaf juice and its possible use as adjunctive dengue immunotherapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Abd Razak
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (N.A.N.); (N.H.M.J.); (A.A.); (N.M.M.); (M.Z.); (A.F.S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nor Azrina Norahmad
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (N.A.N.); (N.H.M.J.); (A.A.); (N.M.M.); (M.Z.); (A.F.S.M.)
| | - Nur Hana Md Jelas
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (N.A.N.); (N.H.M.J.); (A.A.); (N.M.M.); (M.Z.); (A.F.S.M.)
| | - Adlin Afzan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (N.A.N.); (N.H.M.J.); (A.A.); (N.M.M.); (M.Z.); (A.F.S.M.)
| | - Norazlan Mohmad Misnan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (N.A.N.); (N.H.M.J.); (A.A.); (N.M.M.); (M.Z.); (A.F.S.M.)
| | - Adiratna Mat Ripen
- Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia;
| | - Ravindran Thayan
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia;
| | - Murizal Zainol
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (N.A.N.); (N.H.M.J.); (A.A.); (N.M.M.); (M.Z.); (A.F.S.M.)
| | - Ami Fazlin Syed Mohamed
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (N.A.N.); (N.H.M.J.); (A.A.); (N.M.M.); (M.Z.); (A.F.S.M.)
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Saranya V, Radhika R, Shankar R, Vijayakumar S. In silico studies of the inhibition mechanism of dengue with papain. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1912-1927. [PMID: 32249700 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1742205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus is becoming a major global disease; the envelope protein is the major target for vaccine development against Dengue. Nowadays, the attention has focused on developing inhibitors based on Papain is a promising target for treating Dengue. In the present work, the theoretical studies of E-protein(Cys74-Glu79;Lys110)…Papain(Cys25, Asn175 and His159) complexes are analysed by Density Functional Theory (M06-2X/cc-pVDZ) method. Among the E-protein(Cys74-Glu79;Lys110)…Papain(Cys25, Asn175 and Hys159) complexes, E-protein(Glu76)…Papain(Cys25) complex has the highest interaction value of -352.22 kcal/mol. Moreover, the natural bond orbital analysis also supports the above results. The 100 ns Molecular Dynamics simulation reveals that, E-protein(Ala54-Ile129)…Papain(Cys25) complex had the lowest root mean square deviation value of 1 Å compared to the E-protein(Ala54-Ile129)… Papain(Asn175 & His159) complexes. The salt bridge formation between the Asp103 and Lys110 residues are the important stabilizing factor in E-protein(Ala54-Ile129)…Papain(Cys25) complex. This result can extend our knowledge of the functional behaviour of Papain and provides structural insight to target Envelope protein as forthcoming drug targets in Dengue.
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