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Yun WS, Cho H, Jeon SI, Lim DK, Kim K. Fluorescence-Based Mono- and Multimodal Imaging for In Vivo Tracking of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1787. [PMID: 38136656 PMCID: PMC10742164 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement of stem cell therapy has offered transformative therapeutic outcomes for a wide array of diseases over the past decades. Consequently, stem cell tracking has become significant in revealing the mechanisms of action and ensuring safe and effective treatments. Fluorescence stands out as a promising choice for stem cell tracking due to its myriad advantages, including high resolution, real-time monitoring, and multi-fluorescence detection. Furthermore, combining fluorescence with other tracking modalities-such as bioluminescence imaging (BLI), positron emission tomography (PET), photoacoustic (PA), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR)-can address the limitations of single fluorescence detection. This review initially introduces stem cell tracking using fluorescence imaging, detailing various labeling strategies such as green fluorescence protein (GFP) tagging, fluorescence dye labeling, and nanoparticle uptake. Subsequently, we present several combinations of strategies for efficient and precise detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Su Yun
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (W.S.Y.); (D.-K.L.)
| | - Hanhee Cho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.I.J.)
| | - Seong Ik Jeon
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.I.J.)
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (W.S.Y.); (D.-K.L.)
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.I.J.)
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2
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Yilmaz A, Aydin T, Varol R. Virtual staining for pixel-wise and quantitative analysis of single cell images. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19178. [PMID: 37932315 PMCID: PMC10628122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocytochemical staining of microorganisms and cells has long been a popular method for examining their specific subcellular structures in greater detail. Recently, generative networks have emerged as an alternative to traditional immunostaining techniques. These networks infer fluorescence signatures from various imaging modalities and then virtually apply staining to the images in a digital environment. In numerous studies, virtual staining models have been trained on histopathology slides or intricate subcellular structures to enhance their accuracy and applicability. Despite the advancements in virtual staining technology, utilizing this method for quantitative analysis of microscopic images still poses a significant challenge. To address this issue, we propose a straightforward and automated approach for pixel-wise image-to-image translation. Our primary objective in this research is to leverage advanced virtual staining techniques to accurately measure the DNA fragmentation index in unstained sperm images. This not only offers a non-invasive approach to gauging sperm quality, but also paves the way for streamlined and efficient analyses without the constraints and potential biases introduced by traditional staining processes. This novel approach takes into account the limitations of conventional techniques and incorporates improvements to bolster the reliability of the virtual staining process. To further refine the results, we discuss various denoising techniques that can be employed to reduce the impact of background noise on the digital images. Additionally, we present a pixel-wise image matching algorithm designed to minimize the error caused by background noise and to prevent the introduction of bias into the analysis. By combining these approaches, we aim to develop a more effective and reliable method for quantitative analysis of virtually stained microscopic images, ultimately enhancing the study of microorganisms and cells at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahim Yilmaz
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany
- Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Tuelay Aydin
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany
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3
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Tan Kwan Zen N, Zeming KK, Teo KL, Loberas M, Lee J, Goh CR, Yang DH, Oh S, Hui Hoi Po J, Cool SM, Hou HW, Han J. Scalable mesenchymal stem cell enrichment from bone marrow aspirate using deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) microfluidic sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4313-4323. [PMID: 37702123 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in regenerative medicine has opened new avenues for novel cell therapies using stem cells. Bone marrow aspirate (BMA) is an important source of stromal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Conventional MSC harvesting from BMA relies on archaic centrifugation methods, often leading to poor yield due to osmotic stress, high centrifugation force, convoluted workflow, and long experimental time (∼2-3 hours). To address these issues, we have developed a scalable microfluidic technology based on deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) for MSC isolation. This passive, label-free cell sorting method capitalizes on the morphological differences between MSCs and blood cells (platelets and RBCs) for effective separation using an inverted L-shaped pillar array. To improve throughput, we developed a novel multi-chip DLD system that can process 2.5 mL of raw BMA in 20 ± 5 minutes, achieving a 2-fold increase in MSC recovery compared to centrifugation methods. Taken together, we envision that the developed DLD platform will enable fast and efficient isolation of MSCs from BMA for effective downstream cell therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tan Kwan Zen
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kerwin Kwek Zeming
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
| | - Kim Leng Teo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138668, Singapore
| | - Mavis Loberas
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 119288, Singapore
| | - Jialing Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138668, Singapore
| | - Chin Ren Goh
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
| | - Da Hou Yang
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138668, Singapore
| | - James Hui Hoi Po
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 119288, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 119288, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138668, Singapore
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Han Wei Hou
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 138602, Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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4
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Andrzejewska A, Grzela R, Stankiewicz-Drogon A, Rogujski P, Nagaraj S, Darzynkiewicz E, Lukomska B, Janowski M. Mesenchymal stem cell engineering by ARCA analog-capped mRNA. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:454-468. [PMID: 37588684 PMCID: PMC10425852 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously have shown that mRNA-based engineering may enhance mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) trafficking. However, optimal conditions for in vitro mRNA engineering of MSCs are unknown. Here, we investigated several independent variables: (1) transfection factor (Lipofectamine 2000 vs. TransIT), (2) mRNA purification method (spin column vs. high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] column), and (3) mRNA capping (ARCA vs. β-S-ARCA D1 and β-S-ARCA D2). Dependent variables included protein production based on mRNA template (measured by the bioluminescence of reporter gene luciferase over hours), MSC metabolic activity corresponding with their wellbeing measured by CCK-8 over days, and endogenous expression of genes by RT-qPCR related to innate intracellular immune response and decapping at two time points: days 2 and 5. We have found that Lipofectamine 2000 outperforms TransIT, and used it throughout the study. Then, we showed that mRNA must be purified by HPLC to be relatively neutral to MSCs in terms of metabolic activity and endogenous protein production. Ultimately, we demonstrated that β-S-ARCA D1 enables higher protein production but at the cost of lower MSC metabolic activity, with no impact on RT-qPCR results. Thus Lipofectamine 2000-based in vitro transfection of HPLC-purified and ARCA- or β-S-ARCA D1-capped mRNA is optimal for MSC engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Renata Grzela
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stankiewicz-Drogon
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rogujski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Siranjeevi Nagaraj
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edward Darzynkiewicz
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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5
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Schröder HM, Niebergall-Roth E, Norrick A, Esterlechner J, Ganss C, Frank MH, Kluth MA. Drug Regulatory-Compliant Validation of a qPCR Assay for Bioanalysis Studies of a Cell Therapy Product with a Special Focus on Matrix Interferences in a Wide Range of Organ Tissues. Cells 2023; 12:1788. [PMID: 37443822 PMCID: PMC10340683 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has emerged as an important bioanalytical method for assessing the pharmacokinetics of human-cell-based medicinal products after xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice. A particular challenge in bioanalytical qPCR studies is that the different tissues of the host organism can affect amplification efficiency and amplicon detection to varying degrees, and ignoring these matrix effects can easily cause a significant underestimation of the true number of target cells in a sample. Here, we describe the development and drug regulatory-compliant validation of a TaqMan® qPCR assay for the quantification of mesenchymal stromal cells in the range of 125 to 20,000 cells/200 µL lysate via the amplification of a human-specific, highly repetitive α-satellite DNA sequence of the chromosome 17 centromere region HSSATA17. An assessment of matrix effects in 14 different mouse tissues and blood revealed a wide range of spike recovery rates across the different tissue types, from 11 to 174%. Based on these observations, we propose performing systematic spike-and-recovery experiments during assay validation and correcting for the effects of the different tissue matrices on cell quantification in subsequent bioanalytical studies by multiplying the back-calculated cell number by tissue-specific factors derived from the inverse of the validated percent recovery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Markus H. Frank
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia
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6
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Dynamic MRI of the Mesenchymal Stem Cells Distribution during Intravenous Transplantation in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020288. [PMID: 36836645 PMCID: PMC9962901 DOI: 10.3390/life13020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising approach for the treatment of ischemia-associated disorders, including stroke. However, exact mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects are still debated. In this respect, studies of the transplanted cells distribution and homing are indispensable. We proposed an MRI protocol which allowed us to estimate the dynamic distribution of single superparamagnetic iron oxide labeled MSCs in live ischemic rat brain during intravenous transplantation after the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Additionally, we evaluated therapeutic efficacy of cell therapy in this rat stroke model. According to the dynamic MRI data, limited numbers of MSCs accumulated diffusely in the brain vessels starting at the 7th minute from the onset of infusion, reached its maximum by 29 min, and gradually eliminated from cerebral circulation during 24 h. Despite low numbers of cells entering brain blood flow and their short-term engraftment, MSCs transplantation induced long lasting improvement of the neurological deficit, but without acceleration of the stroke volume reduction compared to the control animals during 14 post-transplantation days. Taken together, these findings indicate that MSCs convey their positive action by triggering certain paracrine mechanisms or cell-cell interactions or invoking direct long-lasting effects on brain vessels.
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7
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Liang Z, Zhang G, Gan G, Naren D, Liu X, Liu H, Mo J, Lu S, Nie D, Ma L. Preclinical Short-term and Long-term Safety of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231213271. [PMID: 38059278 PMCID: PMC10704945 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231213271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a promising therapeutic method. More safety data are needed to support clinical studies in more diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term safety of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBMMSCs) in mice. In the present study, we injected control (saline infusion only), low (1.0 × 106/kg), medium (1.0 × 107/kg), and high (1.0 × 108/kg) concentrations of hBMMSCs into BALB/c mice. The safety of the treatment was evaluated by observing changes in the general condition, hematology, biochemical indices, pathology of vital organs, lymphocyte subsets, and immune factor levels on days 14 and 150. In the short-term toxicity test, no significant abnormalities were observed in the hematological and biochemical parameters between the groups injected with hBMMSCs, and no significant damage was observed in the major organs, such as the liver and lung. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the toxicity-related parameters among the groups in the long-term toxicity test. Our study also demonstrates that mice infused with different doses of hBMMSCs do not show abnormal immune responses in either short-term or long-term experiments. We confirmed that hBMMSCs are safe through a 150-day study, demonstrating that this is a safe and promising therapy and offering preliminary safety evidence to promote future clinical applications of hBMMSCs in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Liang
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - GuangTing Gan
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Duolan Naren
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Mo
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqin Lu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danian Nie
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Ma
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Večerić-Haler Ž, Kojc N, Wechtersbach K, Perše M, Erman A. Cobalt Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tracing Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue: A Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158738. [PMID: 35955869 PMCID: PMC9368918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is promising in many diseases. Evaluation of their efficacy depends on adequate follow-up of MSCs after transplantation. Several studies have shown that MSCs can be labeled and subsequently visualized with magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). We investigated the homing of MSCs labeled with magnetic cobalt ferrite NPs in experimentally induced acute kidney injury in mice. To explore the homing of MSCs after systemic infusion into mice, we developed a pre-infusion strategy for optimal tracing and identification of MSCs with polyacrylic acid-coated cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) NPs by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in various organs of mice with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury and control mice. By correlative microscopy, we detected MSCs labeled with NPs in the lungs, spleen, kidney, and intestine of cisplatin-treated mice and in the lungs and spleen of control mice. Our results confirm that labeling MSCs with metal NPs did not affect the ultrastructure of MSCs and their ability to settle in various organs. This study demonstrates the usefulness of cobalt ferrite NPs in ex vivo visualization of MSCs and offers correlative microscopy as a useful method in routine histopathology laboratories for tracing MSCs in paraffin-embedded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Večerić-Haler
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nika Kojc
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karmen Wechtersbach
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Perše
- Medical Experimental Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Erman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-543-7684
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9
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Abu-El-Rub E, Khasawneh RR, Almahasneh F. Prodigious therapeutic effects of combining mesenchymal stem cells with magnetic nanoparticles. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:513-526. [PMID: 36157526 PMCID: PMC9350622 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i7.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained wide-ranging reputation in the medical research community due to their promising regenerative abilities. MSCs can be isolated from various resources mostly bone marrow, Adipose tissues and Umbilical cord. Huge advances have been achieved in comprehending the possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic functions of MSCs. Despite the proven role of MSCs in repairing and healing of many disease modalities, many hurdles hinder the transferring of these cells in the clinical settings. Among the most reported problems encountering MSCs therapy in vivo are loss of tracking signal post-transplantation, insufficient migration, homing and engraftment post-infusion, and undesirable differentiation at the site of injury. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used widely for various biomedical applications. MNPs have a metallic core stabilized by an outer coating material and their magnetic properties can be modulated by an external magnetic field. These magnetic properties of MNPs were found to enhance the quality of diagnostic imaging procedures and can be used to create a carrying system for targeted delivery of therapeutic substances mainly drug, genes and stem cells. Several studies highlighted the advantageous outcomes of combining MSCs with MNPs in potentiating their tracking, monitoring, homing, engraftment and differentiation. In this review, we will discuss the role of MNPs in promoting the therapeutic profile of MSCs which may improve the success rate of MSCs transplantation and solve many challenges that delay their clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ramada R Khasawneh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Fatimah Almahasneh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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10
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Tayebi B, Babaahmadi M, Pakzad M, Hajinasrollah M, Mostafaei F, Jahangiri S, Kamali A, Baharvand H, Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Hassani SN, Hajizadeh-Saffar E. Standard toxicity study of clinical-grade allogeneic human bone marrow-derived clonal mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:213. [PMID: 35619148 PMCID: PMC9137136 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have opened a new window to treat inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases. Nonetheless, their clinical applications require rigorous control and monitoring procedures to ensure full compliance with the principles of good manufacturing practice (GMP). Various evaluations should be passed in conjunction with the development of these newly emerging therapeutic products from bench-to-bedside. These evaluations include in vitro characterization, preclinical studies, and clinical trials to ensure product safety and efficacy. Therefore, a robust and well-designed preclinical study is critical to confirm product safety. This study aims to determine the probable toxicity effects of local and systemic injections of cryopreserved human bone marrow-derived clonal MSCs (BM-cMSCs) during subacute and subchronic periods of time. METHODS BM-cMSCs were characterized according to the International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy (ISCT) criteria for MSCs. Both safety and toxicity of the BM-cMSCs population produced under GMP-compatible conditions were assessed in both sexes of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats via systemic intravenous (IV) administration and local injection in intervertebral disc (IVD). Behavioral changes, clinical signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight, water and food consumption were the important variables for product toxicity testing over 14 consecutive days during the subacute period and 90 consecutive days during the subchronic period. At the end of the assessment periods, the rats were killed for histopathology analysis of the target tissues. The BM-cMSCs potential for tumorigenicity was checked in nude mice. RESULTS Single IV and IVD injections of BM-cMSCs did not cause significant signs of clinical toxicity, or changes in laboratory and histopathology data during the subacute (14 day) and subchronic (90 day) periods. Ex vivo-expanded and cryopreserved BM-cMSCs did not induce tumor formation in nude mice. CONCLUSION The results suggest that local and systemic administrations of xenogeneic BM-cMSCs in both sexes of SD rats do not cause toxicity during the subacute and subchronic periods of time. Also, BM-cMSCs were non-tumorigenic in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoosh Tayebi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Babaahmadi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pakzad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hajinasrollah
- Animal Core Facility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Mostafaei
- Animal Core Facility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrbanoo Jahangiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit regenerative and reparative properties. However, most MSC-related studies remain to be translated for regular clinical usage, partly due to challenges in pre-transplantation cell labelling and post-transplantation cell tracking. Amidst this, there are growing concerns over the toxicity of commonly used gadolinium-based contrast agents that mediate in-vivo cell detection via MRI. This urges to search for equally effective but less toxic alternatives that would facilitate and enhance MSC detection post-administration and provide therapeutic benefits in-vivo. MSCs labelled with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have shown promising results in-vitro and in-vivo. Thus, it would be useful to revisit these studies before inventing new labelling approaches. Aiming to inform regenerative medicine and augment clinical applications of IONP-labelled MSCs, this review collates and critically evaluates the utility of IONPs in enhancing MSC detection and therapeutics. It explains the rationale, principle, and advantages of labelling MSCs with IONPs, and describes IONP-induced intracellular alterations and consequent cellular manifestations. By exemplifying clinical pathologies, it examines contextual in-vitro, animal, and clinical studies that used IONP-labelled bone marrow-, umbilical cord-, adipose tissue- and dental pulp-derived MSCs. It compiles and discusses studies involving MSC-labelling of IONPs in combinations with carbohydrates (Venofer, ferumoxytol, dextran, glucosamine), non-carbohydrate polymers [poly(L-lysine), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(L-lactide), polydopamine], elements (ruthenium, selenium, gold, zinc), compounds/stains (silica, polyethylene glycol, fluorophore, rhodamine B, DAPI, Prussian blue), DNA, Fibroblast growth Factor-2 and the drug doxorubicin. Furthermore, IONP-labelling of MSC exosomes is reviewed. Also, limitations of IONP-labelling are addressed and methods of tackling those challenges are suggested.
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Kasiviswanathan U, Balavigneswaran CK, Kumar C, Poddar S, Jit S, Sharma N, Mahto SK. Aluminium Oxide Thin-Film Based In Vitro Cell-Substrate Sensing Device for Monitoring Proliferation of Myoblast Cells. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 20:331-337. [PMID: 33755569 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3068318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate cell-substrate interaction on aluminium oxide thin-film in metal-insulator-metal structure followed by the change in dielectric characteristics of Al2O3 as a function of progression of cellular growth. The theoretical calculation of the fabricated biosensor reveals that the changes in the intrinsic elemental parameters are mainly attributed to the cell-induced behavioural changes.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Do Not Lose Direct Labels Including Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and DFO- 89Zr Chelates through Secretion of Extracellular Vesicles. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070484. [PMID: 34209565 PMCID: PMC8305565 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly ageing populations are beset by tissue wear and damage. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is considered a solution. Years of research point to two important aspects: (1) the use of cellular imaging to achieve sufficient precision of therapeutic intervention, and the fact that (2) many therapeutic actions are executed through extracellular vesicles (EV), released by stem cells. Therefore, there is an urgent need to interrogate cellular labels in the context of EV release. We studied clinically applicable cellular labels: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION), and radionuclide detectable by two main imaging modalities: MRI and PET. We have demonstrated effective stem cell labeling using both labels. Then, we obtained EVs from cell cultures and tested for the presence of cellular labels. We did not find either magnetic or radioactive labels in EVs. Therefore, we report that stem cells do not lose labels in released EVs, which indicates the reliability of stem cell magnetic and radioactive labeling, and that there is no interference of labels with EV content. In conclusion, we observed that direct cellular labeling seems to be an attractive approach to monitoring stem cell delivery, and that, importantly, labels neither locate in EVs nor affect their basic properties.
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14
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Andrzejewska A, Dabrowska S, Lukomska B, Janowski M. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Neurological Disorders. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002944. [PMID: 33854883 PMCID: PMC8024997 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are becoming a growing burden as society ages, and there is a compelling need to address this spiraling problem. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is becoming an increasingly attractive approach to designing therapies for such disorders. The unique characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make them among the most sought after cell sources. Researchers have extensively studied the modulatory properties of MSCs and their engineering, labeling, and delivery methods to the brain. The first part of this review provides an overview of studies on the application of MSCs to various neurological diseases, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other less frequently studied clinical entities. In the second part, stem cell delivery to the brain is focused. This fundamental but still understudied problem needs to be overcome to apply stem cells to brain diseases successfully. Here the value of cell engineering is also emphasized to facilitate MSC diapedesis, migration, and homing to brain areas affected by the disease to implement precision medicine paradigms into stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair DepartmentMossakowski Medical Research CentrePASWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Sylwia Dabrowska
- NeuroRepair DepartmentMossakowski Medical Research CentrePASWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair DepartmentMossakowski Medical Research CentrePASWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair DepartmentMossakowski Medical Research CentrePASWarsaw02‐106Poland
- Center for Advanced Imaging ResearchDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201‐1595USA
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy ProgramUniversity of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201‐1595USA
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15
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Andrzejewska A, Dabrowska S, Nowak B, Walczak P, Lukomska B, Janowski M. Mesenchymal stem cells injected into carotid artery to target focal brain injury home to perivascular space. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:6615-6628. [PMID: 32550893 PMCID: PMC7295043 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The groundbreaking discovery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with their multifaceted benefits led to their widespread application in experimental medicine, including neurology. Efficient delivery of MSCs to damaged regions of the central nervous system may be a critical factor in determining outcome. Integrin VLA-4 (α4β1) coded by ITGA4 and ITGB1 genes is an adhesion molecule expressed by leukocytes, which is responsible for initiation of their diapedesis through cell docking to the inflamed vessel wall expressing VCAM1 receptor. This function of VLA-4 has been recapitulated in neural stem cells and glial progenitors. Thus, it was prudent to investigate this tool as a vehicle driving extravasation of MSCs. Since MSCs naturally express ITGB1 subunit, we decided to supplement them with ITGA4 only. The purpose of our current study is to investigate the eventual fate of IA delivered ITGA4 engineered and naive MSCs. Methods: mRNA-ITGA4 transfected and naive MSCs were injected to right internal carotid artery of rats with focal brain injury. Through next three days MSC presence in animals' brain was navigated by magnetic resonance imaging. Transplanted cell location relative to the brain blood vessels and host immunological reaction were analyzed post-mortem by immunohistochemistry. The chemotaxis of modified and naive MSCs was additionally examined in in vitro transwell migration assay. Results: Both naïve and ITGA4-overexpressing cells remained inside the vascular lumen over the first two days after IA infusion. On the third day, 39% of mRNA-ITGA4 modified and 51% naïve MSCs homed to perivascular space in the injury region (p=NS). The gradual decrease of both naive and mRNA-ITGA4 transfected hBM-MSCs in the rat brain was observed. mRNA-ITGA4 transfected MSCs appeared to be more vulnerable to phagocytosis than naïve cells. Moreover, in vitro study revealed that homogenate from the injured brain repels migration of MSCs, corroborating the incomplete extravasation observed in vivo. Conclusions: In summary, IA transplanted MSCs are capable of homing to the perivascular space, an integral part of neurovascular unit, which might contribute to the replacement of injured pericytes, a critical element facilitating restoration of CNS function. The mRNA-ITGA4 transfection improves cell docking to vessel but this net benefit vanishes over the next two days due to fast clearance from cerebral vessels of the majority of transplanted cells, regardless of their engineering status. The drawbacks of mRNA-ITGA4 transfection become apparent on day 3 post transplantation due to the lower survival and higher vulnerability to host immune attack.
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16
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de Munter JPJM, Shafarevich I, Liundup A, Pavlov D, Wolters EC, Gorlova A, Veniaminova E, Umriukhin A, Kalueff A, Svistunov A, Kramer BW, Lesch KP, Strekalova T. Neuro-Cells therapy improves motor outcomes and suppresses inflammation during experimental syndrome of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:504-517. [PMID: 31867846 PMCID: PMC7163689 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Mutations in DNA/RNA‐binding factor (fused‐in‐sarcoma) FUS and superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD‐1) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). They were reproduced in SOD‐1‐G93A (SOD‐1) and new FUS[1‐359]‐transgenic (FUS‐tg) mice, where inflammation contributes to disease progression. The effects of standard disease therapy and anti‐inflammatory treatments were investigated using these mutants. Methods FUS‐tg mice or controls received either vehicle, or standard ALS treatment riluzole (8 mg/kg/day), or anti‐inflammatory drug a selective blocker of cyclooxygenase‐2 celecoxib (30 mg/kg/day) for six weeks, or a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of Neuro‐Cells (a preparation of 1.39 × 106 mesenchymal and hemopoietic human stem cells, containing 5 × 105 of CD34+ cells), which showed anti‐inflammatory properties. SOD‐1 mice received i.c.v.‐administration of Neuro‐Cells or vehicle. Results All FUS‐tg‐treated animals displayed less marked reductions in weight gain, food/water intake, and motor deficits than FUS‐tg‐vehicle‐treated mice. Neuro‐Cell‐treated mutants had reduced muscle atrophy and lumbar motor neuron degeneration. This group but not celecoxib‐FUS‐tg‐treated mice had ameliorated motor performance and lumbar expression of microglial activation marker, ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule‐1 (Iba‐1), and glycogen‐synthase‐kinase‐3ß (GSK‐3ß). The Neuro‐Cells‐treated‐SOD‐1 mice showed better motor functions than vehicle‐treated‐SOD‐1 group. Conclusion The neuropathology in FUS‐tg mice is sensitive to standard ALS treatments and Neuro‐Cells infusion. The latter improves motor outcomes in two ALS models possibly by suppressing microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P J M de Munter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Shafarevich
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Liundup
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Pavlov
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cognitive Dysfunctions, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Erik Ch Wolters
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Gorlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Veniaminova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei Umriukhin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan Kalueff
- Faculty of Biology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andrei Svistunov
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (MUCM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cognitive Dysfunctions, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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