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Zhou K, Robert M, Seegers V, Blanc-Lapierre A, Savouroux S, Bigot F, Frenel JS, Campone M, Conroy T, Penault-Llorca F, Raoul JL, Bellanger MM. Did the COVID-19 pandemic delay treatment for localized breast cancer patients? A multicenter study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304556. [PMID: 38820299 PMCID: PMC11142554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longer times between diagnosis and treatments of cancer patients have been estimated as effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, relatively few studies attempted to estimate actual delay to treatment at the patient level. OBJECTIVE To assess changes in delays to first treatment and surgery among newly diagnosed patients with localized breast cancer (BC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We used data from the PAPESCO-19 multicenter cohort study, which included patients from 4 French comprehensive cancer centers. We measured the delay to first treatment as the number of days between diagnosis and the first treatment regardless of whether this was neoadjuvant chemotherapy or surgery. COVID-19 pandemic exposure was estimated with a composite index that considered both the severity of the pandemic and the level of lockdown restrictions. We ran generalized linear models with a log link function and a gamma distribution to model the association between delay and the pandemic. RESULTS Of the 187 patients included in the analysis, the median delay to first treatment was 42 (IQR:32-54) days for patients diagnosed before and after the start of the 1st lockdown (N = 99 and 88, respectively). After adjusting for age and centers of inclusion, a higher composite pandemic index (> = 50 V.S. <50) had only a small, non-significant effect on times to treatment. Longer delays were associated with factors other than the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION We found evidence of no direct impact of the pandemic on the actual delay to treatment among patients with localized BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhou
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest (ICO), Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Marie Robert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Valérie Seegers
- Department of Biostatistics, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, St-Herblain, France
| | - Audrey Blanc-Lapierre
- Department of Biostatistics, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, St-Herblain, France
| | - Stéphane Savouroux
- Department of Health Promotion and Prevention, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest (ICO), Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Frédéric Bigot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Frenel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Mario Campone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Thierry Conroy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Raoul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Martine M. Bellanger
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest (ICO), Saint-Herblain, France
- Department of Health Promotion and Prevention, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest (ICO), Saint-Herblain, France
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Luo Q, Steinberg J, Kahn C, Caruana M, Grogan PB, Page A, Ivers R, Banks E, O'Connell DL, Canfell K. Trends and projections of cause-specific premature mortality in Australia to 2044: a statistical modelling study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2024; 43:100987. [PMID: 38456088 PMCID: PMC10920049 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Long-term projections of premature mortality (defined as deaths age <75 years) help to inform decisions about public health priorities. This study aimed to project premature mortality rates in Australia to 2044, and to estimate numbers of deaths and potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to premature mortality overall and for 59 causes. Methods We examined the past trends in premature mortality rates using Australian mortality data by sex, 5-year age group and 5-year calendar period up to 2019. Cigarette smoking exposure data (1945-2019) were included to project lung cancer mortality. Age-period-cohort or generalised linear models were developed and validated for each cause to project premature mortality rates to 2044. Findings Over the 25-year period from 1990-1994 to 2015-2019, there was a 44.4% decrease in the overall age-standardised premature mortality rate. This decline is expected to continue, from 162.4 deaths/100,000 population in 2015-2019 to 141.7/100,000 in 2040-2044 (12.7% decrease). Despite declining rates, total numbers of premature deaths are projected to increase by 22.8%, rising from 272,815 deaths in 2015-2019 to 334,894 deaths in 2040-2044. This is expected to result in 1.58 million premature deaths over the 25-year period 2020-2044, accounting for 24.5 million PYLL. Of the high-level cause categories, cancer is projected to remain the most common cause of premature death in Australia by 2044, followed by cardiovascular disease, external causes (including injury, poisoning, and suicide), and respiratory diseases. Interpretation Despite continuously declining overall premature mortality rates, the total number of premature deaths in Australia is projected to remain substantial, and cancer will continue to be the leading cause. These projections can inform the targeting of public health efforts and can serve as benchmarks against which to measure the impact of future interventions. They emphasise the ongoing importance of accelerating the prevention, early detection, and treatment of key health conditions. Funding No funding was provided for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Luo
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Steinberg
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare Kahn
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Caruana
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul B. Grogan
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Page
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Dianne L. O'Connell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Canfell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Gillman R, Field MA, Schmitz U, Karamatic R, Hebbard L. Identifying cancer driver genes in individual tumours. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5028-5038. [PMID: 37867967 PMCID: PMC10589724 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a strong genetic component making it suitable for precision medicine approaches aimed at identifying the underlying molecular drivers within a tumour. Large scale population-level cancer sequencing consortia have identified many actionable mutations common across both cancer types and sub-types, resulting in an increasing number of successful precision medicine programs. Nonetheless, such approaches fail to consider the effects of mutations unique to an individual patient and may miss rare driver mutations, necessitating personalised approaches to driver-gene prioritisation. One approach is to quantify the functional importance of individual mutations in a single tumour based on how they affect the expression of genes in a gene interaction network (GIN). These GIN-based approaches can be broadly divided into those that utilise an existing reference GIN and those that construct de novo patient-specific GINs. These single-tumour approaches have several limitations that likely influence their results, such as use of reference cohort data, network choice, and approaches to mathematical approximation, and more research is required to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo applicability of their predictions. This review examines the current state of the art methods that identify driver genes in single tumours with a focus on GIN-based driver prioritisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Gillman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matt A. Field
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Immunogenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rozemary Karamatic
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Townsville University Hospital, PO Box 670, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Nguyen ALT, Blizzard CL, Yee KC, Palmer AJ, de Graaff B. Survival of primary liver cancer for people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 81:102252. [PMID: 36116274 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival for Primary Liver Cancer (PLC) has been investigated in Australia, but limited work has been conducted on the burden for people with different socioeconomic status, region of residence, causes of PLC, and culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. This study aimed to cover this gap in the literature by investigating PLC survival with the aforementioned factors. METHODS This study linked four administrative datasets: Victorian Cancer Registry, Admitted Episodes Dataset, Emergency Minimum Dataset, and Death Index. The cohort was all cases with a PLC notification within the Victorian Cancer Registry between 01/01/2008 and 01/01/2016. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival probabilities and the log-rank test was used to compare the difference in survival between subgroups. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to explore factors associated with PLC survival. RESULTS The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 50.0%, 28.1% and 20.6%, respectively, with a median survival of 12.0 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 11.0 - 12.9 months). Higher survival was associated with younger age, hepatocellular carcinoma, and higher socio-economic status. People born in Asian, African, and American regions had higher survival than those born in Australia and New Zealand. Cases with viral hepatitis as an identified aetiology had higher survival than those whose PLC was related to alcohol consumption (hazard ratio=1.52, 95% CI: 1.19 - 1.96), diabetes and fatty liver disease (hazard ratio=1.35, 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.68). CONCLUSION Survival outcomes for people diagnosed with PLC were still poor and affected by many factors. Asian and African cases had better survival than Australian and New Zealand patients as PLC in Asian and African cases was mostly caused by viral hepatitis. Metropolitan areas were associated with a higher survival than rural areas, not only due to accessibility to surveillance and healthcare services but also because the majority of overseas-born patients reside in metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Le Tuan Nguyen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
| | | | - Kwang Chien Yee
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia..
| | - Andrew John Palmer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
| | - Barbara de Graaff
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
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Luo Q, Steinberg J, Yu XQ, Weber M, Caruana M, Yap S, Grogan PB, Banks E, O'Connell DL, Canfell K. Projections of smoking-related cancer mortality in Australia to 2044. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:jech-2021-218252. [PMID: 35750482 PMCID: PMC9380484 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-218252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many high-income countries including Australia have successfully implemented a range of tobacco control policies, smoking remains the leading preventable cause of cancer death in Australia. We have projected Australian mortality rates for cancer types, which have been shown to have an established relationship with cigarette smoking and estimated numbers of cancer deaths attributable to smoking to 2044. METHODS Cancer types were grouped according to the proportion of cases currently caused by smoking: 8%-30% and >30%. For each group, an age-period- cohort model or generalised linear model with cigarette smoking exposure as a covariate was selected based on the model fit statistics and validation using observed data. The smoking-attributable fraction (SAF) was calculated for each smoking-related cancer using Australian smoking prevalence data and published relative risks. RESULTS Despite the decreasing mortality rates projected for the period 2015-2019 to 2040-2044 for both men and women, the overall number of smoking-related cancer deaths is estimated to increase by 28.7% for men and 35.8% for women: from 138 707 (77 839 men and 60 868 women) in 2015-2019 to 182 819 (100 153 men and 82 666 women) in 2040-2044. Over the period 2020-2044, there will be 254 583 cancer deaths (173 943 men and 80 640 women) directly attributable to smoking, with lung, larynx, oesophagus and oral (comprising lip, oral cavity and pharynx) cancers having the largest SAFs. INTERPRETATION Cigarette smoking will cause over 250 000 cancer deaths in Australia from 2020 to 2044. Continued efforts in tobacco control remain a public health priority, even in countries where smoking prevalence has substantially declined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Luo
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Steinberg
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xue Qin Yu
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marianne Weber
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Caruana
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarsha Yap
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul B Grogan
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Dianne L O'Connell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Canfell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Luo Q, O'Connell DL, Yu XQ, Kahn C, Caruana M, Pesola F, Sasieni P, Grogan PB, Aranda S, Cabasag CJ, Soerjomataram I, Steinberg J, Canfell K. Cancer incidence and mortality in Australia from 2020 to 2044 and an exploratory analysis of the potential effect of treatment delays during the COVID-19 pandemic: a statistical modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e537-e548. [PMID: 35660215 PMCID: PMC9159737 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term projections of cancer incidence and mortality estimate the future burden of cancer in a population, and can be of great use in informing the planning of health services and the management of resources. We aimed to estimate incidence and mortality rates and numbers of new cases and deaths up until 2044 for all cancers combined and for 21 individual cancer types in Australia. We also illustrate the potential effect of treatment delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic on future colorectal cancer mortality rates. METHODS In this statistical modelling study, cancer incidence and mortality rates in Australia from 2020 to 2044 were projected based on data up to 2017 and 2019, respectively. Cigarette smoking exposure (1945-2019), participation rates in the breast cancer screening programme (1996-2019), and prostate-specific antigen testing rates (1994-2020) were included where relevant. The baseline projection model using an age-period-cohort model or generalised linear model for each cancer type was selected based on model fit statistics and validation with pre-COVID-19 observed data. To assess the impact of treatment delays during the COVID-19 pandemic on colorectal cancer mortality, we obtained data on incidence, survival, prevalence, and cancer treatment for colorectal cancer from different authorities. The relative risks of death due to system-caused treatment delays were derived from a published systematic review. Numbers of excess colorectal cancer deaths were estimated using the relative risk of death per week of treatment delay and different durations of delay under a number of hypothetical scenarios. FINDINGS Projections indicate that in the absence of the COVID-19 pandemic effects, the age-standardised incidence rate for all cancers combined for males would decline over 2020-44, and for females the incidence rate would be relatively stable in Australia. The mortality rates for all cancers combined for both males and females are expected to continuously decline during 2020-44. The total number of new cases are projected to increase by 47·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·2-61·3) for males, from 380 306 in 2015-19 to 560 744 (95% UI 514 244-613 356) in 2040-44, and by 54·4% (95% UI 40·2-70·5) for females, from 313 263 in 2015-19 to 483 527 (95% UI 439 069-534 090) in 2040-44. The number of cancer deaths are projected to increase by 36·4% (95% UI 15·3-63·9) for males, from 132 440 in 2015-19 to 180 663 (95% UI 152 719-217 126) in 2040-44, and by 36·6% (95% UI 15·8-64·1) for females, from 102 103 in 2015-19 to 139 482 (95% UI 118 186-167 527) in 2040-44, due to population ageing and growth. The example COVID-19 pandemic scenario of a 6-month health-care system disruption with 16-week treatment delays for colorectal cancer patients could result in 460 (95% UI 338-595) additional deaths and 437 (95% UI 314-570) deaths occurring earlier than expected in 2020-44. INTERPRETATION These projections can inform health service planning for cancer care and treatment in Australia. Despite the continuous decline in cancer mortality rates, and the decline or plateau in incidence rates, our projections suggest an overall 51% increase in the number of new cancer cases and a 36% increase in the number of cancer deaths over the 25-year projection period. This means that continued efforts to increase screening uptake and to control risk factors, including smoking exposure, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol use, and infections, must remain public health priorities. FUNDING Partly funded by Cancer Council Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Luo
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dianne L O'Connell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Xue Qin Yu
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare Kahn
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Caruana
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Pesola
- Health and Lifestyle Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter Sasieni
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Hub, Guys Cancer Centre, Guys Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul B Grogan
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sanchia Aranda
- Cancer City Challenge Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Nursing, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Citadel J Cabasag
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Julia Steinberg
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Canfell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Odell LR, Chau N, Russell CC, Young KA, Gilbert J, Robinson PJ, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. Pyrimidyn-Based Dynamin Inhibitors as Novel Cytotoxic Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100560. [PMID: 34590434 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Five focused libraries of pyrimidine-based dynamin GTPase inhibitors, in total 69 compounds were synthesised, and their dynamin inhibition and broad-spectrum cytotoxicity examined. Dynamin plays a crucial role in mitosis, and as such inhibition of dynamin was expected to broadly correlate with the observed cytotoxicity. The pyrimidines synthesised ranged from mono-substituted to trisubstituted. The highest levels of dynamin inhibition were noted with di- and tri- substituted pyrimidines, especially those with pendent amino alkyl chains. Short chains and simple heterocyclic rings reduced dynamin activity. There were three levels of dynamin activity noted: 1-10, 10-25 and 25-60 μM. Screening of these compounds in a panel of cancer cell lines: SW480 (colon), HT29 (colon), SMA (spontaneous murine astrocytoma), MCF-7 (breast), BE2-C (glioblastoma), SJ-G2 (neuroblastoma), MIA (pancreas), A2780 (ovarian), A431 (skin), H460 (lung), U87 (glioblastoma) and DU145 (prostate) cell lines reveal a good correlation between the observed dynamin inhibition and the observed cytotoxicity. The most active analogues (31 a,b) developed returned average GI50 values of 1.0 and 0.78 μM across the twelve cell lines examined. These active analogues were: N2 -(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N4 -dodecyl-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine (31 a) and N4 -(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N2 -dodecyl-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine (31 b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Odell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signalling Unit Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145 Hawkesbury Road, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Cecilia C Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kelly A Young
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145 Hawkesbury Road, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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