P-tau and neurodegeneration mediate the effect of β-amyloid on cognition in non-demented elders

Association of triglyceride glucose-body mass index with Alzheimer's disease pathology, cognition and brain structure in non-demented people

The relationship between the triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) index and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, cognition, and brain structure remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate these associations, focusing on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, cognitive measures, and brain imaging data. Eight hundred and fifty-five non-demented participants were included. Linear regression was used to explore associations between the TyG-BMI index and AD pathology, cognition, and brain structure. The association between the TyG-BMI index and AD risk was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Longitudinal relationships were assessed using linear mixed-effects models. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine AD pathology's potential mediating role between the TyG-BMI index and cognition as well as brain structure. In the linear regression analyses, higher TyG-BMI levels were associated with increased Aβ42 and decreased Tau, pTau, Tau/Aβ42, pTau/Aβ42, and pTau/Tau. Positive correlations were observed with mini-mental state examination (MMSE), memory (MEM), executive function (EF), and the volumes of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and middle temporal regions, while negative correlations were found with Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS). Longitudinally, the TyG-BMI index was inversely associated with ADAS, and positively with MMSE, MEM, EF, hippocampus, entorhinal, and middle temporal. High TyG-BMI levels were correlated with lower AD risk (HR 0.996 [0.994, 0.999]). Mediation analyses revealed AD pathology mediated the association between TyG-BMI index and cognition as well as brain structure. Additionally, the TyG-BMI index could mediate cognitive changes by influencing brain structure. The TyG-BMI index is associated with AD pathology, cognition, and brain structure.

Association of soluble TREM2 with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) is a potential neuroinflammatory biomarker linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Previous studies have produced inconsistent results regarding sTREM2 levels in various clinical stages of AD. This study aims to establish the correlation between sTREM2 levels and AD progression through a meta-analysis of sTREM2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood.

Methods

Comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify observational studies reporting CSF and blood sTREM2 levels in AD patients, MCI patients, and healthy controls. A random effects meta-analysis was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Thirty-six observational studies involving 3,016 AD patients, 3,533 MCI patients, and 4,510 healthy controls were included. CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly higher in both the AD [SMD = 0.28, 95% CI (0.15, 0.41)] and MCI groups [SMD = 0.30, 95% CI (0.13, 0.47)] compared to the healthy control group. However, no significant differences in expression were detected between the AD and MCI groups [SMD = 0.09, 95% CI (-0.09, 0.26)]. Furthermore, increased plasma sTREM2 levels were associated with a higher risk of AD [SMD = 0.42, 95% CI (0.01, 0.83)].

Conclusion

CSF sTREM2 levels are positively associated with an increased risk of AD and MCI. Plasma sTREM2 levels were notably higher in the AD group than in the control group and may serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosing AD. However, sTREM2 levels are not effective for distinguishing between different disease stages of AD. Further investigations are needed to explore the longitudinal changes in sTREM2 levels, particularly plasma sTREM2 levels, during AD progression.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024514593.

Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Immunotherapy Based on Bispecific Tandem scFv for Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have considerably increased globally as a result of population aging, placing a significant burden on the global economy and the medical system. The outcome of clinical trials for AD immunotherapy that solely targeted amyloid-β (Aβ) or phosphorylated tau protein (p-Tau) was unsatisfactory. Therefore, blocking both Aβ and p-Tau’s pathological processes simultaneously while also preventing their interaction may be the key to developing an effective AD therapy. Objective: To develop a novel immunotherapy based on bispecific tandem scFv (TaFv) against AD. Methods: Bispecific single-chain antibody that targets both Aβ and p-Tau were obtained using E. coli expression system. Biological ability of TaFvs were determined by ELISA, SDS-PAGE, and immunohistochemical assay. Recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9) were packaged to create TaFv. The in vivo activity of rAAV9 were detected in mouse, using biophotonic imaging and frozen section methods. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that both Aβ and p-Tau had a high affinity for the bispecific TaFv. Additionally, it can bind to the amyloid plaques and neuronal tangles in the brain slices of an AD mouse model. Moreover, the rAAV9 could infect neuronal cells, transverse the blood-brain barrier, and express TaFv in the mouse brain. Conclusion: This novel immunotherapy offers a fresh concept for the immunotherapy of AD and successfully delivers the double target antibody into the brain, acting on both pathogenic substances Aβ and p-Tau.

Soluble TREM2 in body fluid in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease

BACKGROUND

Previous studies showed conflicting results regarding soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) level alteration in body fluid in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).

METHODS

We applied the STATA 12.0 software to compute standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

The study showed elevated sTREM2 level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and preclinical AD (pre-AD) patients, compared to healthy controls (HCs) with random effects models (AD: SMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.44, I² = 77.6%, p < 0.001; MCI: SMD 0.29, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.48, I² = 89.7%, p < 0.001; pre-AD: SMD 0.24, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.48, I² = 80.8%, p < 0.001). The study showed no significant difference in sTREM2 level in plasma between AD patients and HCs with a random effects model (SMD 0.06, 95% CI - 0.16 to 0.28, I² = 65.6%, p = 0.008). The study showed no significant difference in sTREM2 level in CSF or plasma between PD patients and HCs with random effects models (CSF: SMD 0.33, 95% CI - 0.02 to 0.67, I² = 85.6%, p < 0.001; plasma: SMD 0.37, 95% CI - 0.17 to 0.92, I² = 77.8%, p = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the study highlighted the CSF sTREM2 as a promising biomarker in the different clinical stages of AD. More studies were essential to explore the CSF and plasmatic concentrations of sTREM2 alteration in PD.

Plasma Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease Are Associated with Physical Functioning Outcomes Among Cognitively Normal Adults in the Multiethnic HABS-HD Cohort

In this study, we examined the link between plasma Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers and physical functioning outcomes within a community-dwelling, multiethnic cohort. Data from 1 328 cognitively unimpaired participants (n = 659 Mexican American and n = 669 non-Hispanic White) from the ongoing Health & Aging Brain Study-Health Disparities (HABS-HD) cohort were examined. Plasma AD biomarkers (amyloid beta [Aβ]40, Aβ42, total tau [t-tau], and neurofilament light chain [NfL]) were assayed using the ultra-sensitive Simoa platform. Physical functioning measures were the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Cross-sectional linear regression analyses revealed that plasma Aβ 40 (p < .001), Aβ 42 (p = .003), and NfL (p < .001) were each significantly associated with TUG time in seconds. Plasma Aβ 40 (p < .001), Aβ 42 (p < .001), t-tau (p = .002), and NfL (p < .001) were each significantly associated with SPPB Total Score. Additional analyses demonstrate that the link between plasma AD biomarkers and physical functioning outcomes were strongest among Mexican Americans. Plasma AD biomarkers are receiving a great deal of attention in the literature and are now available clinically including use in clinical trials. The examination of AD biomarkers and physical functioning may allow for the development of risk profiles, which could stratify a person's risk for neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, based on plasma AD biomarkers, physical functioning, ethnicity, or a combination of these measures prior to the onset of cognitive impairment.

Regulatory role of the endocannabinoid system on glial cells toward cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies

Objective: Over the last decade, researchers have sought to develop novel medications against dementia. One potential agent under investigation is cannabinoids. This review systematically appraised and meta-analyzed published pre-clinical research on the mechanism of endocannabinoid system modulation in glial cells and their effects on cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: A systematic review complying with PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Six databases were searched: EBSCOHost, Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science, using the keywords AD, cannabinoid, glial cells, and cognition. The methodological quality of each selected pre-clinical study was evaluated using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. A random-effects model was applied to analyze the data and calculate the effect size, while I² and p-values were used to assess heterogeneity. Results: The analysis included 26 original articles describing (1050 rodents) with AD-like symptoms. Rodents treated with cannabinoid agonists showed significant reductions in escape latency (standard mean difference [SMD] = -1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.77 to -0.76, p < 0.00001) and ability to discriminate novel objects (SMD = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.76, p < 0.00001) compared to the control group. Furthermore, a significant decrease in Aβ plaques (SMD = -0.91; 95% CI: -1.55 to -0.27, p = 0.006) was observed in the endocannabinoid-treated group compared to the control group. Trends were observed toward neuroprotection, as represented by decreased levels of glial cell markers including glial fibrillary acid protein (SMD = -1.47; 95% CI: -2.56 to -0.38, p = 0.008) and Iba1 (SMD = -1.67; 95% CI: -2.56 to -0.79, p = 0.0002). Studies on the wild-type mice demonstrated significantly decreased levels of pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 (SMD = -2.28; 95% CI: -3.15 to -1.41, p = 0.00001). Despite the non-significant decrease in pro-inflammatory marker levels in transgenic mice (SMD = -0.47; 95% CI: -1.03 to 0.08, p = 0.09), the result favored the endocannabinoid-treated group over the control group. Conclusion: The revised data suggested that endocannabinoid stimulation promotes cognitive function via modulation of glial cells by decreasing pro-inflammatory markers in AD-like rodent models. Thus, cannabinoid agents may be required to modulate the downstream chain of effect to enhance cognitive stability against concurrent neuroinflammation in AD. Population-based studies and well-designed clinical trials are required to characterize the acceptability and real-world effectiveness of cannabinoid agents. Systematic Review Registration: [https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-8-0094/], identifier [Inplasy Protocol 3770].

Amoxicillin modulates gut microbiota to improve short-term high-fat diet induced pathophysiology in mice

BACKGROUND

A high-fat diet (HFD) induced perturbation of gut microbiota is a major contributory factor to promote the pathophysiology of HFD-associated metabolic syndrome. The HFD could also increase the susceptibility to the microbial infections warranting the use of antibiotics which are independently capable of impacting both gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. Further, the usage of antibiotics in individuals consuming HFD can impact mitochondrial function that can be associated with an elevated risk of chronic conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite this high propensity  to infections in individuals on HFD, the link between duration of HFD and antibiotic treatment, and its impact on diversity of the gut microbiome and features of metabolic syndrome is not well established. In this study, we have addressed these knowledge gaps by examining how the gut microbiota profile changes in HFD-fed mice receiving antibiotic intervention in the form of amoxicillin. We also determine whether antibiotic treatment in HFD-fed mice may adversely impact the ability of immune cells to clear microbial infections.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We have subjected mice to HFD and chow diet (CD) for 3 weeks, and a subset of these mice on both diets received antibiotic intervention in the form of amoxicillin in the 3rd week. Body weight and food intake were recorded for 3 weeks. After 21 days, all animals were weighted and sacrificed. Subsequently, these animals were evaluated for basic haemato-biochemical and histopathological attributes. We used 16S rRNA sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis to determine changes in gut microbiota in these mice. We observed that a HFD, even for a short-duration, could successfully induce the partial pathophysiology typical of a metabolic syndrome, and substantially modulated the gut microbiota in mice. The short course of amoxicillin treatment to HFD-fed mice resulted in beneficial effects by significantly reducing fasting blood glucose and skewing the number of thrombocytes towards a normal range. Remarkably, we observed a significant remodelling of gut microbiota in amoxicillin-treated HFD-fed mice. Importantly, some gut microbes associated with improved insulin sensitivity and recovery from metabolic syndrome only appeared in amoxicillin-treated HFD-fed mice reinforcing the beneficial effects of antibiotic treatment in the HFD-associated metabolic syndrome. Moreover, we also observed the presence of gut-microbiota unique to amoxicillin-treated HFD-fed mice that are also known to improve the pathophysiology associated with metabolic syndrome. However, both CD-fed as well as HFD-fed mice receiving antibiotics showed an increase in intestinal pathogens as is typically observed for antibiotic treatment. Importantly though, infection studies with S. aureus and A. baumannii, revealed that macrophages isolated from amoxicillin-treated HFD-fed mice are comparable to those isolated from mice receiving only HFD or CD in terms of susceptibility, and progression of microbial infection.  This finding  clearly indicated that amoxicillin treatment does not introduce any additional deficits in the ability of macrophages to combat microbial infections.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed that amoxicillin treatment in HFD-fed mice exert a beneficial influence on the pathophysiological attributes of metabolic syndrome which correlates with a significant remodelling of gut microbiota. A novel observation was the increase in microbes known to improve insulin sensitivity following amoxicillin treatment during short-term intake of HFD. Even though there is a minor increase in gut-resistant intestinal pathogens in amoxicillin-treated groups, there is no adverse impact on macrophages with respect to their susceptibility and ability to control infections. Taken together, this study provides a proof of principle for the exploration of amoxicillin treatment as a potential therapy in the people affected with metabolic syndrome.

Tauopathies: new perspectives and challenges

BACKGROUND

Tauopathies are a class of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neuronal and/or glial tau-positive inclusions.

MAIN BODY

Clinically, tauopathies can present with a range of phenotypes that include cognitive/behavioral-disorders, movement disorders, language disorders and non-specific amnestic symptoms in advanced age. Pathologically, tauopathies can be classified based on the predominant tau isoforms that are present in the inclusion bodies (i.e., 3R, 4R or equal 3R:4R ratio). Imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-based tau biomarkers have the potential to be used as a routine diagnostic strategy and in the evaluation of patients with tauopathies. As tauopathies are strongly linked neuropathologically and genetically to tau protein abnormalities, there is a growing interest in pursuing of tau-directed therapeutics for the disorders. Here we synthesize emerging lessons on tauopathies from clinical, pathological, genetic, and experimental studies toward a unified concept of these disorders that may accelerate the therapeutics.

CONCLUSIONS

Since tauopathies are still untreatable diseases, efforts have been made to depict clinical and pathological characteristics, identify biomarkers, elucidate underlying pathogenesis to achieve early diagnosis and develop disease-modifying therapies.