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Ratni H, Alker A, Bartels B, Bissantz C, Chen W, Gerlach I, Limberg A, Lu M, Neidhart W, Pichereau S, Reutlinger M, Rodriguez-Sarmiento RM, Jakob-Roetne R, Schmitt G, Zhang E, Baumann K. Discovery of RO7185876, a Highly Potent γ-Secretase Modulator (GSM) as a Potential Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1257-1268. [PMID: 32551009 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase (GS) is a key target for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. While inhibiting GS led to serious side effects, its modulation holds a lot of potential to deliver a safe treatment. Herein, we report the discovery of a potent and selective gamma secretase modulator (GSM) (S)-3 (RO7185876), belonging to a novel chemical class, the triazolo-azepines. This compound demonstrates an excellent in vitro and in vivo DMPK profile. Furthermore, based on its in vivo efficacy in a pharmacodynamic mouse model and the outcome of the dose range finding (DRF) toxicological studies in two species, this compound was selected to undergo entry in human enabling studies (e.g., GLP toxicology and scale up activities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasane Ratni
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andre Alker
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Bartels
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bissantz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Weichun Chen
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Cai Lun Road 720, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Irene Gerlach
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Limberg
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mingqiu Lu
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Cai Lun Road 720, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Werner Neidhart
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Solen Pichereau
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Reutlinger
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosa-Maria Rodriguez-Sarmiento
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Jakob-Roetne
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Schmitt
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Zhang
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Cai Lun Road 720, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Moore BD, Martin J, de Mena L, Sanchez J, Cruz PE, Ceballos-Diaz C, Ladd TB, Ran Y, Levites Y, Kukar TL, Kurian JJ, McKenna R, Koo EH, Borchelt DR, Janus C, Rincon-Limas D, Fernandez-Funez P, Golde TE. Short Aβ peptides attenuate Aβ42 toxicity in vivo. J Exp Med 2017; 215:283-301. [PMID: 29208777 PMCID: PMC5748850 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Data demonstrate that short amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are not toxic in vivo and can partially block toxicity associated with Aβ42 accumulation. Moore et al. further validate the use of γ-secretase modulators that lower Aβ42 and increase short Aβs as potential Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. Processing of amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase produces multiple species of Aβ: Aβ40, short Aβ peptides (Aβ37–39), and longer Aβ peptides (Aβ42–43). γ-Secretase modulators, a class of Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics, reduce production of the pathogenic Aβ42 but increase the relative abundance of short Aβ peptides. To evaluate the pathological relevance of these peptides, we expressed Aβ36–40 and Aβ42–43 in Drosophila melanogaster to evaluate inherent toxicity and potential modulatory effects on Aβ42 toxicity. In contrast to Aβ42, the short Aβ peptides were not toxic and, when coexpressed with Aβ42, were protective in a dose-dependent fashion. In parallel, we explored the effects of recombinant adeno-associated virus–mediated expression of Aβ38 and Aβ40 in mice. When expressed in nontransgenic mice at levels sufficient to drive Aβ42 deposition, Aβ38 and Aβ40 did not deposit or cause behavioral alterations. These studies indicate that treatments that lower Aβ42 by raising the levels of short Aβ peptides could attenuate the toxic effects of Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D Moore
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jason Martin
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lorena de Mena
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jonatan Sanchez
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Pedro E Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Yong Ran
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Yona Levites
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Thomas L Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Justin J Kurian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Christopher Janus
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Diego Rincon-Limas
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, MN
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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12
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Wagner SL, Rynearson KD, Duddy SK, Zhang C, Nguyen PD, Becker A, Vo U, Masliah D, Monte L, Klee JB, Echmalian CM, Xia W, Quinti L, Johnson G, Lin JH, Kim DY, Mobley WC, Rissman RA, Tanzi RE. Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of the Potent Oral γ-Secretase Modulator BPN-15606. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:31-44. [PMID: 28416568 PMCID: PMC5454592 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized neuropathologically by an abundance of 1) neuritic plaques, which are primarily composed of a fibrillar 42-amino-acid amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), as well as 2) neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregates of hyperphosporylated tau. Elevations in the concentrations of the Aβ42 peptide in the brain, as a result of either increased production or decreased clearance, are postulated to initiate and drive the AD pathologic process. We initially introduced a novel class of bridged aromatics referred tγ-secretase modulatoro as γ-secretase modulators that inhibited the production of the Aβ42 peptide and to a lesser degree the Aβ40 peptide while concomitantly increasing the production of the carboxyl-truncated Aβ38 and Aβ37 peptides. These modulators potently lower Aβ42 levels without inhibiting the γ-secretase–mediated proteolysis of Notch or causing accumulation of carboxyl-terminal fragments of APP. In this study, we report a large number of pharmacological studies and early assessment of toxicology characterizing a highly potent γ-secretase modulator (GSM), (S)-N-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-6-(6-methoxy-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-methylpyridazin-3-amine (BPN-15606). BPN-15606 displayed the ability to significantly lower Aβ42 levels in the central nervous system of rats and mice at doses as low as 5–10 mg/kg, significantly reduce Aβ neuritic plaque load in an AD transgenic mouse model, and significantly reduce levels of insoluble Aβ42 and pThr181 tau in a three-dimensional human neural cell culture model. Results from repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats and dose escalation/repeat-dose toxicity studies in nonhuman primates have designated this GSM for 28-day Investigational New Drug-enabling good laboratory practice studies and positioned it as a candidate for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Kevin D Rynearson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Steven K Duddy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Phuong D Nguyen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Uyen Vo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Deborah Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Louise Monte
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Justin B Klee
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Corinne M Echmalian
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Luisa Quinti
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Graham Johnson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Jiunn H Lin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Doo Y Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.L.W., K.D.R., P.D.N., A.B., U.V., D.M., L.M., W.C.M., R.A.R.); Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.K.D.); NuPharmAdvise, Sanbornton, New Hampshire (G.J.); Biopharm Consulting Partners, Ambler, Pennsylvania (J.H.L.); and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.Z., J.B.K., C.M.E., W.X., L.Q., D.Y.K., R.E.T.)
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