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Razi S, Haghparast A, Chodari Khameneh S, Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A, Aziziyan F, Bakhtiyari M, Nabi-Afjadi M, Tarhriz V, Jalili A, Zalpoor H. The role of tumor microenvironment on cancer stem cell fate in solid tumors. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:143. [PMID: 37328876 PMCID: PMC10273768 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the role of cancer stem cells in initiating tumors, metastasis, invasion, and resistance to therapies has been recognized as a potential target for tumor therapy. Understanding the mechanisms by which CSCs contribute to cancer progression can help to provide novel therapeutic approaches against solid tumors. In this line, the effects of mechanical forces on CSCs such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cellular plasticity, etc., the metabolism pathways of CSCs, players of the tumor microenvironment, and their influence on the regulating of CSCs can lead to cancer progression. This review focused on some of these mechanisms of CSCs, paving the way for a better understanding of their regulatory mechanisms and developing platforms for targeted therapies. While progress has been made in research, more studies will be required in the future to explore more aspects of how CSCs contribute to cancer progression. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Razi
- Vira Pioneers of Modern Science (VIPOMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Amin Ebrahimi Sadrabadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran
- Cytotech and Bioinformatics Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Bakhtiyari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 5163639888, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Arsalan Jalili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran.
- Parvaz Research Ideas Supporter Institute, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Halford S, Veal GJ, Wedge SR, Payne GS, Bacon CM, Sloan P, Dragoni I, Heinzmann K, Potter S, Salisbury BM, Chenard-Poirier M, Greystoke A, Howell EC, Innes WA, Morris K, Plummer C, Rata M, Petrides G, Keun HC, Banerji U, Plummer R. A Phase I Dose-escalation Study of AZD3965, an Oral Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:1429-1439. [PMID: 36652553 PMCID: PMC7614436 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1-mediated lactate transport may have cytostatic and/or cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. We report results from the dose-escalation part of a first-in-human trial of AZD3965, a first-in-class MCT1 inhibitor, in advanced cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS This multicentre, phase I, dose-escalation and dose-expansion trial enrolled patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma and no standard therapy options. Exclusion criteria included history of retinal and/or cardiac disease, due to MCT1 expression in the eye and heart. Patients received daily oral AZD3965 according to a 3+3 then rolling six design. Primary objectives were to assess safety and determine the MTD and/or recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Secondary objectives for dose escalation included measurement of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity. Exploratory biomarkers included tumor expression of MCT1 and MCT4, functional imaging of biological impact, and metabolomics. RESULTS During dose escalation, 40 patients received AZD3965 at 5-30 mg once daily or 10 or 15 mg twice daily. Treatment-emergent adverse events were primarily grade 1 and/or 2, most commonly electroretinogram changes (retinopathy), fatigue, anorexia, and constipation. Seven patients receiving ≥20 mg daily experienced dose-limiting toxicities (DLT): grade 3 cardiac troponin rise (n = 1), asymptomatic ocular DLTs (n = 5), and grade 3 acidosis (n = 1). Plasma pharmacokinetics demonstrated attainment of target concentrations; pharmacodynamic measurements indicated on-target activity. CONCLUSIONS AZD3965 is tolerated at doses that produce target engagement. DLTs were on-target and primarily dose-dependent, asymptomatic, reversible ocular changes. An RP2D of 10 mg twice daily was established for use in dose expansion in cancers that generally express high MCT1/low MCT4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Halford
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J Veal
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Wedge
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey S Payne
- Cancer Research UK Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M Bacon
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Sloan
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Dragoni
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Heinzmann
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Potter
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - Becky M Salisbury
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maxime Chenard-Poirier
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Greystoke
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C Howell
- Newcastle University Centre for In Vivo Imaging, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - William A Innes
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Type, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Morris
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Plummer
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mihaela Rata
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Udai Banerji
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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3
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Al-Awsi GRL, Alsaikhan F, Margiana R, Ahmad I, Patra I, Najm MAA, Yasin G, Rasulova I, Hammid AT, Kzar HH, Al-Gazally ME, Siahmansouri H. Shining the light on mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in breast cancer. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:21. [PMID: 36750912 PMCID: PMC9906907 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In women, breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subgroup of heterogeneous non-hematopoietic fibroblast-like cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Recent studies stated that MSCs can migrate into the tumor sites and exert various effect on tumor growth and development. Multiple researches have demonstrated that MSCs can favor tumor growth, while other groups have indicated that MSCs inhibit tumor development. Emerging evidences showed exosomes (Exo) as a new mechanism of cell communication which are essential for the crosstalk between MSCs and BC cells. MSC-derived Exo (MSCs-Exo) could mimic the numerous effects on the proliferation, metastasis, and drug response through carrying a wide scale of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, messenger RNAs, and microRNAs to BC cells. Consequently, in the present literature, we summarized the biogenesis and cargo of Exo and reviewed the role of MSCs-Exo in development of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaidaa Raheem Lateef Al-Awsi
- grid.517728.e0000 0004 9360 4144Department of Radiological Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- grid.449553.a0000 0004 0441 5588College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. .,Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. .,Andrology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. .,Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- grid.412144.60000 0004 1790 7100Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mazin A. A. Najm
- grid.513203.6Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- grid.411501.00000 0001 0228 333XDepartment of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Iroda Rasulova
- Independent Researcher, “Kasmed” Private Medical Centre, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- grid.513683.a0000 0004 8495 7394Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hamzah H. Kzar
- Veterinary Medicine College, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Iraq
| | | | - Homayoon Siahmansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Sahoo OS, Pethusamy K, Srivastava TP, Talukdar J, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Dhar R, Karmakar S. The metabolic addiction of cancer stem cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:955892. [PMID: 35957877 PMCID: PMC9357939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.955892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are the minor population of cancer originating cells that have the capacity of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity (when transplanted into an immunocompromised animal). These low-copy number cell populations are believed to be resistant to conventional chemo and radiotherapy. It was reported that metabolic adaptation of these elusive cell populations is to a large extent responsible for their survival and distant metastasis. Warburg effect is a hallmark of most cancer in which the cancer cells prefer to metabolize glucose anaerobically, even under normoxic conditions. Warburg's aerobic glycolysis produces ATP efficiently promoting cell proliferation by reprogramming metabolism to increase glucose uptake and stimulating lactate production. This metabolic adaptation also seems to contribute to chemoresistance and immune evasion, a prerequisite for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Though we know a lot about metabolic fine-tuning in cancer, what is still in shadow is the identity of upstream regulators that orchestrates this process. Epigenetic modification of key metabolic enzymes seems to play a decisive role in this. By altering the metabolic flux, cancer cells polarize the biochemical reactions to selectively generate "onco-metabolites" that provide an added advantage for cell proliferation and survival. In this review, we explored the metabolic-epigenetic circuity in relation to cancer growth and proliferation and establish the fact how cancer cells may be addicted to specific metabolic pathways to meet their needs. Interestingly, even the immune system is re-calibrated to adapt to this altered scenario. Knowing the details is crucial for selective targeting of cancer stem cells by choking the rate-limiting stems and crucial branch points, preventing the formation of onco-metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Karthikeyan Pethusamy
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Computers and communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Ruby Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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5
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Chen J, Lee H, Schmitt P, Choy CJ, Miller DM, Williams BJ, Bearer EL, Frieboes HB. Bioengineered Models to Study Microenvironmental Regulation of Glioblastoma Metabolism. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:1012–1023. [PMID: 34524448 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research and aggressive therapies, glioblastoma (GBM) remains a central nervous system malignancy with poor prognosis. The varied histopathology of GBM suggests a landscape of differing microenvironments and clonal expansions, which may influence metabolism, driving tumor progression. Indeed, GBM metabolic plasticity in response to differing nutrient supply within these microenvironments has emerged as a key driver of aggressiveness. Additionally, emergent biophysical and biochemical interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are offering new perspectives on GBM metabolism. Perivascular and hypoxic niches exert crucial roles in tumor maintenance and progression, facilitating metabolic relationships between stromal and tumor cells. Alterations in extracellular matrix and its biophysical characteristics, such as rigidity and topography, regulate GBM metabolism through mechanotransductive mechanisms. This review highlights insights gained from deployment of bioengineering models, including engineered cell culture and mathematical models, to study the microenvironmental regulation of GBM metabolism. Bioengineered approaches building upon histopathology measurements may uncover potential therapeutic strategies that target both TME-dependent mechanotransductive and biomolecular drivers of metabolism to tackle this challenging disease. Longer term, a concerted effort integrating in vitro and in silico models predictive of patient therapy response may offer a powerful advance toward tailoring of treatment to patient-specific GBM characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chen
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Hyunchul Lee
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Philipp Schmitt
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Caleb J Choy
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Donald M Miller
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Brian J Williams
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
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Shen YA, Pan SC, Chu I, Lai RY, Wei YH. Targeting cancer stem cells from a metabolic perspective. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:465-476. [PMID: 32102562 PMCID: PMC7082881 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220909309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of cancer development and progression is driven by distinct subsets of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute the self-renewal capacity as the major impetus to the metastatic dissemination and main impediments in cancer treatment. Given that CSCs are so scarce in the tumor mass, there are debatable points on the metabolic signatures of CSCs. As opposed to differentiated tumor progenies, CSCs display exquisite patterns of metabolism that, depending on the type of cancer, predominately rely on glycolysis, oxidative metabolism of glutamine, fatty acids, or amino acids for ATP production. Metabolic heterogeneity of CSCs, which attributes to differences in type and microenvironment of tumors, confers CSCs to have the plasticity to cope with the endogenous mitochondrial stress and exogenous microenvironment. In essence, CSCs and normal stem cells are like mirror images of each other in terms of metabolism. To achieve reprogramming, CSCs not only need to upregulate their metabolic engine for self-renewal and defense mechanism, but also expedite the antioxidant defense to sustain the redox homeostasis. In the context of these pathways, this review portrays the connection between the metabolic features of CSCs and cancer stemness. Identification of the metabolic features in conferring resistance to anticancer treatment dictated by CSCs can enhance the opportunity to open up a new therapeutic dimension, which might not only improve the effectiveness of cancer therapies but also annihilate the whole tumor without recurrence. Henceforth, we highlight current findings of potential therapeutic targets for the design of alternative strategies to compromise the growth, drug resistance, and metastasis of CSCs by altering their metabolic phenotypes. Perturbing the versatile skills of CSCs by barricading metabolic signaling might bring about plentiful approaches to discover novel therapeutic targets for clinical application in cancer treatments.Impact statementThis minireview highlights the current evidence on the mechanisms of pivotal metabolic pathways that attribute to cancer stem cells (CSCs) with a special focus on developing metabolic strategies of anticancer treatment that can be exploited in preclinical and clinical settings. Specific metabolic inhibitors that can overwhelm the properties of CSCs may impede tumor recurrence and metastasis, and potentially achieve a permanent cure of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-An Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Cian Pan
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
| | - I Chu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yun Lai
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
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7
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Baxevanis CN, Fortis SP, Perez SA. The balance between breast cancer and the immune system: Challenges for prognosis and clinical benefit from immunotherapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 72:76-89. [PMID: 31881337 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer evolution is a complex process influenced by genetic factors and extracellular stimuli that trigger signaling pathways to coordinate the continuous and dynamic interaction between tumor cells and the elements of the immune system. For over 20 years now, the immune mechanisms controlling cancer progression have been the focus of intensive research. It is well established that the immune system conveys protective antitumor immunity by destroying immunogenic tumor variants, but also facilitates tumor progression by shaping tumor immunogenicity in a process called "immunoediting". It is also clear that immune-guided tumor editing is associated with tumor evasion from immune surveillance and therefore reinforcing the endogenous antitumor immunity is a desired goal in the context of cancer therapies. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex network which consists of various cell types and factors having important roles regarding tumor development and progression. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and other tumor infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are key to our understanding of tumor immune surveillance based on tumor immunogenicity, whereby the densities and location of TILs and TIICs in the tumor regions, as well as their functional programs (comprising the "immunoscore") have a prominent role for prognosis and prediction for several cancers. The presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the TME or in peritumoral areas has an influence on the locally produced antitumor immune response, and therefore also has a significant prognostic impact. The cross-talk between elements of the immune system with tumor cells in the TME is greatly influenced by hypoxia, the gut and/or the local microbiota, and several metabolic elements, which, in a dynamic interplay, have a crucial role for tumor cell heterogeneity and reprogramming of immune cells along their activation and differentiation pathways. Taking into consideration the recent clinical success with the application immunotherapies for the treatment of several cancer types, increasing endeavors have been made to gain better insights into the mechanisms underlying phenotypic and metabolic profiles in the context of tumor progression and immunotherapy. In this review we will address (i) the role of TILs, TIICs and TLS in breast cancer (BCa); (ii) the different metabolic-based pathways used by immune and breast cancer cells; and (iii) implications for immunotherapy-based strategies in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin N Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Ave., 11522, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sotirios P Fortis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Ave., 11522, Athens, Greece
| | - Sonia A Perez
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Ave., 11522, Athens, Greece
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8
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Kareva I. Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Cancer Immunoediting, CD8/Treg Ratios, Immune Cell Homeostasis, and Cancer (Immuno)Therapy: Concise Review. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1273-1280. [PMID: 31260163 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of immunoediting, a process whereby the immune system eliminates immunogenic cancer cell clones, allowing the remaining cells to progress and form a tumor, has evolved with growing appreciation of the importance of cancer ecology on tumor progression. As cancer cells grow and modify their environment, they create spatial and nutrient constraints that may affect not only immune cell function but also differentiation, tipping the balance between cytotoxic and regulatory immunity to facilitate tumor growth. Here, we review how immunometabolism may contribute to cancer escape from the immune system, as well as highlight an emerging role of gut microbiota, its effects on the immune system and on response to immunotherapy. We conclude with a discussion of how these pieces can be integrated to devise better combination therapies and highlight the role of computational approaches as a potential tool to aid in combination therapy design. Stem Cells 2019;37:1273-1280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kareva
- Translational Medicine, EMD Serono, Merck KGaA, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Pommier SJ, Morgan RE, Limbach KE, Jackson CM, Naik AM, Peckham JL, Muller PJ, Condron ME, Jameson NE, Pommier RF. Surgical resection of breast cancers: Molecular analysis of cancer stem cells in residual disease. Surgery 2019; 165:1008-1013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Metabolic Pathways of the Warburg Effect in Health and Disease: Perspectives of Choice, Chain or Chance. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122755. [PMID: 29257069 PMCID: PMC5751354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Focus on the Warburg effect, initially descriptive of increased glycolysis in cancer cells, has served to illuminate mitochondrial function in many other pathologies. This review explores our current understanding of the Warburg effect’s role in cancer, diabetes and ageing. We highlight how it can be regulated through a chain of oncogenic events, as a chosen response to impaired glucose metabolism or by chance acquisition of genetic changes associated with ageing. Such chain, choice or chance perspectives can be extended to help understand neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease, providing clues with scope for therapeutic intervention. It is anticipated that exploration of Warburg effect pathways in extreme conditions, such as deep space, will provide further insights crucial for comprehending complex metabolic diseases, a frontier for medicine that remains equally significant for humanity in space and on earth.
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11
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Thomas TM, Yu JS. Metabolic regulation of glioma stem-like cells in the tumor micro-environment. Cancer Lett 2017; 408:174-181. [PMID: 28743531 PMCID: PMC5790120 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism has emerged as one of the most interesting old ideas being revisited from a new perspective. In the early 20th century Otto Warburg declared metabolism the prime cause in a disease of many secondary causes, and this statement seems more prescient in view of modern expositions into the true nature of tumor evolution. As the complexity of tumor heterogeneity becomes more clear from a genetic perspective, it is important to consider the inevitably heterogeneous metabolic components of the tumor and the tumor microenvironment. High grade gliomas remain one of the most difficult to treat solid tumors, due in part to the highly vascularized nature of the tumor and the maintenance of more resistant stem-like subpopulations within the tumor. Maintenance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) requires specific alterations within the cells and the greater tumor microenvironment with regards to signaling and metabolism. Specific niches within gliomas help foster the survival of stem-like sub-populations of cells with high tumorigenicity and high metabolic plasticity. Understanding these maintenance pathways and the metabolic dependencies within the niche may highlight potential avenues of addressing tumor resistance and recurrence in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M Thomas
- Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - John S Yu
- Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Wong TL, Che N, Ma S. Reprogramming of central carbon metabolism in cancer stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1728-1738. [PMID: 28502706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism has been studied for years and adopted in the clinic for monitoring disease progression and therapy response. Despite our growing knowledge of a distinctly altered metabolic behavior in cancer, drugs targeting cancer metabolism have remained less than promising. Recent efforts in cancer stem cell (CSC) biology suggest that a subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells within the tumor bulk represents the root of tumor recurrence and therapy resistance. In recent years, metabolic phenotype of CSCs of various tumor types has been identified. This breakthrough has shed light on the underlying mechanism by which CSCs maintain stemness, confer resistance to therapies and initiate tumor relapse. The distinct metabolic characteristics of CSCs compared to non-CSCs provide an opportunity to target CSCs more specifically and have become a major focus in cancer research in recent years with substantial efforts conducted towards discovering clinical targets. This perspective article summarizes the current knowledge of CSC metabolism in carcinogenesis and highlights the potential of targeting CSC metabolism for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Lok Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Noélia Che
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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13
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Morris BA, Burkel B, Ponik SM, Fan J, Condeelis JS, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Castracane J, Denu JM, Keely PJ. Collagen Matrix Density Drives the Metabolic Shift in Breast Cancer Cells. EBioMedicine 2016; 13:146-156. [PMID: 27743905 PMCID: PMC5264313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased breast density attributed to collagen I deposition is associated with a 4-6 fold increased risk of developing breast cancer. Here, we assessed cellular metabolic reprogramming of mammary carcinoma cells in response to increased collagen matrix density using an in vitro 3D model. Our initial observations demonstrated changes in functional metabolism in both normal mammary epithelial cells and mammary carcinoma cells in response to changes in matrix density. Further, mammary carcinoma cells grown in high density collagen matrices displayed decreased oxygen consumption and glucose metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle compared to cells cultured in low density matrices. Despite decreased glucose entry into the TCA cycle, levels of glucose uptake, cell viability, and ROS were not different between high and low density matrices. Interestingly, under high density conditions the contribution of glutamine as a fuel source to drive the TCA cycle was significantly enhanced. These alterations in functional metabolism mirrored significant changes in the expression of metabolic genes involved in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the serine synthesis pathway. This study highlights the broad importance of the collagen microenvironment to cellular expression profiles, and shows that changes in density of the collagen microenvironment can modulate metabolic shifts of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Morris
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, United States
| | - Brian Burkel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, United States.
| | - Jing Fan
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
| | - John S Condeelis
- Dept. of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Julio A Aguirre-Ghiso
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States; Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States
| | - James Castracane
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE), SUNY Polytechnic Institute, United States
| | - John M Denu
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Patricia J Keely
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, United States; Paul C. Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
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14
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Farris JC, Pifer PM, Zheng L, Gottlieb E, Denvir J, Frisch SM. Grainyhead-like 2 Reverses the Metabolic Changes Induced by the Oncogenic Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Effects on Anoikis. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:528-38. [PMID: 27084311 PMCID: PMC4912396 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resistance to anoikis is a prerequisite for tumor metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows tumor cells to evade anoikis. The wound-healing regulatory transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) suppresses/reverses EMT, accompanied by suppression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and by resensitization to anoikis. Here, the effects of GRHL2 upon intracellular metabolism in the context of reversion of the EMT/CSC phenotype, with a view toward understanding how these effects promote anoikis sensitivity, were investigated. EMT enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Although this was accompanied by higher accumulation of superoxide, the overall level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) declined, due to decreased hydrogen peroxide. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) expression increased in EMT, and this increase, via the product α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), was important for suppressing hydrogen peroxide and protecting against anoikis. GRHL2 suppressed GLUD1 gene expression, decreased α-KG, increased ROS, and sensitized cells to anoikis. IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate a mechanistic role for GRHL2 in promoting anoikis through metabolic alterations. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 528-38. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Farris
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Phillip M Pifer
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Liang Zheng
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Steven M Frisch
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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Lei K, Du W, Lin S, Yang L, Xu Y, Gao Y, Xu B, Tan S, Xu Y, Qian X, Liang X, Liu J. 3B, a novel photosensitizer, inhibits glycolysis and inflammation via miR-155-5p and breaks the JAK/STAT3/SOCS1 feedback loop in human breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:141-50. [PMID: 27470349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to normal cells, most cancer cells produce ATP by glycolysis under aerobic conditions rather than via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). This study is intended to determine whether 3B, a novel photosensitizer, can inhibit glycolysis and inflammation in breast cancer cells. We showed that 3B had the ability to repress glucose consumption as well as the generation of ATP, lactate and lactate dehydrogenase. 3B-PDT not only inhibited the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 but also affected the JAK-STAT3 inflammatory pathway in vitro. The present study showed that 3B featured a significant inhibitory effect on the expression of microRNA-155-5p and SOCS1 might serve as a target gene. In vivo studies revealed that 3B inhibited tumor growth and exhibited almost no side effects. Therefore, through the anti-glycolytic effect and breakage of the JAK/STAT3/SOCS1 feedback loop via miR-155-5p, 3B may potentially serve as a potential therapeutic agent against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenpei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shengchao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yichun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Baixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shaoying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yufang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xuhong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
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16
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Copley AL, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Pestell RG, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. [On the physiological roles of fibrinogen and fibrin]. Postepy Biochem 1968; 18:55. [PMID: 27220421 PMCID: PMC4879746 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is now viewed as a stem cell disease. There is still no consensus on the metabolic characteristics of cancer stem cells, with several studies indicating that they are mainly glycolytic and others pointing instead to mitochondrial metabolism as their principal source of energy. Cancer stem cells also seem to adapt their metabolism to microenvironmental changes by conveniently shifting energy production from one pathway to another, or by acquiring intermediate metabolic phenotypes. Determining the role of cancer stem cell metabolism in carcinogenesis has become a major focus in cancer research, and substantial efforts are conducted towards discovering clinical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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