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Wang YL, Lin HC, Liang T, Lin JY, Simmer J, Hu JC, Wang SK. ENAM Mutations Can Cause Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta. J Dent Res 2024; 103:662-671. [PMID: 38716742 PMCID: PMC11122092 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241236695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a diverse group of inherited diseases featured by various presentations of enamel malformations that are caused by disturbances at different stages of enamel formation. While hypoplastic AI suggests a thickness defect of enamel resulting from aberrations during the secretory stage of amelogenesis, hypomaturation AI indicates a deficiency of enamel mineralization and hardness established at the maturation stage. Mutations in ENAM, which encodes the largest enamel matrix protein, enamelin, have been demonstrated to cause generalized or local hypoplastic AI. Here, we characterized 2 AI families with disparate hypoplastic and hypomaturation enamel defects and identified 2 distinct indel mutations at the same location of ENAM, c588+1del and c.588+1dup. Minigene splicing assays demonstrated that they caused frameshifts and truncation of ENAM proteins, p.Asn197Ilefs*81 and p.Asn197Glufs*25, respectively. In situ hybridization of Enam on mouse mandibular incisors confirmed its restricted expression in secretory stage ameloblasts and suggested an indirect pathogenic mechanism underlying hypomaturation AI. In silico analyses indicated that these 2 truncated ENAMs might form amyloid structures and cause protein aggregation with themselves and with wild-type protein through the added aberrant region at their C-termini. Consistently, protein secretion assays demonstrated that the truncated proteins cannot be properly secreted and impede secretion of wild-type ENAM. Moreover, compared to the wild-type, overexpression of the mutant proteins significantly increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and upregulated the expression of unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes and TNFRSF10B, a UPR-controlled proapoptotic gene. Caspase, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays further revealed that both truncated proteins, especially p.Asn197Ilefs*81, induced cell apoptosis and decreased cell survival, suggesting that the 2 ENAM mutations cause AI through ameloblast cell pathology and death rather than through a simple loss of function. This study demonstrates that an ENAM mutation can lead to generalized hypomaturation enamel defects and suggests proteinopathy as a potential pathogenesis for ENAM-associated AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.-L. Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - H.-C. Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - T. Liang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J.C.-Y. Lin
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - J.P. Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J.C.-C. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S.-K. Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Delgado S, Fernandez-Trujillo MA, Houée G, Silvent J, Liu X, Corre E, Sire JY. Expression of 20 SCPP genes during tooth and bone mineralization in Senegal bichir. Dev Genes Evol 2023; 233:91-106. [PMID: 37410100 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-023-00706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The African bichir (Polypterus senegalus) is a living representative of Polypteriformes. P. senegalus possesses teeth composed of dentin covered by an enameloid cap and a layer of collar enamel on the tooth shaft, as in lepisosteids. A thin layer of enamel matrix can also be found covering the cap enameloid after its maturation and during the collar enamel formation. Teleosts fish do not possess enamel; teeth are protected by cap and collar enameloid, and inversely in sarcopterygians, where teeth are only covered by enamel, with the exception of the cap enameloid in teeth of larval urodeles. The presence of enameloid and enamel in the teeth of the same organism is an opportunity to solve the evolutionary history of the presence of enamel/enameloid in basal actinopterygians. In silico analyses of the jaw transcriptome of a juvenile bichir provided twenty SCPP transcripts. They included enamel, dentin, and bone-specific SCPPs known in sarcopterygians and several actinopterygian-specific SCPPs. The expression of these 20 genes was investigated by in situ hybridizations on jaw sections during tooth and dentary bone formation. A spatiotemporal expression patterns were established and compared with previous studies of SCPP gene expression during enamel/enameloid and bone formation. Similarities and differences were highlighted, and several SCPP transcripts were found specifically expressed during tooth or bone formation suggesting either conserved or new functions of these SCPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Delgado
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité, ISYEB, Equipe Homologies, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - M A Fernandez-Trujillo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138, Equipe Evolution et Développement du Squelette, 75005, Paris, France
| | - G Houée
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CR2P (Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris), UMR 7207, Equipe Formes, Structures et Fonctions, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - J Silvent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138, Equipe Evolution et Développement du Squelette, 75005, Paris, France
| | - X Liu
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Plateforme ABiMS (Analysis and Bioinformatics for Marine Science), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - E Corre
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Plateforme ABiMS (Analysis and Bioinformatics for Marine Science), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - J Y Sire
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138, Equipe Evolution et Développement du Squelette, 75005, Paris, France
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Nasseri S, Parsa S, Vahabzadeh Z, Baban B, Khademerfan MB, Nikkhoo B, Rastegar Khosravi M, Bahrami S, Fathi F. CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Fam83h Knock-out Leads to Impaired Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Altered Expression of Tooth Mineralization Genes in Mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 21:e3673. [PMID: 38269199 PMCID: PMC10804060 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2023.391902.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Dental enamel formation is a complex process that is regulated by various genes. One such gene, Family With Sequence Similarity 83 Member H (Fam83h), has been identified as an essential factor for dental enamel formation. Additionally, Fam83h has been found to be potentially linked to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Fam83h knockout gene on mineralization and formation of teeth, along with mediators of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a development aspect in mice. Materials and Methods To confirm the Fam83h-KnockOut mice, both Sanger sequencing and Western blot methods were used. then used qPCR to measure the expression levels of genes related to tooth mineralization and formation of dental root, including Fam20a, Dspp, Dmp1, Enam, Ambn, Sppl2a, Mmp20, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway mediators, in both the Fam83h-Knockout and wild-type mice at 5, 11 and 18 days of age. also the expression level of Fgf10 and mediators of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was measured in the skin of both Knockout and wild-type mice using qPCR. A histological assessment was then performed to further investigate the results. Results A significant reduction in the expression levels of Ambn, Mmp20, Dspp, and Fgf10 in the dental root of Fam83h-Knockout mice compared to their wild-type counterparts was demonstrated by our results, indicating potential disruptions in tooth development. Significant down-regulation of CK1a, CK1e, and β-catenin in the dental root of Fam83h-Knockout mice was associated with a reduction in mineralization and formation-related gene. Additionally, the skin analysis of Fam83h-Knockout mice revealed reduced levels of Fgf10, CK1a, CK1e, and β-catenin. Further histological assessment confirmed that the concurrent reduction of Fgf10 expression level and Wnt/β-catenin genes were associated with alterations in hair follicle maturation. Conclusions The concurrent reduction in the expression level of both Wnt/β-catenin mediators and mineralization-related genes, resulting in the disruption of dental mineralization and formation, was caused by the deficiency of Fam83h. Our findings suggest a cumulative effect and multi-factorial interplay between Fam83h, Wnt/Β-Catenin signaling, and dental mineralization-related genes subsequently, during the dental formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherko Nasseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sara Parsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zakaria Vahabzadeh
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mohammad Bagher Khademerfan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Bahram Nikkhoo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rastegar Khosravi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Saman Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fardin Fathi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Early evolution of enamel matrix proteins is reflected by pleiotropy of physiological functions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1471. [PMID: 36702824 PMCID: PMC9879986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly specialized enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) are predominantly expressed in odontogenic tissues and diverged from common ancestral gene. They are crucial for the maturation of enamel and its extreme complexity in multiple independent lineages. However, divergence of EMPs occured already before the true enamel evolved and their conservancy in toothless species suggests that non-canonical functions are still under natural selection. To elucidate this hypothesis, we carried out an unbiased, comprehensive phenotyping and employed data from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium to show functional pleiotropy of amelogenin, ameloblastin, amelotin, and enamelin, genes, i.e. in sensory function, skeletal morphology, cardiovascular function, metabolism, immune system screen, behavior, reproduction, and respiratory function. Mice in all KO mutant lines, i.e. amelogenin KO, ameloblastin KO, amelotin KO, and enamelin KO, as well as mice from the lineage with monomeric form of ameloblastin were affected in multiple physiological systems. Evolutionary conserved motifs and functional pleiotropy support the hypothesis of role of EMPs as general physiological regulators. These findings illustrate how their non-canonical function can still effect the fitness of modern species by an example of influence of amelogenin and ameloblastin on the bone physiology.
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Leurs N, Martinand-Mari C, Marcellini S, Debiais-Thibaud M. Parallel evolution of ameloblastic scpp genes in bony and cartilaginous vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6582990. [PMID: 35535508 PMCID: PMC9122587 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In bony vertebrates, skeletal mineralization relies on the secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (Scpp) family whose members are acidic extracellular proteins posttranslationally regulated by the Fam20°C kinase. As scpp genes are absent from the elephant shark genome, they are currently thought to be specific to bony fishes (osteichthyans). Here, we report a scpp gene present in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) that evolved from local tandem duplication of sparc-L 5′ exons and show that both genes experienced recent gene conversion in sharks. The elasmobranch scpp is remarkably similar to the osteichthyan scpp members as they share syntenic and gene structure features, code for a conserved signal peptide, tyrosine-rich and aspartate/glutamate-rich regions, and harbor putative Fam20°C phosphorylation sites. In addition, the catshark scpp is coexpressed with sparc-L and fam20°C in tooth and scale ameloblasts, similarly to some osteichthyan scpp genes. Despite these strong similarities, molecular clock and phylogenetic data demonstrate that the elasmobranch scpp gene originated independently from the osteichthyan scpp gene family. Our study reveals convergent events at the sparc-L locus in the two sister clades of jawed vertebrates, leading to parallel diversification of the skeletal biomineralization toolkit. The molecular evolution of sparc-L and its coexpression with fam20°C in catshark ameloblasts provides a unifying genetic basis that suggests that all convergent scpp duplicates inherited similar features from their sparc-L precursor. This conclusion supports a single origin for the hypermineralized outer odontode layer as produced by an ancestral developmental process performed by Sparc-L, implying the homology of the enamel and enameloid tissues in all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leurs
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Martinand-Mari
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis), is an important enzootic disease affecting mainly cattle, worldwide. Despite the implementation of national campaigns to eliminate the disease, bovine tuberculosis remains recalcitrant to eradication in several countries. Characterizing the host response to M. bovis infection is crucial for understanding the immunopathogenesis of the disease and for developing better control strategies. To profile the host responses to M. bovis infection, we analyzed the transcriptome of whole blood cells collected from experimentally infected calves with a virulent strain of M. bovis using RNA transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq). Comparative analysis of calf transcriptomes at early (8 weeks) vs. late (20 weeks) aerosol infection with M. bovis revealed divergent and unique profile for each stage of infection. Notably, at the early time point, transcriptional upregulation was observed among several of the top-ranking canonical pathways involved in T-cell chemotaxis. At the late time point, enrichment in the cell mediated cytotoxicity (e.g. Granzyme B) was the predominant host response. These results showed significant change in bovine transcriptional profiles and identified networks of chemokine receptors and monocyte chemoattractant protein (CCL) co-regulated genes that underline the host-mycobacterial interactions during progression of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Further analysis of the transcriptomic profiles identified potential biomarker targets for early and late phases of tuberculosis in cattle. Overall, the identified profiles better characterized identified novel immunomodulatory mechanisms and provided a list of targets for further development of potential diagnostics for tuberculosis in cattle.
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Zhang H, Hu Y, Seymen F, Koruyucu M, Kasimoglu Y, Wang S, Wright JT, Havel MW, Zhang C, Kim J, Simmer JP, Hu JC. ENAM mutations and digenic inheritance. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00928. [PMID: 31478359 PMCID: PMC6785452 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ENAM mutations cause autosomal dominant or recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and show a dose effect: enamel malformations are more severe or only penetrant when both ENAM alleles are defective. METHODS Whole exome sequences of recruited AI probands were initially screened for mutations in known AI candidate genes. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm sequence variations and their segregation with the disease phenotype. The co-occurrence of ENAM and LAMA3 mutations in one family raised the possibility of digenic inheritance. Enamel formed in Enam+/+ Ambn+/+ , Enam+/- , Ambn+/- , and Enam+/- Ambn+/- mice was characterized by dissection and backscattered scanning electron microscopy (bSEM). RESULTS ENAM mutations segregating with AI in five families were identified. Two novel ENAM frameshift mutations were identified. A single-nucleotide duplication (c.395dupA/p.Pro133Alafs*13) replaced amino acids 133-1142 with a 12 amino acid (ATTKAAFEAAIT*) sequence, and a single-nucleotide deletion (c.2763delT/p.Asp921Glufs*32) replaced amino acids 921-1142 with 31 amino acids (ESSPQQASYQAKETAQRRGKAKTLLEMMCPR*). Three families were heterozygous for a previously reported single-nucleotide ENAM deletion (c.588+1delG/p.Asn197Ilefs*81). One of these families also harbored a heterozygous LAMA3 mutation (c.1559G>A/p.Cys520Tyr) that cosegregated with both the AI phenotype and the ENAM mutation. In mice, Ambn+/- maxillary incisors were normal. Ambn+/- molars were also normal, except for minor surface roughness. Ambn+/- mandibular incisors were sometimes chalky and showed minor chipping. Enam+/- incisor enamel was thinner than normal with ectopic mineral deposited laterally. Enam+/- molars were sometimes chalky and rough surfaced. Enam+/- Ambn+/- enamel was thin and rough, in part due to ectopic mineralization, but also underwent accelerated attrition. CONCLUSION Novel ENAM mutations causing AI were identified, raising to 22 the number of ENAM variations known to cause AI. The severity of the enamel phenotype in Enam+/- Ambn+/- double heterozygous mice is caused by composite digenic effects. Digenic inheritance should be explored as a cause of AI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Figen Seymen
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of DentistryIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Mine Koruyucu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of DentistryIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Yelda Kasimoglu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of DentistryIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Shih‐Kai Wang
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of DentistryNational Taiwan University School of DentistryTaipei CityTaiwan R.O.C.
| | - John Timothy Wright
- Department of Pediatric DentistryUniversity of North Carolina School of DentistryChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Michael W. Havel
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Chuhua Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jung‐Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of DentistrySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - James P. Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jan C.‐C. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
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Alazem O, Abramyan J. Reptile enamel matrix proteins: Selection, divergence, and functional constraint. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 332:136-148. [PMID: 31045323 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The three major enamel matrix proteins (EMPs): amelogenin (AMEL), ameloblastin (AMBN), and enamelin (ENAM), are intrinsically linked to tooth development in tetrapods. However, reptiles and mammals exhibit significant differences in dental patterning and development, potentially affecting how EMPs evolve in each group. In most reptiles, teeth are replaced continuously throughout life, while mammals have reduced replacement to only one or two generations. Reptiles also form structurally simple, aprismatic enamel while mammalian enamel is composed of highly organized hydroxyapatite prisms. These differences, combined with reported low sequence homology in reptiles, led us to predict that reptiles may experience lower selection pressure on their EMPs as compared with mammals. However, we found that like mammals, reptile EMPs are under moderate purifying selection, with some differences evident between AMEL, AMBN, and ENAM. We also demonstrate that sequence homology in reptile EMPs is closely associated with divergence times, with more recently diverged lineages exhibiting high homology, along with strong phylogenetic signal. Lastly, despite sequence divergence, none of the reptile species in our study exhibited mutations consistent with diseases that cause degeneration of enamel (e.g. amelogenesis imperfecta). Despite short tooth retention time and simplicity in enamel structure, reptile EMPs still exhibit purifying selection required to form durable enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alazem
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan
| | - John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan
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Enault S, Muñoz D, Simion P, Ventéo S, Sire JY, Marcellini S, Debiais-Thibaud M. Evolution of dental tissue mineralization: an analysis of the jawed vertebrate SPARC and SPARC-L families. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:127. [PMID: 30165817 PMCID: PMC6117938 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular bases explaining the diversity of dental tissue mineralization across gnathostomes are still poorly understood. Odontodes, such as teeth and body denticles, are serial structures that develop through deployment of a gene regulatory network shared between all gnathostomes. Dentin, the inner odontode mineralized tissue, is produced by odontoblasts and appears well-conserved through evolution. In contrast, the odontode hypermineralized external layer (enamel or enameloid) produced by ameloblasts of epithelial origin, shows extensive structural variations. As EMP (Enamel Matrix Protein) genes are as yet only found in osteichthyans where they play a major role in the mineralization of teeth and others skeletal organs, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the mineralized odontode matrices in chondrichthyans remains virtually unknown. RESULTS We undertook a phylogenetic analysis of the SPARC/SPARC-L gene family, from which the EMPs are supposed to have arisen, and examined the expression patterns of its members and of major fibrillar collagens in the spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, the thornback ray Raja clavata, and the clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal that the single chondrichthyan SPARC-L gene is co-orthologous to the osteichthyan SPARC-L1 and SPARC-L2 paralogues. In all three species, odontoblasts co-express SPARC and collagens. In contrast, ameloblasts do not strongly express collagen genes but exhibit strikingly similar SPARC-L and EMP expression patterns at their maturation stage, in the examined chondrichthyan and osteichthyan species, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A well-conserved odontoblastic collagen/SPARC module across gnathostomes further confirms dentin homology. Members of the SPARC-L clade evolved faster than their SPARC paralogues, both in terms of protein sequence and gene duplication. We uncover an osteichthyan-specific duplication that produced SPARC-L1 (subsequently lost in pipidae frogs) and SPARC-L2 (independently lost in teleosts and tetrapods).Our results suggest the ameloblastic expression of the single chondrichthyan SPARC-L gene at the maturation stage reflects the ancestral gnathostome situation, and provide new evidence in favor of the homology of enamel and enameloids in all gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Enault
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université Montpellier, UMR5554 Montpellier, France
| | - David Muñoz
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paul Simion
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université Montpellier, UMR5554 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Ventéo
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1051 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Sire
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université Montpellier, UMR5554 Montpellier, France
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Jiang T, Liu F, Wang WG, Jiang X, Wen X, Hu KJ, Xue Y. Distribution of Cathepsin K in Late Stage of Tooth Germ Development and Its Function in Degrading Enamel Matrix Proteins in Mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169857. [PMID: 28095448 PMCID: PMC5240959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CTSK) is a member of cysteine proteinase family, and is predominantly expressed in osteoclastsfor degradationof bone matrix proteins. Given the similarity in physical properties of bone and dental mineralized tissues, including enamel, dentin and cementum, CTSK is likely to take part in mineralization process during odontogenesis. On the other hand, patients with pycnodysostosis caused by mutations of the CTSK gene displayedmultipledental abnormalities, such as hypoplasia of the enamel, obliterated pulp chambers, hypercementosis and periodontal disease. Thereforeitis necessary to study the metabolic role of CTSK in tooth matrix proteins. In this study, BALB/c mice at embryonic day 18 (E18), post-natal day 1 (P1), P5, P10 and P20 were used (5 mice at each time point)for systematic analyses of CTSK expression in the late stage of tooth germ development. We found that CTSK was abundantly expressed in the ameloblasts during secretory and maturation stages (P5 and P10) by immunohistochemistry stainings.During dentinogenesis, the staining was also intense in the mineralization stage (P5 and P10),but not detectable in the early stage of dentin formation (P1) and after tooth eruption (P20).Furthermore, through zymography and digestion test in vitro, CTSK was proved to be capable of hydrolyzing Emdogain and also cleaving Amelogenininto multiple products. Our resultsshed lights on revealing new functions of CTSK and pathogenesis of pycnodysostosis in oral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
- Department of Stomatology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Guang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
- Medical Unit, Troops PLA, Liaocheng, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wen
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YX); (KH)
| | - Yang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YX); (KH)
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