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Ahmad S, Ali MZ, Muzammal M, Khan AU, Ikram M, Muurinen M, Hussain S, Loid P, Khan MA, Mäkitie O. Identification of GLI1 and KIAA0825 Variants in Two Families with Postaxial Polydactyly. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040869. [PMID: 37107627 PMCID: PMC10137575 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydactyly is a rare autosomal dominant or recessive appendicular patterning defect of the hands and feet, phenotypically characterized by the duplication of digits. Postaxial polydactyly (PAP) is the most common form and includes two main types: PAP type A (PAPA) and PAP type B (PAPB). Type A involves a well-established extra digit articulated with the fifth or sixth metacarpal, while type B presents a rudimentary or poorly developed superfluous digit. Pathogenic variants in several genes have been identified in isolated and syndromic forms of polydactyly. The current study presents two Pakistani families with autosomal recessive PAPA with intra- and inter-familial phenotype variability. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger analysis revealed a novel missense variant in KIAA0825 (c.3572C>T: p.Pro1191Leu) in family A and a known nonsense variant in GLI1 (c.337C>T: p.Arg113*) in family B. In silico studies of mutant KIAA0825 and GLI1 proteins revealed considerable structural and interactional modifications that suggest an abnormal function of the proteins leading to the disease phenotype. The present study broadens the mutational spectrum of KIAA0825 and demonstrates the second case of a previously identified GLI1 variant with variable phenotypes. These findings facilitate genetic counseling in Pakistani families with a polydactyly-related phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safeer Ahmad
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Ali
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muzammal
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ullah Khan
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mari Muurinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shabir Hussain
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Loid
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muzammil Ahmad Khan
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Lancman JJ, Hasso SM, Suzuki T, Kherdjemil Y, Kmita M, Ferris A, Dong PDS, Ros MA, Fallon JF. Downregulation of Grem1 expression in the distal limb mesoderm is a necessary precondition for phalanx development. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1439-1455. [PMID: 34719843 PMCID: PMC9054941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phalanges are the final skeletal elements to form in the vertebrate limb and their identity is regulated by signaling at the phalanx forming region (PFR) located at the tip of the developing digit ray. Here, we seek to explore the relationship between PFR activity and phalanx morphogenesis, which define the most distal limb skeletal elements, and signals associated with termination of limb outgrowth. RESULTS As Grem1 is extinguished in the distal chick limb mesoderm, the chondrogenesis marker Aggrecan is up-regulated in the metatarsals and phalanges. Fate mapping confirms that subridge mesoderm cells contribute to the metatarsal and phalanges when subridge Grem1 is down-regulated. Grem1 overexpression specifically blocks chick phalanx development by inhibiting PFR activity. PFR activity and digit development are also disrupted following overexpression of a Gli3 repressor, which results in Grem1 expression in the distal limb and downregulation of Bmpr1b. CONCLUSIONS Based on expression and fate mapping studies, we propose that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb marks the transition from metatarsal to phalanx development. This suggests that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb mesoderm is necessary for phalanx development. Grem1 downregulation allows for full PFR activity and phalanx progenitor cell commitment to digit fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean M Hasso
- Heat Biologics, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yacine Kherdjemil
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Kmita
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ferris
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - P Duc S Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marian A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria-Sociedad para al Desarrollo Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - John F Fallon
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Lacalli TC. Patterning, From Conifers to Consciousness: Turing’s Theory and Order From Fluctuations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871950. [PMID: 35592249 PMCID: PMC9111979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a brief account of Turing’s ideas on biological pattern and the events that led to their wider acceptance by biologists as a valid way to investigate developmental pattern, and of the value of theory more generally in biology. Periodic patterns have played a key role in this process, especially 2D arrays of oriented stripes, which proved a disappointment in theoretical terms in the case of Drosophila segmentation, but a boost to theory as applied to skin patterns in fish and model chemical reactions. The concept of “order from fluctuations” is a key component of Turing’s theory, wherein pattern arises by selective amplification of spatial components concealed in the random disorder of molecular and/or cellular processes. For biological examples, a crucial point from an analytical standpoint is knowing the nature of the fluctuations, where the amplifier resides, and the timescale over which selective amplification occurs. The answer clarifies the difference between “inelegant” examples such as Drosophila segmentation, which is perhaps better understood as a programmatic assembly process, and “elegant” ones expressible in equations like Turing’s: that the fluctuations and selection process occur predominantly in evolutionary time for the former, but in real time for the latter, and likewise for error suppression, which for Drosophila is historical, in being lodged firmly in past evolutionary events. The prospects for a further extension of Turing’s ideas to the complexities of brain development and consciousness is discussed, where a case can be made that it could well be in neuroscience that his ideas find their most important application.
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Lynch VJ. Evolution: Stress fans the flames of innovation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R158-R160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Conserved Mechanisms, Novel Anatomies: The Developmental Basis of Fin Evolution and the Origin of Limbs. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13080384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of paired fins into tetrapod limbs is one of the most intensively scrutinized events in animal evolution. Early anatomical and embryological datasets identified distinctive morphological regions within the appendage and posed hypotheses about how the loss, gain, and transformation of these regions could explain the observed patterns of both extant and fossil appendage diversity. These hypotheses have been put to the test by our growing understanding of patterning mechanisms that regulate formation of the appendage axes, comparisons of gene expression data from an array of phylogenetically informative taxa, and increasingly sophisticated and elegant experiments leveraging the latest molecular approaches. Together, these data demonstrate the remarkable conservation of developmental mechanisms, even across phylogenetically and morphologically disparate taxa, as well as raising new questions about the way we view homology, evolutionary novelty, and the often non-linear connection between morphology and gene expression. In this review, we present historical hypotheses regarding paired fin evolution and limb origins, summarize key aspects of central appendage patterning mechanisms in model and non-model species, address how modern comparative developmental data interface with our understanding of appendage anatomy, and highlight new approaches that promise to provide new insight into these well-traveled questions.
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6
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Cloutier R, Long JA, Clement AM. [The phylogenetic origin of fingers]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:1221-1224. [PMID: 33296643 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cloutier
- Laboratoire de paléontologie et biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - John A Long
- College of science and engineering, Flinders university, Sturt road, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australie
| | - Alice M Clement
- College of science and engineering, Flinders university, Sturt road, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australie
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Bilal M, Ahmad W. A Frameshift Variant in KIAA0825 Causes Postaxial Polydactyly. Mol Syndromol 2020; 12:20-24. [PMID: 33776623 DOI: 10.1159/000512062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Postaxial polydactyly (PAP) is characterized by counterproductive 5th digit (pinky finger) duplication on hands and/or feet which often leads to functional complications. To date, at least 11 genes involved in causing various types of nonsyndromic polydactylies have been reported. In the present study, a consanguineous family of Sindhi origin with a segregating nonsyndromic form of PAP in an autosomal recessive manner was clinically and genetically evaluated. Genotyping, using polymorphic microsatellite markers, established linkage in the family on chromosome 5q15 harboring the KIAA0825 gene (MIM 617266). Sequence analysis of the gene revealed a novel frameshift variant leading to a premature stop codon [c.143delG, p.(Cys48Serfs*28)]. This is only the 4th novel variant in the KIAA0825 gene that leads to PAP type A10 (PAPA10) (MIM 618498). Identification of variants in the PAP causative gene will support the diagnosis of patients with limb malformations in the Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Glimm T, Bhat R, Newman SA. Multiscale modeling of vertebrate limb development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1485. [PMID: 32212250 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We review the current state of mathematical modeling of cartilage pattern formation in vertebrate limbs. We place emphasis on several reaction-diffusion type models that have been proposed in the last few years. These models are grounded in more detailed knowledge of the relevant regulatory processes than previous ones but generally refer to different molecular aspects of these processes. Considering these models in light of comparative phylogenomics permits framing of hypotheses on the evolutionary order of appearance of the respective mechanisms and their roles in the fin-to-limb transition. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Glimm
- Department of Mathematics, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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Cloutier R, Clement AM, Lee MSY, Noël R, Béchard I, Roy V, Long JA. Elpistostege and the origin of the vertebrate hand. Nature 2020; 579:549-554. [PMID: 32214248 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of fishes to tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) was one of the most important transformations in vertebrate evolution. Hypotheses of tetrapod origins rely heavily on the anatomy of a few tetrapod-like fish fossils from the Middle and Late Devonian period (393-359 million years ago)1. These taxa-known as elpistostegalians-include Panderichthys2, Elpistostege3,4 and Tiktaalik1,5, none of which has yet revealed the complete skeletal anatomy of the pectoral fin. Here we report a 1.57-metre-long articulated specimen of Elpistostege watsoni from the Upper Devonian period of Canada, which represents-to our knowledge-the most complete elpistostegalian yet found. High-energy computed tomography reveals that the skeleton of the pectoral fin has four proximodistal rows of radials (two of which include branched carpals) as well as two distal rows that are organized as digits and putative digits. Despite this skeletal pattern (which represents the most tetrapod-like arrangement of bones found in a pectoral fin to date), the fin retains lepidotrichia (fin rays) distal to the radials. We suggest that the vertebrate hand arose primarily from a skeletal pattern buried within the fairly typical aquatic pectoral fin of elpistostegalians. Elpistostege is potentially the sister taxon of all other tetrapods, and its appendages further blur the line between fish and land vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cloutier
- Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada.
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Alice M Clement
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S Y Lee
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Earth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roxanne Noël
- Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Roy
- Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - John A Long
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Kavanagh KD, Bailey CS, Sears KE. Evidence of five digits in embryonic horses and developmental stabilization of tetrapod digit number. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192756. [PMID: 32019446 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work comparing the developmental mechanisms involved in digit reduction in horses with other mammals reported that horses have only a 'single digit', with two flanking metapodials identified as remnants of digit II and IV. Here we show that early Equus embryos go through a stage with five digit condensations, and that the flanking splint metapodials result from fusions of the two anterior digits I and II and the two posterior digits IV and V, in a striking parallel between ontogeny and phylogeny. Given that even this most extreme case of digit reduction exhibits primary pentadactyly, we re-examined the initial stages of digit condensation of all digit-reduced tetrapods where data are available and found that in all cases, five or four digits initiate (four with digit I missing). The persistent pentadactyl initiation in the horse and other digit-reduced modern taxa underscores a durable developmental stability at the initiation of digits. The digit evodevo model may help illuminate the biological circumstances under which organ systems become highly stabilized versus highly plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - C Scott Bailey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Stewart TA, Lemberg JB, Taft NK, Yoo I, Daeschler EB, Shubin NH. Fin ray patterns at the fin-to-limb transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1612-1620. [PMID: 31888998 PMCID: PMC6983361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915983117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fin-to-limb transition was marked by the origin of digits and the loss of dermal fin rays. Paleontological research into this transformation has focused on the evolution of the endoskeleton, with little attention paid to fin ray structure and function. To address this knowledge gap, we study the dermal rays of the pectoral fins of 3 key tetrapodomorph taxa-Sauripterus taylori (Rhizodontida), Eusthenopteron foordi (Tristichopteridae), and Tiktaalik roseae (Elpistostegalia)-using computed tomography. These data show several trends in the lineage leading to digited forms, including the consolidation of fin rays (e.g., reduced segmentation and branching), reduction of the fin web, and unexpectedly, the evolution of asymmetry between dorsal and ventral hemitrichia. In Eusthenopteron, dorsal rays cover the preaxial endoskeleton slightly more than ventral rays. In Tiktaalik, dorsal rays fully cover the third and fourth mesomeres, while ventral rays are restricted distal to these elements, suggesting the presence of ventralized musculature at the fin tip analogous to a fleshy "palm." Asymmetry is also observed in cross-sectional areas of dorsal and ventral rays. Eusthenopteron dorsal rays are slightly larger than ventral rays; by contrast, Tiktaalik dorsal rays can be several times larger than ventral rays, and degree of asymmetry appears to be greater at larger sizes. Analysis of extant osteichthyans suggests that cross-sectional asymmetry in the dermal rays of paired fins is plesiomorphic to crown group osteichthyans. The evolution of dermal rays in crownward stem tetrapods reflects adaptation for a fin-supported elevated posture and resistance to substrate-based loading prior to the origin of digits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Stewart
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
| | - Justin B Lemberg
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Natalia K Taft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141
| | - Ihna Yoo
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Edward B Daeschler
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Neil H Shubin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
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Woltering JM, Holzem M, Meyer A. Lissamphibian limbs and the origins of tetrapod hox domains. Dev Biol 2019; 456:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kostyun JL, Robertson JE, Preston JC. Evidence of a largely staminal origin for the Jaltomata calliantha (Solanaceae) floral corona. EvoDevo 2019; 10:9. [PMID: 31019674 PMCID: PMC6475103 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the evolution of novel features requires homology assessments at different levels of biological organization. In flowering plants, floral coronas that play various roles in plant–pollinator interactions have evolved multiple times independently, but are highly variable in their final position and overall morphology. Coronas of the Solanaceae species Jaltomata calliantha are found between the corolla and stamens, adjacent to the gynoecium, and form cups that house copious amounts of their characteristic blood red nectar. To test the hypothesis that J. calliantha coronas evolved as an outgrowth of stamens and therefore have staminal identity, we assessed their development, floral organ identity gene expression, and cellular morphology. Results Jaltomata calliantha coronas emerge after the initiation of all conventional floral organs on the abaxial side of the proximally modified stamens and then expand medially and laterally to form nectar cups. Overlapping expression of the B-class organ identity genes JcAPETALA3 and both JcPISTILLATA/GLOBOSA orthologs (JcGLO1 and JcGLO2), and the C-class-like gene JcAGAMOUS1-like, unites the stamens and corona. Epidermal cell shape also connects the adaxial surface of coronas and petals, and the stamen base, with remaining floral organs showing divergent cell types. Conclusions Our data, based on multiple lines of evidence, support a largely staminal origin for J. calliantha coronas. However, since slightly enlarged stamen bases are found in Jaltomata species that lack coronas, and J. calliantha stamen bases share cell types with petals, we hypothesize that stamen bases recruited part of the petal identity program prior to fully expanding into a corona. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13227-019-0122-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Kostyun
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Josephine E Robertson
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Jill C Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
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Giffin JL, Gaitor D, Franz-Odendaal TA. The Forgotten Skeletogenic Condensations: A Comparison of Early Skeletal Development Amongst Vertebrates. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7010004. [PMID: 30717314 PMCID: PMC6473759 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a skeletogenic condensation is perhaps the most critical yet considerably overlooked stage of skeletogenesis. Described in this comprehensive review are the mechanisms that facilitate skeletogenic condensation formation, growth, and maintenance to allow for overt differentiation into a skeletal element. This review discusses the current knowledge of gene regulation and characterization of skeletogenic condensations in the chicken, mouse, zebrafish, and other developmental models. We limited our scope to condensations that give rise to the bones and cartilages of the vertebrate skeleton, with a particular focus on craniofacial and limb bud regions. While many of the skeletogenic processes are similar among vertebrate lineages, differences are apparent in the site and timing of the initial epithelial⁻mesenchymal interactions as well as in whether the condensation has an osteogenic or chondrogenic fate, both within and among species. Further comparative studies are needed to clarify and broaden the existing knowledge of this intricate phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Giffin
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
| | - Danielle Gaitor
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Tamara A Franz-Odendaal
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Newman SA, Glimm T, Bhat R. The vertebrate limb: An evolving complex of self-organizing systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:12-24. [PMID: 29325895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paired appendages (fins or limbs) of jawed vertebrates contain an endoskeleton consisting of nodules, bars and, in some groups, plates of cartilage, or bone arising from replacement of cartilaginous templates. The generation of the endoskeletal elements occurs by processes involving production and diffusion of morphogens, with, variously, positive and negative feedback circuits, adhesion, and receptor dynamics with similarities to the mechanism for chemical pattern formation proposed by Alan Turing. This review presents a unified interpretation of the evolution and functioning of these mechanisms. Studies are described indicating that protocondensations, compacted mesenchymal cell aggregates that prefigure the appendicular skeleton, arise through the adhesive activity of galectin-1, a matricellular protein with skeletogenic homologs in all jawed vertebrates. In the cartilaginous and lobe-finned fishes (and to a variable extent in ray-finned fishes) it additionally cooperates with an isoform of galectin-8 to constitute a self-organizing network capable of generating arrays of preskeletal nodules, bars and plates. Further, in the tetrapods, a putative galectin-8 control module was acquired that may have enabled proximodistal increase in the number of protocondensations. In parallel to this, other self-organizing networks emerged that acted, via Bmp, Wnt, Sox9 and Runx2, as well as transforming factor-β and fibronectin, to convert protocondensations into skeletal tissues. The progressive appearance and integration of these skeletogenic networks over evolution occurred in the context of an independently evolved system of Hox protein and Shh gradients that interfaced with them to tune the spatial wavelengths and refine the identities of the resulting arrays of elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Tilmann Glimm
- Department of Mathematics, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98229, USA
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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