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Cherf GM, Lee RB, Mehta N, Clifford C, Torres K, Kintzing JR, Cochran JR. An engineered ultrahigh affinity bi-paratopic uPAR targeting agent confers enhanced tumor targeting. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 38965775 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is overexpressed on tumor cells in multiple types of cancer and contributes to disease progression and metastasis. In this work, we engineered a novel bi-paratopic uPAR targeting agent by fusing the binding domains of two native uPAR ligands: uPA and vitronectin, with a flexible peptide linker. The linker length was optimized to facilitate simultaneous engagement of both domains to their adjacent epitopes on uPAR, resulting in a high affinity and avid binding interaction. Furthermore, the individual domains were affinity-matured using yeast surface display and directed evolution, resulting in a bi-paratopic protein with affinity in the picomolar to femtomolar range. This engineered uPAR targeting agent demonstrated significantly enhanced tumor localization in mouse tumor models compared to the native uPAR ligand and warrants further investigation as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Cherf
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert B Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nishant Mehta
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Claire Clifford
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kathleen Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Guerrache A, Micheau O. TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand: Non-Apoptotic Signalling. Cells 2024; 13:521. [PMID: 38534365 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL or Apo2 or TNFSF10) belongs to the TNF superfamily. When bound to its agonistic receptors, TRAIL can induce apoptosis in tumour cells, while sparing healthy cells. Over the last three decades, this tumour selectivity has prompted many studies aiming at evaluating the anti-tumoral potential of TRAIL or its derivatives. Although most of these attempts have failed, so far, novel formulations are still being evaluated. However, emerging evidence indicates that TRAIL can also trigger a non-canonical signal transduction pathway that is likely to be detrimental for its use in oncology. Likewise, an increasing number of studies suggest that in some circumstances TRAIL can induce, via Death receptor 5 (DR5), tumour cell motility, potentially leading to and contributing to tumour metastasis. While the pro-apoptotic signal transduction machinery of TRAIL is well known from a mechanistic point of view, that of the non-canonical pathway is less understood. In this study, we the current state of knowledge of TRAIL non-canonical signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmane Guerrache
- Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231, «Equipe DesCarTes», 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Micheau
- Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231, «Equipe DesCarTes», 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, 21000 Dijon, France
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3
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Liu X, Gao R, Wu Q, Li G, Xu X, Li W, Liu P, Wang X, Cai J, Li M, Wang Z. ITGA7 loss drives the differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to cancer-associated fibroblasts. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:479-493. [PMID: 38174862 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent a major cellular component of the tumor (pre-)metastatic niche and play an essential role in omental dissemination of ovarian cancer. The omentum is rich in adipose, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have been identified as a source of CAFs. However, the molecular events driving the phenotype shift of ADSCs remain largely unexplored. In this research, we focus on integrins, transmembrane receptors that have been widely involved in cellular plasticity. We found that integrin α7 (ITGA7) was the only member of the integrin family that positively correlated with both overall survival and progression-free survival in ovarian cancer through GEPIA2. The immunohistochemistry signal of ITGA7 was apparent in the tumor stroma, and a lower omental ITGA7 level was associated with metastasis. Primary ADSCs were isolated from the omentum of patients with ovarian cancer and identified by cellular morphology, biomarkers, and multilineage differentiation. The conditional medium of ovarian cancer cells induced ITGA7 expression decrease and phenotypic changes in ADSCs. Downregulation of ITGA7 in primary omental ADSCs led to decrease in stemness properties and emerge of characteristic morphology and biomarkers of CAFs. Moreover, the conditioned medium of ADSCs with ITGA7 depletion exhibited enhanced abilities to improve the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Overall, these findings indicate that loss of ITGA7 may induce the differentiation of ADSCs to CAFs that contribute to a tumor-supportive niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiulei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoman Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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4
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Lee J, Jang J, Cha SR, Lee SB, Hong SH, Bae HS, Lee YJ, Yang SR. Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Priming of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Acute Lung Injury by Inducing Regulatory T Cells. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e48. [PMID: 38188599 PMCID: PMC10767548 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) possess immunoregulatory properties and their regulatory functions represent a potential therapy for acute lung injury (ALI). However, uncertainties remain with respect to defining MSCs-derived immunomodulatory pathways. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the enhanced effect of human recombinant bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) primed ES-MSCs (MSCBMP2) in promoting Tregs in ALI mice. MSC were preconditioned with 100 ng/ml rhBMP-2 for 24 h, and then administrated to mice by intravenous injection after intratracheal injection of 1 mg/kg LPS. Treating MSCs with rhBMP-2 significantly increased cellular proliferation and migration, and cytokines array reveled that cytokines release by MSCBMP2 were associated with migration and growth. MSCBMP2 ameliorated LPS induced lung injury and reduced myeloperoxidase activity and permeability in mice exposed to LPS. Levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase were decreased while levels of total glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity were further increased via inhibition of phosphorylated STAT1 in ALI mice treated with MSCBMP2. MSCBMP2 treatment increased the protein level of IDO1, indicating an increase in Treg cells, and Foxp3+CD25+ Treg of CD4+ cells were further increased in ALI mice treated with MSCBMP2. In co-culture assays with MSCs and RAW264.7 cells, the protein level of IDO1 was further induced in MSCBMP2. Additionally, cytokine release of IL-10 was enhanced while both IL-6 and TNF-α were further inhibited. In conclusion, these findings suggest that MSCBMP2 has therapeutic potential to reduce massive inflammation of respiratory diseases by promoting Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jimin Jang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sang-Ryul Cha
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Se Bi Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Han-Sol Bae
- Cellular Therapeutics Team, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Yongin 17028, Korea
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Cellular Therapeutics Team, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Yongin 17028, Korea
| | - Se-Ran Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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5
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Liu ZL, Chen HH, Zheng LL, Sun LP, Shi L. Angiogenic signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:198. [PMID: 37169756 PMCID: PMC10175505 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a complex and dynamic process regulated by various pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. With the advances in molecular and cellular biology, various biomolecules such as growth factors, chemokines, and adhesion factors involved in tumor angiogenesis has gradually been elucidated. Targeted therapeutic research based on these molecules has driven anti-angiogenic treatment to become a promising strategy in anti-tumor therapy. The most widely used anti-angiogenic agents include monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. However, the clinical benefit of this modality has still been limited due to several defects such as adverse events, acquired drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and lack of validated biomarkers, which impel further research on mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, the development of multiple drugs and the combination therapy to figure out how to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Here, we broadly summarize various signaling pathways in tumor angiogenesis and discuss the development and current challenges of anti-angiogenic therapy. We also propose several new promising approaches to improve anti-angiogenic efficacy and provide a perspective for the development and research of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ling Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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6
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Lu H, Xiao L, Wang W, Li X, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang X. Fibrinolysis Regulation: A Promising Approach to Promote Osteogenesis. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:1192-1208. [PMID: 35442086 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soon after bone fracture, the initiation of the coagulation cascade results in the formation of a blood clot, which acts as a natural material to facilitate cell migration and osteogenic differentiation at the fracture site. The existence of hematoma is important in early stage of bone healing, but the persistence of hematoma is considered harmful for bone regeneration. Fibrinolysis is recently regarded as a period of critical transition in angiogenic-osteogenic coupling, it thereby is vital for the complete healing of the bone. Moreover, the enhanced fibrinolysis is proposed to boost bone regeneration through promoting the formation of blood vessels, and fibrinolysis system as well as the products of fibrinolysis also play crucial roles in the bone healing process. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to elucidate the fibrinolysis-derived effects on osteogenesis and summarize the potential approaches-improving bone healing by regulating fibrinolysis, with the purpose to further understand the integral roles of fibrinolysis in bone regeneration and to provide theoretical knowledge for potential fibrinolysis-related osteogenesis strategies. Impact statement Fibrinolysis emerging as a new and viable therapeutic intervention to be contained within osteogenesis strategies, however to now, there have been no review articles which collates the information between fibrinolysis and osteogenesis. This review, therefore, focusses on the effects that fibrinolysis exerts on bone healing, with a purpose to provide theoretical reference to develop new strategies to modulate fibrinolysis to accelerate fibrinolysis thus enhancing bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The Australia-China Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuyan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yaping Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.,School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The Australia-China Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Alfano D, Franco P, Stoppelli MP. Modulation of Cellular Function by the Urokinase Receptor Signalling: A Mechanistic View. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818616. [PMID: 35493073 PMCID: PMC9045800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR or CD87) is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchored (GPI) membrane protein. The uPAR primary ligand is the serine protease urokinase (uPA), converting plasminogen into plasmin, a broad spectrum protease, active on most extracellular matrix components. Besides uPA, the uPAR binds specifically also to the matrix protein vitronectin and, therefore, is regarded also as an adhesion receptor. Complex formation of the uPAR with diverse transmembrane proteins, including integrins, formyl peptide receptors, G protein-coupled receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor results in intracellular signalling. Thus, the uPAR is a multifunctional receptor coordinating surface-associated pericellular proteolysis and signal transduction, thereby affecting physiological and pathological mechanisms. The uPAR-initiated signalling leads to remarkable cellular effects, that include increased cell migration, adhesion, survival, proliferation and invasion. Although this is beyond the scope of this review, the uPA/uPAR system is of great interest to cancer research, as it is associated to aggressive cancers and poor patient survival. Increasing evidence links the uPA/uPAR axis to epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a highly dynamic process, by which epithelial cells can convert into a mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, many reports indicate that the uPAR is involved in the maintenance of the stem-like phenotype and in the differentiation process of different cell types. Moreover, the levels of anchor-less, soluble form of uPAR, respond to a variety of inflammatory stimuli, including tumorigenesis and viral infections. Finally, the role of uPAR in virus infection has received increasing attention, in view of the Covid-19 pandemics and new information is becoming available. In this review, we provide a mechanistic perspective, via the detailed examination of consolidated and recent studies on the cellular responses to the multiple uPAR activities.
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8
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Zou X, Tang XY, Qu ZY, Sun ZW, Ji CF, Li YJ, Guo SD. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway for cancer therapy: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:539-557. [PMID: 35074329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) are expressed in a variety of tumors. Activation of the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway is associated with cancer proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis through modulating multiple downstream pathways, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Therefore, targeting PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for cancer therapy, and accordingly, some great progress has been made in this field in the past few decades. This review will focus on the PDGF isoforms and their binding with the related PDGFRs, the PDGF/PDGFR signaling and regulation, and especially present strategies and inhibitors developed for cancer therapy, and the related clinical benefits and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Xi-Yu Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Chen-Feng Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China; School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China; Institute of lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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9
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Nohawica M, Errachid A, Wyganowska-Swiatkowska M. Adipose-PAS interactions in the context of its localised bio-engineering potential (Review). Biomed Rep 2021; 15:70. [PMID: 34276988 PMCID: PMC8278035 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are a known source of stem cells. They are easy to harvest, and are a suitable candidate for autogenous grafts. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) have multiple target tissues which they can differentiate into, including bone and cartilage. In adipose tissue, ADSCs are able to differentiate, as well as providing energy and a supply of cytokines/hormones to manage the hypoxic and lipid/hormone saturated adipose environment. The plasminogen activation system (PAS) controls the majority of proteolytic activities in both adipose and wound healing environments, allowing for rapid cellular migration and tissue remodelling. While the primary activation pathway for PAS occurs through the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), which is highly expressed by endothelial cells, its function is not limited to enabling revascularisation. Proteolytic activity is dependent on protease activation, localisation, recycling mechanisms and substrate availability. uPA and uPA activated plasminogen allows pluripotent cells to arrive to new local environments and fulfil the niche demands. However, overstimulation, the acquisition of a migratory phenotype and constant protein turnover can be unconducive to the formation of structured hard and soft tissues. To maintain a suitable healing pattern, the proteolytic activity stimulated by uPA is modulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Depending on the physiological settings, different parts of the remodelling mechanism are activated with varying results. Utilising the differences within each microenvironment to recreate a desired niche is a valid therapeutic bio-engineering approach. By controlling the rate of protein turnover combined with a receptive stem cell lineage, such as ADSC, a novel avenue on the therapeutic opportunities may be identified, which can overcome limitations, such as scarcity of stem cells, low angiogenic potential or poor host tissue adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nohawica
- Chair and Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Poznan, Greater Poland 60-812, Poland
| | - Abdelmounaim Errachid
- Chair and Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Poznan, Greater Poland 60-812, Poland
- Earth and Life Institute, University Catholique of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Marzena Wyganowska-Swiatkowska
- Chair and Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Poznan, Greater Poland 60-812, Poland
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10
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Stem cell-based therapy treating glioblastoma multiforme. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2021; 14:1-15. [PMID: 32971031 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most malignant types of central nervous system tumours, classified as grade IV by the World Health Organization. Despite the therapeutic advances, the prognosis is ominous, with a median survival of about 12-15 months post diagnosis. Although therapeutic options available can increase the survival, they are ineffective in treating patients with GB. Impairing factors such as the blood-brain barrier, cancer stem cells, and infiltration into brain parenchyma lead to failure of current therapies. Therefore, clinicians need novel/alternative effective strategies to treat GB. Due to their ability to preserve healthy tissues and to provide an effective and long-lasting response, stem cells (SCs) with tropism for tumour cells have attracted considerable attention in the scientific community. As is the case here, SCs can be used to target brain tumour cancer cells, especially high-grade malignant gliomas like GB, by overcoming the resistance and exerting benefits for patients affected with such lethal disease. Herein, we will discuss the research knowledge regarding SC-based therapy for the treatment of GB, focalising our attention on SCs and SC-released extracellular vesicles modified to express/load different antitumour payloads, as well as on SCs exploited as a diagnostic tool. Advantages and unresolved issues of anticancer SC-based therapy will also be considered.
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11
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Byrnes D, Masterson CH, Artigas A, Laffey JG. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Therapy for Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 42:20-39. [PMID: 32767301 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) constitute devastating conditions with high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis results from abnormal host immune response, with evidence for both pro- and anti-inflammatory activation present from the earliest phases. The "proinflammatory" response predominates initially causing host injury, with later-phase sepsis characterized by immune cell hypofunction and opportunistic superinfection. ARDS is characterized by inflammation and disruption of the alveolar-capillary membrane leading to injury and lung dysfunction. Sepsis is the most common cause of ARDS. Approximately 20% of deaths worldwide in 2017 were due to sepsis, while ARDS occurs in over 10% of all intensive care unit patients and results in a mortality of 30 to 45%. Given the fact that sepsis and ARDS share some-but not all-underlying pathophysiologic injury mechanisms, the lack of specific therapies, and their frequent coexistence in the critically ill, it makes sense to consider therapies for both conditions together. In this article, we will focus on the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs are available from several tissues, including bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue. Allogeneic administration is feasible, an important advantage for acute conditions like sepsis or ARDS. They possess diverse mechanisms of action of relevance to sepsis and ARDS, including direct and indirect antibacterial actions, potent effects on the innate and adaptive response, and pro-reparative effects. MSCs can be preactivated thereby potentiating their effects, while the use of their extracellular vesicles can avoid whole cell administration. While early-phase clinical trials suggest safety, considerable challenges exist in moving forward to phase III efficacy studies, and to implementation as a therapy should they prove effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Byrnes
- Department of Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Claire H Masterson
- Department of Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Antonio Artigas
- Critical Care Center, Corporació Sanitaria Parc Tauli, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - John G Laffey
- Department of Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Anaesthesia, SAOLTA University Health Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Liu J, Zhang L, Liu M. Mechanisms supporting potential use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in psychocardiology. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:6717-6738. [PMID: 31814884 PMCID: PMC6895510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite great efforts made in recent years, globally cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the most common and devastating disease. Pharmacological, interventional and surgical treatments have proved to be only partly satisfactory for the majority of patients. A major underlying cause of poor prognosis is a high comorbidity rate between CVD and mental illness, which calls for the approaches of psychocardiology. As psychiatric disorders and CVD can influence each other bidirectionally, it is necessary to develop novel therapies targeting both systems simultaneously. Therefore, innovative stem cell (SC) therapy has become the most promising treatment strategy in psychocardiology. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs), among all different types of SCs, have drawn the most attention due to unique advantages in terms of ethical considerations, low immunogenicity and simplicity of preparation. In this review, we survey recent publications and clinical trials to summarize the knowledge and progress gained so far. Moreover, we discuss the feasibility of the clinical application of BM-MSCs in the area of psychocardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meiyan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100029, China
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13
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Azouz NP, Ynga-Durand MA, Caldwell JM, Jain A, Rochman M, Fischesser DM, Ray LM, Bedard MC, Mingler MK, Forney C, Eilerman M, Kuhl JT, He H, Biagini Myers JM, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Khurana Hershey GK, Kottyan LC, Wen T, Martin LJ, Rothenberg ME. The antiprotease SPINK7 serves as an inhibitory checkpoint for esophageal epithelial inflammatory responses. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/444/eaap9736. [PMID: 29875205 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap9736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss of barrier integrity has an important role in eliciting type 2 immune responses, yet the molecular events that initiate and connect this with allergic inflammation remain unclear. We reveal an endogenous, homeostatic mechanism that controls barrier function and inflammatory responses in esophageal allergic inflammation. We show that a serine protease inhibitor, SPINK7 (serine peptidase inhibitor, kazal type 7), is part of the differentiation program of human esophageal epithelium and that SPINK7 depletion occurs in a human allergic, esophageal condition termed eosinophilic esophagitis. Experimental manipulation strategies reducing SPINK7 in an esophageal epithelial progenitor cell line and primary esophageal epithelial cells were sufficient to induce barrier dysfunction and transcriptional changes characterized by loss of cellular differentiation and altered gene expression known to stimulate allergic responses (for example, FLG and SPINK5). Epithelial silencing of SPINK7 promoted production of proinflammatory cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Loss of SPINK7 increased the activity of urokinase plasminogen-type activator (uPA), which in turn had the capacity to promote uPA receptor-dependent eosinophil activation. Treatment of epithelial cells with the broad-spectrum antiserine protease, α1 antitrypsin, reversed the pathologic features associated with SPINK7 silencing. The relevance of this pathway in vivo was supported by finding genetic epistasis between variants in TSLP and the uPA-encoding gene, PLAU We propose that the endogenous balance between SPINK7 and its target proteases is a key checkpoint in regulating mucosal differentiation, barrier function, and inflammatory responses and that protein replacement with antiproteases may be therapeutic for select allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit P Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Mario A Ynga-Durand
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA.,Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Investigación y Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julie M Caldwell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Demetria M Fischesser
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Leanne M Ray
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Mary C Bedard
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Melissa K Mingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Carmy Forney
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Matthew Eilerman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Jonathan T Kuhl
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Hua He
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Biagini Myers
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Vincent A Mukkada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Philip E Putnam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA.
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14
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Dergilev KV, Stepanova VV, Beloglazova IB, Tsokolayev ZI, Parfenova EV. Multifaced Roles of the Urokinase System in the Regulation of Stem Cell Niches. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:19-32. [PMID: 30713759 PMCID: PMC6351041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation, subsequent migration to the damaged area, differentiation into appropriate cell types, and/or secretion of biologically active molecules and extracellular vesicles are important processes that underlie the involvement of stem/progenitor cells in the repair and regeneration of tissues and organs. All these functions are regulated through the interaction between stem cells and the microenvironment in the tissue cell niches that control these processes through direct cell-cell interactions, production of the extracellular matrix, release of extracellular vesicles, and secretion of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and proteases. One of the most important proteolytic systems involved in the regulation of cell migration and proliferation is the urokinase system represented by the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA, urokinase), its receptor (uPAR), and inhibitors. This review addresses the issues of urokinase system involvement in the regulation of stem cell niches in various tissues and analyzes the possible effects of this system on the signaling pathways responsible for the proliferation, programmed cell death, phenotype modulation, and migration properties of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. V. Dergilev
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15a, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - V. V. Stepanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - I. B. Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15a, Moscow, 121552, Russia
- Laboratory of Post-Genomic Technologies in Medicine, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Ave., 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Z. I. Tsokolayev
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15a, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - E. V. Parfenova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15a, Moscow, 121552, Russia
- Laboratory of Post-Genomic Technologies in Medicine, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Ave., 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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15
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Periasamy R, Elshaer SL, Gangaraju R. CD140b (PDGFRβ) signaling in adipose-derived stem cells mediates angiogenic behavior of retinal endothelial cells. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 5:1-9. [PMID: 30976657 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells that have functional and phenotypic overlap with pericytes lining microvessels in adipose tissue. The role of CD140b [platelet-derived growth factor receptor- β (PDGFR-β)], a constitutive marker expressed by ASCs, in the angiogenic behavior of human retinal endothelial cells (HREs) is not known. CD140b was knocked down in ASCs using targeted siRNA and lipofectamine transfection protocol. Both CD140b+ and CD140b- ASCs were tested for their proliferation (WST-1 reagent), adhesion (laminin-1 coated plates), and migration (wound-scratch assay). Angiogenic effect of CD140b+ and CD140b- ASCs on HREs was examined by co-culturing ASCs:HREs in 12:1 ratio for 6 days followed by visualization of vascular network by Isolectin B4 staining. The RayBio® Membrane-Based Antibody Array was used to assess differences in human cytokines released by CD140b+ or CD140b- ASCs. Knockdown of CD140b in ASCs resulted in a significant 50% decrease in proliferation rate, 25% decrease in adhesion ability to Laminin-1, and 50% decrease in migration rate, as compared to CD140b+ ASCs. Direct contact of ASCs expressing CD140b+ with HREs resulted in robust vascular network formation that was significantly reduced with using CD140b- ASCs. Of the 80 proteins tested, 45 proteins remained unchanged (>0.5-<1.5 fold), 6 proteins including IL-10 downregulated (<0.5 fold) and 29 proteins including IL-16 & TNF-β were upregulated (>1.5 fold) in CD140b- ASCs compared to CD140b+ ASCs. Our data demonstrate a substantial role for CD140b in the intrinsic abilities of ASCs and their angiogenic influence on HREs. Future studies are needed to fully explore the signaling of CD140b in ASCs in vivo for retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Periasamy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, 38163. USA
| | - Sally L Elshaer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, 38163. USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, 38163. USA.,Anatomy and neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, 38163. USA
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16
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Brown S, Matta A, Erwin M, Roberts S, Gruber HE, Hanley EN, Little CB, Melrose J. Cell Clusters Are Indicative of Stem Cell Activity in the Degenerate Intervertebral Disc: Can Their Properties Be Manipulated to Improve Intrinsic Repair of the Disc? Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:147-165. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Brown
- Spinal Studies and ISTM (Keele University), Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay Matta
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark Erwin
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sally Roberts
- Spinal Studies and ISTM (Keele University), Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Edward N. Hanley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Christopher B. Little
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney. Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney. Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Kugaevskaya E, Gureeva T, Timoshenko O, Solovyeva N. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system and its role in tumor progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 64:472-486. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186406472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the multistage process of carcinogenesis, the key link in the growth and progression of the tumor is the invasion of malignant cells into normal tissue and their distribution and the degree of destruction of tissues. The most important role in the development of these processes is played by the system of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA system), which consists of several components: serine proteinase – uPA, its receptor – uPAR and its two endogenous inhibitors – PAI-1 and PAI-2. The components of the uPA system are expressed by cancer cells to a greater extent than normal tissue cells. uPA converts plasminogen into broad spectrum, polyfunctional protease plasmin, which, in addition to the regulation of fibrinolysis, can hydrolyze a number of components of the connective tissue matrix (СTM), as well as activate the zymogens of secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMР) – pro-MMР. MMРs together can hydrolyze all the main components of the СTM, and thus play a key role in the development of invasive processes, as well as to perform regulatory functions by activating and releasing from STM a number of biologically active molecules that are involved in the regulation of the main processes of carcinogenesis. The uPA system promotes tumor progression not only through the proteolytic cascade, but also through uPAR, PAI-1 and PAI-2, which are involved in both the regulation of uPA/uPAR activity and are involved in proliferation, apoptosis, chemotaxis, adhesion, migration and activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways. All of the above processes are aimed at regulating invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. The components of the uPA system are used as prognostic and diagnostic markers of many cancers, as well as serve as targets for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T.A. Gureeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Merino P, Diaz A, Yepes M. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) promote neurorepair in the ischemic brain. RECEPTORS & CLINICAL INVESTIGATION 2017; 4:e1552. [PMID: 28804736 PMCID: PMC5553903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that ischemic stroke has been considered a leading cause of mortality in the world, recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the ischemic injury and the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients have led to a sharp decrease in the number of stroke deaths. However, this decrease in stroke mortality has also led to an increase in the number of patients that survive the acute ischemic injury with different degrees of disability. Unfortunately, to this date we do not have an effective therapeutic strategy to promote neurological recovery in these growing population of stroke survivors. Cerebral ischemia not only causes the destruction of a large number of axons and synapses but also activates endogenous mechanisms that promote the recovery of those neurons that survive its harmful effects. Here we review experimental evidence indicating that one of these mechanisms of repair is the binding of the serine proteinase urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor (uPAR) in the growth cones of injured axons. Indeed, the binding of uPA to uPAR in the periphery of growth cones of injured axons induces the recruitment of β1-integrin to the plasma membrane, β1-integrin-mediated activation of the small Rho GTPase Rac1, and Rac1-induced axonal regeneration. Furthermore, we found that this process is modulated by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1). The data reviewed here indicate that the uPA-uPAR-LRP1 system is a potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies to promote neurological recovery in acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Merino
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA,Division of Neurosciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Ariel Diaz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA,Division of Neurosciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA,Division of Neurosciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA,Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA
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19
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Shah K. Stem cell-based therapies for tumors in the brain: are we there yet? Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1066-78. [PMID: 27282399 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding adult stem cell biology have facilitated the development of novel cell-based therapies for cancer. Recent developments in conventional therapies (eg, tumor resection techniques, chemotherapy strategies, and radiation therapy) for treating both metastatic and primary tumors in the brain, particularly glioblastoma have not resulted in a marked increase in patient survival. Preclinical studies have shown that multiple stem cell types exhibit inherent tropism and migrate to the sites of malignancy. Recent studies have validated the feasibility potential of using engineered stem cells as therapeutic agents to target and eliminate malignant tumor cells in the brain. This review will discuss the recent progress in the therapeutic potential of stem cells for tumors in the brain and also provide perspectives for future preclinical studies and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shah
- Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.); Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S.)
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