Transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to treat premature ovarian failure

Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in premature ovarian failure: an up-to-date meta-analysis of animal studies

BACKGROUND

There has been a significant surge in animal studies of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) therapy for the treatment of premature ovarian failure (POF) but its efficacy remains unknown and a comprehensive and up-to-date meta-analysis is lacking. Before clinical translation, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the overall impact of stem cell-derived EVs on POF.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science were searched up to February 18, 2024. The risk of bias was evaluated according to Cochrane Handbook criteria, while quality of evidence was assessed using the SYRCLE system. The PRISMA guidance was followed. Trial sequential analysis was conducted to assess outcomes, and sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis were performed using Stata 14.

RESULTS

Data from 25 studies involving 339 animals were extracted and analyzed. The analysis revealed significant findings: stem cell-derived EVs increase ovary weight (SMD = 3.88; 95% CI: 2.50 ~ 5.25; P < 0.00001; I2 = 70%), pregnancy rate (RR = 3.88; 95% CI: 1.94 ~ 7.79; P = 0.0001; I2 = 0%), count of births (SMD = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.31 ~ 3.04; P < 0.00001; I2 = 69%) and counts of different types of follicles. In addition, it elevates the level of AMH (SMD = 4.15; 95% CI: 2.75 ~ 5.54; P < 0.00001; I2 = 88%) and E2 (SMD = 2.88; 95% CI: 2.02 ~ 3.73; P < 0.00001; I2 = 80%) expression, while reducing FSH expression (SMD = -5.05; 95% CI: -6.60 ~ -3.50; P < 0.00001; I2 = 90%). Subgroup analysis indicates that the source of EVs, animal species, modeling method, administration route, and test timepoint affected efficacy. Trial sequential analysis showed that there was sufficient evidence to confirm the effects of stem cell-derived EVs on birth counts, ovarian weights, and follicle counts. However, the impact of stem cell-derived EVs on pregnancy rates needs to be further demonstrated through more animal experimental evidence.

CONCLUSIONS

Stem cell-derived EVs demonstrate safety and efficacy in treating POF animal models, with potential improvements in fertility outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024509699.

Stem cell-based therapeutic potential in female ovarian aging and infertility

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as onset of menopause characterized by amenorrhea, hypergonadotropism, and hypoestrogenism, before the age of 40 years. The POI is increasing, which seriously affects the quality of patients' life. Due to its diversity of pathogenic factors, complex pathogenesis and limited treatment methods, the search for finding effective treatment of POI has become a hotspot. Stem cells are characterized by the ability of self-renewal and differentiation and play an important role in the regeneration of injured tissues, which is therapy is expected to be used in the treatment of POI. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms and the research progress of POI treatment with stem cells from different sources.

Identification of energy metabolism anomalies and serum biomarkers in the progression of premature ovarian failure via extracellular vesicles' proteomic and metabolomic profiles

BACKGROUND

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a clinical condition characterized by the cessation of ovarian function, leading to infertility. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, and no predictable biomarkers have been identified. This study aimed to investigate the protein and metabolite contents of serum extracellular vesicles to investigate underlying molecular mechanisms and explore potential biomarkers.

METHODS

This study was conducted on a cohort consisting of 14 POF patients and 16 healthy controls. The extracellular vesicles extracted from the serum of each group were subjected to label-free proteomic and unbiased metabolomic analysis. Differentially expressed proteins and metabolites were annotated. Pathway network clustering was conducted with further correlation analysis. The biomarkers were confirmed by ROC analysis and random forest machine learning.

RESULTS

The proteomic and metabolomic profiles of POF patients and healthy controls were compared. Two subgroups of POF patients, Pre-POF and Pro-POF, were identified based on the proteomic profile, while all patients displayed a distinguishable metabolomic profile. Proteomic analysis suggested that inflammation serves as an early factor contributing to the infertility of POF patients. For the metabolomic analysis, despite the dysfunction of metabolism, oxidative stress and hormone imbalance were other key factors appearing in POF patients. Signaling pathway clustering of proteomic and metabolomic profiles revealed the progression of dysfunctional energy metabolism during the development of POF. Moreover, correlation analysis identified that differentially expressed proteins and metabolites were highly associated, with six of them being selected as potential biomarkers. ROC curve analysis, together with random forest machine learning, suggested that AFM combined with 2-oxoarginine was the best diagnostic biomarker for POF.

CONCLUSIONS

Omics analysis revealed that inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormone imbalance are factors that damage ovarian tissue, but the progressive dysfunction of energy metabolism might be the critical pathogenic pathway contributing to the development of POF. AFM combined with 2-oxoarginine serves as a precise biomarker for clinical POF diagnosis.

Dental pulp stem cells regenerate neural tissue in degenerative disorders and stroke rehabilitation: A scope systematic review

Background

Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) possess a remarkable ability for tissue differentiation, making them highly efficient in tissue regeneration and inflammation regulation. This systematic study proposes to find an answer to the question, "Do DPSCs have the ability to regenerate and rehabilitate nerve tissue?"

Methods

This systematic review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, and the principle of non-bias was respected. All the articles from 2014 to 2024 were extracted from the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases. This study extracted the antigens and pro-inflammatory factors associated with DPSCs' involvement and how they affect the CNS's neural tissue regeneration.

Results

Two persons of researchers searched the database. After screening the full texts, they included 11 articles in their study. DPSCs control the following antigens: CD73, CD34, CD90, CD105, CD14, CD45, CD19Oct-4, CD73, CD31, CD34CD29CD44. Even though hematopoietic markers did not change much, OCT-4 and CD-73 were increased by DPSCs. DPSC-derived exosomes suppressed the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF, key mediators of nerve tissue inflammation. Additionally, DPSCs show high Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression in mice brain tissue cultures. DPSCs reduce Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH), a condition in which blood collects in the subarachnoid space and causes ischemia.

Discussion

DPSCs showed the ability to regenerate nerve tissue and brain ganglia, stimulating angiogenesis by expressing cell markers and controlling growth factors in mice, and high therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders. The present study invites further research in neurological disorders, specifically strokes, to prescribe these stem cells to the human population.

Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of hUCMSC-Derived EVs in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration through MALAT1/miR-138-5p/SLC7A11 Coexpression Regulation

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a prevalent chronic condition causing spinal pain and functional impairment. This study investigates the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) in regulating IVDD. Using RNA-seq, we analyzed differential expressions of lncRNA and miRNA in nucleus pulposus tissues from various mouse groups. We identified key regulatory molecules, MALAT1 and miRNA-138-5p, which contribute to IVDD. Further experiments demonstrated that MALAT1 can up-regulate SLC7A11 expression by competitively binding to miR-138-5p, forming a MALAT1/miR-138-5p/SLC7A11 coexpression regulatory network. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which hUCMSC-derived EVs regulate IVDD and could help develop novel therapeutic strategies for treating this condition. Our findings demonstrate that hUCMSCs-EVs inhibit ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells, thereby improving IVDD. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of hUCMSCs-EVs in ameliorating the development of IVDD, offering significant scientific and clinical implications for new treatments.

Discovery and evaluation of novel spiroheterocyclic protective agents via a SIRT1 upregulation mechanism in cisplatin-induced premature ovarian failure

Currently, no effective treatment exists for premature ovarian failure (POF). To obtain compounds with protective effects against POF, we aimed to design and synthesize a series of spiroheterocyclic protective agents with a focus on minimizing toxicity while enhancing their protective effect against cisplatin-induced POF. This was achieved through systematic modifications of Michael receptors and linkers within the molecular structure of 1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one analogs. To assess the cytotoxicity and activity of these compounds, we constructed quantitative conformational relationship models using an artificial intelligence random forest algorithm, resulting in R2 values exceeding 0.87. Among these compounds, j2 exhibited optimal protective activity. It significantly increased the survival of cisplatin-injured ovarian granulosa KGN cells, improved post-injury cell morphology, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced cellular estradiol (E2) levels. Subsequent investigations revealed that j2 may exert its protective effect via a novel mechanism involving the activation of the SIRT1/AKT signal pathway. Furthermore, in cisplatin-injured POF in rats, j2 was effective in increasing body, ovarian, and uterine weights, elevating the number of follicles at all levels in the ovary, improving ovarian and uterine structures, and increasing serum E2 levels in rats with cisplatin-injured POF. In conclusion, this study introduces a promising compound j2 and a novel target SIRT1 with substantial protective activity against cisplatin-induced POF.

Different origin-derived exosomes and their clinical advantages in cancer therapy

Exosomes, as a class of small extracellular vesicles closely related to the biological behavior of various types of tumors, are currently attracting research attention in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Regarding cancer diagnosis, the stability of their membrane structure and their wide distribution in body fluids render exosomes promising biomarkers. It is expected that exosome-based liquid biopsy will become an important tool for tumor diagnosis in the future. For cancer treatment, exosomes, as the "golden communicators" between cells, can be designed to deliver different drugs, aiming to achieve low-toxicity and low-immunogenicity targeted delivery. Signaling pathways related to exosome contents can also be used for safer and more effective immunotherapy against tumors. Exosomes are derived from a wide range of sources, and exhibit different biological characteristics as well as clinical application advantages in different cancer therapies. In this review, we analyzed the main sources of exosomes that have great potential and broad prospects in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Moreover, we compared their therapeutic advantages, providing new ideas for the clinical application of exosomes.

De novo design of a nanoregulator for the dynamic restoration of ovarian tissue in cryopreservation and transplantation

The cryopreservation and transplantation of ovarian tissue underscore its paramount importance in safeguarding reproductive capacity and ameliorating reproductive disorders. However, challenges persist in ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation (OTC-T), including the risk of tissue damage and dysfunction. Consequently, there has been a compelling exploration into the realm of nanoregulators to refine and enhance these procedures. This review embarks on a meticulous examination of the intricate anatomical structure of the ovary and its microenvironment, thereby establishing a robust groundwork for the development of nanomodulators. It systematically categorizes nanoregulators and delves deeply into their functions and mechanisms, meticulously tailored for optimizing ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation. Furthermore, the review imparts valuable insights into the practical applications and obstacles encountered in clinical settings associated with OTC-T. Moreover, the review advocates for the utilization of microbially derived nanomodulators as a potent therapeutic intervention in ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The progression of these approaches holds the promise of seamlessly integrating nanoregulators into OTC-T practices, thereby heralding a new era of expansive applications and auspicious prospects in this pivotal domain.

Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and their conditioned medium on LPS-induced endometritis in mice

AIM

To explore the effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and their conditioned medium (MSC-CM) in repairing the endometritis mouse model in vivo.

METHODS

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce acute inflammation in endometritis mouse model. Mice were treated in six groups: control group (PBS), model group (LPS), LPS+MSC-CM (6 h) group, LPS+MSC-CM (12 h) group, LPS+MSCs (6 h) group and LPS+MSCs (12 h) group. Morphological and histological changes of mouse uterus were observed, and mouse uterine inflammation index myeloperoxidase (MPO) and related immune index TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels were detected by ELISA.

RESULTS

There exist remarkable inflammatory response and an obvious increase in the value of MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the endometritis mouse model compared with the control group. Morphological and histological appearances were relieved after treated with hUC-MSCs and MSC-CM. Besides, the value of MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 showed different degrees of decline. In comparison with LPS+MSC-CM (12 h) and LPS+MSCs (12 h) group, there was significant decrease in inflammatory indicators in LPS+MSC-CM (6 h) and LPS+MSCs (6 h) group.

CONCLUSIONS

Intrauterine infusion of hUC-MSCs and MSC-CM can alleviate LPS induced endometritis.

Beneficial effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HUCMSC) transplantation on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced premature ovarian failure (POF) in Tibetan miniature pigs

BACKGROUND

Premature ovarian failure (POF), also known as primary ovarian insufficiency, is a common endocrine disease in young women. The emergence of regenerative medicine using stem cells may improve ovarian function and structure, and represents a promising prospect for POF treatment. In his study, we explored the therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HUCMSC) transplantation in a Tibetan miniature pig model of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced POF.

METHODS

We cultured and identified HUCMSCs, labeled them with DiR iodide red dye, and implanted them into a CTX-induced model of POF in Tibetan miniature pigs. The daily weight changes were recorded, and the levels of estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured on days 0, 7, and 14. At the end of the 21-day observation period, in vivo imaging of the bilateral ovaries was performed, and the ovarian index was measured. Ovarian tissue morphology and follicles were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay was employed to assess cell apoptosis, and immunohistochemistry was used to determine the levels of p-AKT, p-ERK1/2, BAX, and BCL2 expression.

RESULTS

Our analysis indicated successful delivery of HUCMSCs to the ovaries of the POF pig model. Significant increases were observed in body weight, E2 levels, ovarian index, and number of normal follicles (all p < 0.05). Moreover, FSH levels reduced and ovarian tissue morphology improved following HUCMSCs transplantation (all p < 0.05). Importantly, upregulated p-AKT, p-ERK1/2, and BCL2 expression were observed, whereas the expression of BAX was suppressed (all p < 0.05), suggesting the inhibition of ovarian cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Our study highlights the significant therapeutic effects of HUCMSC transplantation on CTX-induced POF in a Tibetan miniature pig model.

The Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Premature Ovarian Cell Senilism Through miR-10a

Objective

To investigate the potential protective impact of miR-10a-modified HUMSCs-derived exosomes on both premature ovarian failure and the functionality of ovarian granulosa cells in a POF model.

Methods

KGN cells were co-cultured with cisplatin-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) (10 μM) for 24 h to establish an in vitro POF model. The cells were distributed into three distinct groups: the control group, the POF group, and the POF + HUCMSC group. The plasmid sh-NC, sh-miR-10 a and miR-10 a mimic were transfected into KGN cells. After co-cultured with HUCMSC-EVs for 48 h, they were divided into HUCMSC group, sh-miR-10 a-HUMSCs-exosomes group and miR-10 a-HUMSCs-exosomes group. Flow cytometry was adopted to assess the impact of HUMSCs surface immune antigens and miR-10a-HUCMSCs-exosomes on KGN cell apoptosis. Additionally, the evaluation of cell proliferation was carried out through CCK-8 and EDU assays. Western blot analysis was utilized to detect the Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins levels. Furthermore, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, MDA, SOD, and CAT were quantified using ELISA.

Results

Compared with the Control group, the POF group inhibited the growth of ovarian granulosa cells (P<0.01), reduced the number of EDU cells (P<0.01), and increased the protein expression of Caspase-3 (P<0.05) and Bax (P<0.01). HUMSCs treatment significantly down-regulated the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and MDA, while up-regulating the expression of IL-10, SOD and CAT (P<0.01); the overexpression of miR-10a promoted cell growth, besides, the introduction of miR-10a-HUMSCs-derived exosomes led to an elevation in the proliferation rate of OGCs affected by POF and concurrently suppressed the apoptosis rate.

Conclusion

HUMSCs-derived exosomes modified by miR-10a have protective effects on premature ovarian failure and ovarian granulosa cell function in POF model.

Endometrial stem cell-derived exosomes repair cisplatin-induced premature ovarian failure via Hippo signaling pathway

Stem cells have been documented as a new therapeutic method for ovarian injuries such as premature ovarian failure (POF). However, effects of exosomes (Exos) derived from human endometrial stem cells (EnSCs) on diminished ovarian failure remain to be carefully elucidated. Our study aims to investigate the mechanisms of EnSC-Exos in the recovery of the cisplatin-induced granulosa cell injury model in vitro or POF mouses model in vivo and whether the Hippo signaling pathway is involved in the regulation. In this study, we established successful construction of the cisplatin-induced granulosa cell injury model and evaluated Hippo signaling pathway activation in cisplatin-damaged granulosa cells (GCs). Furthermore, laser scanning confocal microscope and immunofluorescence demonstrated that EnSC-Exos can be transferred to cisplatin-damaged GCs to decrease apoptosis. In addition, the enhanced expression of YAP at the protein level as well as YAP/TEAD target genes, such as CTGF, ANKRD1, and the increase of YAP into the nucleus in immunofluorescence staining after the addition of EnSC-Exos to cisplatin-damaged GCs confirmed the suppression of Hippo signaling pathway. While in vivo, EnSC-Exos successfully remedied POF in a mouse model. Collectively, our findings suggest that chemotherapy-induced POF was associated with the activating of Hippo signaling pathway. Human EnSC-Exos significantly elevated the proliferation of ovarian GCs and the ovarian function by regulating Hippo signaling pathway. These findings provide new insights for further understanding of EnSC-Exos in the recovery of ovary function.

Model construction and drug therapy of primary ovarian insufficiency by ultrasound-guided injection

BACKGROUND

Clinically, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the main treatment for primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, HRT may increase the risk of both breast cancer and cardiovascular disease. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) have been gradually applied to the therapy of a variety of diseases through inflammation inhibition, immune regulation, and tissue repair functions. However, the application and study of hUC-MSC exosomes in POI remain limited.

METHODS

Here, we first constructed four rat animal models: the POI-C model (the "cyclophosphamide-induced" POI model via intraperitoneal injection), the POI-B model (the "busulfan-induced" POI model), the POI-U model (the "cyclophosphamide-induced" POI model under ultrasonic guidance), and MS model (the "maternal separation model"). Second, we compared the body weight, ovarian index, status, Rat Grimace Scale, complications, and mortality rate of different POI rat models. Finally, a transabdominal ultrasound-guided injection of hUC-MSC exosomes was performed, and its therapeuticy effects on the POI animal models were evaluated, including changes in hormone levels, oestrous cycles, ovarian apoptosis levels, and fertility. In addition, we performed RNA-seq to explore the possible mechanism of hUC-MSC exosomes function.

RESULTS

Compared with the POI-C, POI-B, and MS animal models, the POI-U model showed less fluctuation in weight, a lower ovarian index, fewer complications, a lower mortality rate, and a higher model success rate. Second, we successfully identified hUC-MSCs and their exosomes, and performed ultrasound-guided intraovarian hUC-MSCs exosomes injection. Finally, we confirmed that the ultrasound-guided exosome injection (termed POI-e) effectively improved ovarian hormone levels, the oestrous cycle, ovarian function, and fertility. Mechanically, hUC-MSCs may play a therapeutic role by regulating ovarian immune and metabolic functions.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, we innovatively constructed an ultrasound-guided ovarian drug injection method to construct POI-U animal models and hUC-MSC exosomes injection. And we confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of hUC-MSC exosomes on the POI-U animal models. Our study will offer a better choice for new animal models of POI in the future and provides certain guidance for the hUC-MSCs exosome therapy in POI patients.

Status of research on the development and regeneration of hair follicles

Hair loss, or alopecia, is a prevalent condition in modern society that imposes substantial mental and psychological burden on individuals. The types of hair loss, include androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, and telogen effluvium; of them, androgenetic alopecia is the most common condition. Traditional treatment modalities mainly involve medical options, such as minoxidil, finasteride and surgical interventions, such as hair transplantation. However, these treatments still have many limitations. Therefore, exploring the pathogenesis of hair loss, specifically focusing on the development and regeneration of hair follicles (HFs), and developing new strategies for promoting hair regrowth are essential. Some emerging therapies for hair loss have gained prominence; these therapies include low-level laser therapy, micro needling, fractional radio frequency, platelet-rich plasma, and stem cell therapy. The aforementioned therapeutic strategies appear promising for hair loss management. In this review, we investigated the mechanisms underlying HF development and regeneration. For this, we studied the structure, development, cycle, and cellular function of HFs. In addition, we analyzed the symptoms, types, and causes of hair loss as well as its current conventional treatments. Our study provides an overview of the most effective regenerative medicine-based therapies for hair loss.

The potential of mesenchymal stem cells to induce immune tolerance to allogeneic transplants

Organ allograft transplantation is an effective treatment plan for patients with organ failure. Although the application of continuous immunosuppressants makes successful allograft survival possible, the patients' long-term survival rate and quality of life are not ideal. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new strategy to alleviate transplant rejection by developing therapies for permanent allograft acceptance. One promising approach is the application of tolerogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Extensive research on MSCs has revealed that MSCs have potent differentiation potential and immunomodulatory properties. This review describes the molecular markers and functional properties of MSCs as well as the immunomodulatory mechanisms of MSCs in transplantation, focuses on the research progress in clinical trials of MSCs, and expounds on the future development prospects and possible limitations.

Effect of collagen endometrial patch loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on endometrial regeneration in rats with a thin endometrium

Background

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a collagen endometrial patch (EM patch) loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) on endometrial regeneration in a rat model with thin endometrium.

Materials and methods

Thin endometrium was induced in female rats and divided into treatment groups as outlined: control, group 1(G1), local injection of ADSCs into the uterus, group 2 (G2), an EM patch without ADSCs, group 3 (G3), and an EM patch loaded with ADSCs, group 4 (G4). The rats were euthanized at either two weeks or four weeks after modeling and treatment followed by histological and biochemical analyses to examine the regenerative effects on the injured endometrium.

Results

Transplantation of the ADSC-loaded EM patch significantly promoted endometrial proliferation and increased the luminal epithelial area. Two weeks after treatment, the mean number of von Villebrand factor (vWF)+ or cluster of differentiation (CD) 31+-stained blood vessels was significantly higher in G4 than in G1 and G2. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TGF-β and FGF2 were significantly upregulated in G4 compared to those in the control. G4 exhibited significantly increased LIF mRNA levels and immunoreactivity compared with the other groups at both two weeks and four weeks after treatment. Cell tracking after ADSCs treatment revealed the presence of a substantial number of ADSCs grafted in the uterine tissues of G4, whereas a low number of ADSCs that were focally clustered were present in G2.

Conclusion

Transplantation of EM patches loaded with ADSCs resulted in the histological and biochemical restoration of an injured endometrium. The strategic integration of EM patches and ADSCs holds significant promise as an innovative therapeutic approach for effectively treating impaired endometrial conditions.

Increased IGFBP2 Levels by Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Glucose Metabolism in a TAA-Injured Rat Model via AMPK Signaling Pathway

The insulin resistance caused by impaired glucose metabolism induces ovarian dysfunction due to the central importance of glucose as a source of energy. However, the research on glucose metabolism in the ovaries is still lacking. The objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of PD-MSCs on glucose metabolism through IGFBP2-AMPK signaling and to investigate the correlation between glucose metabolism and ovarian function. Thioacetamide (TAA) was used to construct a rat injury model. PD-MSCs were transplanted into the tail vein (2 × 106) 8 weeks after the experiment started. The expression of the IGFBP2 gene and glucose metabolism factors (e.g., AMPK, GLUT4) was significantly increased in the PD-MSC group compared to the nontransplantation (NTx) group (* p < 0.05). The levels of follicular development markers and the sex hormones AMH, FSH, and E2 were also higher than those in the TAA group. Using ex vivo cocultivation, the mRNA and protein expression of IGFBP2, AMPK, and GLUT4 were significantly increased in the cocultivation with the PD-MSCs group and the recombinant protein-treated group (* p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the increased IGFBP2 levels by PD-MSCs play an important role in glucose metabolism and ovarian function through the IGFBP2-AMPK signaling pathway.

hucMSCs Treatment Ameliorated Pulmonary Fibrosis via Downregulating the circFOXP1-HuR-EZH2/STAT1/FOXK1 Autophagic Axis

This study was performed to determine the effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) treatment on pulmonary fibrosis and investigate the circFOXP1-mediated autophagic mechanism of hucMSCs treatment. Pulmonary fibrosis models were established by spraying bleomycin in mice and TGF-β1 treatment of MRC-5 cells. Results showed that hucMSCs were retained in lung and hucMSCs treatment alleviated pulmonary fibrosis. Morphological staining indicated that hucMSCs-treated mice had thinner alveolar walls, effectively improved alveolar structure, significantly reduced alveolar inflammation, and decreased collagen deposition than control mice. Fibrotic proteins, including vimentin, α-SMA, collagens I and III, and the differentiation-related protein S100 calcium-binding protein A4 was reduced considerably in the hucMSCs-treated group. The mechanistic study revealed that the inhibition of hucMSCs treatment on pulmonary fibrogenesis depended on downregulating circFOXP1, in which hucMSCs treatment promoted circFOXP1-mediated autophagy process via blocking the nuclear human antigen R (HuR) translocation and promoting the HuR degradation, leading to a marked decrease in autophagy negative regulators EZH2, STAT1, and FOXK1. In conclusion, hucMSCs treatment significantly improved pulmonary fibrosis by downregulating the circFOXP1-HuR-EZH2/STAT1/FOXK1 autophagic axis. hucMSCs can act as an effective treatment for pulmonary fibrosis.

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells alleviate liver cirrhosis through the Hippo/YAP/Id1 pathway and macrophage-dependent mechanism

BACKGROUND

Few effective anti-fibrotic therapies are currently available for liver cirrhosis. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) ameliorate liver fibrosis and contribute to liver regeneration after cirrhosis, attracting much attention as a potential therapeutic strategy for the disease. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of their therapeutic effect is still unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hUC-MSCs) in treating liver cirrhosis and their underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

We used carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mice as liver cirrhosis models and treated them with hUC-MSCs via tail vein injection. We assessed the changes in liver function, inflammation, and fibrosis by histopathology and serum biochemistry and explored the mechanism of hUC-MSCs by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) using liver tissues. In addition, we investigated the effects of hUC-MSCs on hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and macrophages by in vitro co-culture experiments.

RESULTS

We found that hUC-MSCs considerably improved liver function and attenuated liver inflammation and fibrosis in CCl4-injured mice. We also showed that these cells exerted therapeutic effects by regulating the Hippo/YAP/Id1 axis in vivo. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that hUC-MSCs inhibit HSC activation by regulating the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway and targeting Id1. Moreover, hUC-MSCs also alleviated liver inflammation by promoting the transformation of macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals that hUC-MSCs relieve liver cirrhosis in mice through the Hippo/YAP/Id1 pathway and macrophage-dependent mechanisms, providing a theoretical basis for the future use of these cells as a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with liver cirrhosis.

Bioinformatics and integrated pharmacology network to identify the therapeutic targets and potential molecular mechanism of alpha-lipoic acid on primary ovarian insufficiency

Women experiencing primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) are more likely to experience infertility, and its incidence is increasing worldwide annually. Recently, the role of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) in the treatment of POI has been reported. However, details of the potential pharmacological targets and related molecular pathways of ALA remain unclear and need to be elucidated. Thus, this study aims to elucidate the potential therapeutic target and related molecular mechanism of ALA on POI. First, the potential targets of POI and ALA-related targets were downloaded from online public databases. Subsequently, the overlapped target genes between POI and ALA were acquired, and gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were performed and constructed. Finally, molecular docking was performed to verify protein-to-protein effect. A total of 152 potential therapeutic targets were identified. The biological processes of the intersecting targets were mainly involved in the cellular response to peptides, response to xenobiotic stimuli, and response to peptide hormones. The highly enriched pathways were the cAMP, PI3K/AKT, estrogen, progesterone mediated oocyte maturation, and apoptosis signaling pathways. The top 10 hub targets for ALA in the treatment of POI were STAT3, STAT1, CASP3, MTOR, PTGS2, CASP8, HSP90AA1, PIK3CA, MAPK1, and ESR1. The binding between ALA and all top hub targets were verified using the molecular docking analysis. In summary, using the systematic integrated pharmacology network and bioinformatics analysis, this study illustrated that ALA participates in the treatment of POI via multiple targets and multiple pathways mechanisms.

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) alleviate excessive autophagy of ovarian granular cells through VEGFA/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in premature ovarian failure rat model

BACKGROUND

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is one of the leading causes of female infertility and is accompanied by abnormal endocrine, seriously affecting female quality of life. Previous studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy for POF. However, the mechanism remains obscure. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) on ovarian function in the POF rat model and explore the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

The ovarian function was evaluated by ovarian morphology, histology, estrous cycle, hormone levels (AMH, E2, FSH, and LH), and fertility ability to investigate the effect of hUC-MSCs on the POF rats model. The cytokines levels were assayed in serum using protein array to explore the mechanisms of hUC-MSCs therapy for POF. The excessive autophagy levels were evaluated using a co-culture system of 3D MSCs spheroids with human ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN) or primary ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) to understand the paracrine effect of hUC-MSCs on GCs. The related proteins expression of autophagy and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was detected using Western Blotting and/or in various inhibitors supplement to further demonstrate that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) secreted by hUC-MSCs can alleviate excessive autophagy of ovarian GCs via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The ovarian culture model in vitro was applied to confirm the mechanism.

RESULTS

The ovarian function of POF and the excessive autophagy of ovarian GCs were restored after hUC-MSCs transplantation. The protein array result demonstrated that VEGF and PI3K/AKT might improve ovarian function. in vitro experiments demonstrated that VEGFA secreted by hUC-MSCs could decrease oxidative stress and inhibit excessive autophagy of ovarian GCs via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The ovarian culture model results confirmed this mechanism in vitro.

CONCLUSION

The hUC-MSCs can alleviate excessive autophagy of ovarian GCs via paracrine VEGFA and regulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby improving the ovarian function of POF.

Icariin, A Novel Promising Complementary Therapeutic Strategy in the Management of Female Infertility: A Literature Review:

The prevalence of pre-menopausal female infertility is increasing considerably due to various causes such as environmental pollutants, increased administration of chemotherapeutics and radiation exposure, microbial infections, and genetic/epigenetic alterations. However, the current therapeutical strategies remain unfavorite as the disadvantages are strongly challenging. Icariin (ICI) is a phytoestrogen that exerts some promising properties in order to alleviate female infertility. Therefore, the current literature review aimed to evaluate the conducted studies regarding the beneficial impacts of ICI on the female reproductive system and female fecundity. The findings of the present study revealed that ICI is able to modulate the levels of reproductive hormones as it causes a significant decrement in the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) while increasing the levels of estrogen and progesterone. Furthermore, the administration of ICI results in a dramatic alteration in the expression of sex steroids’ receptors, particularly in female reproductive tissues. In addition, preserving ovarian follicular reserve, improving the ovarian and uterine histoarchitecture, elongating the estrous cycle duration, and eventually advancing the female fecundity are other major effects of ICI on the female reproductive system. Despite these desired beneficial properties, the current knowledge appears to be insufficient, hence further investigations, particularly on humans, are encouraged. To the best of our knowledge, this review provides a comprehensive information regarding the beneficial effects of Icariin on female infertility for the firs time.

hUMSC transplantation restores follicle development in ovary damaged mice via re-establish extracellular matrix (ECM) components

OBJECTIVES

Explore the therapeutic role of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) transplantation for regeneration of ECM components and restoration of follicular development in mice.

BACKGROUND

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial to maintain ovary function and regulate follicular development, as it participates in important cell signaling and provides physical support to the cells. However, it is unknown how hUMSCs affect the expression of ECM-related genes in ovaries treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX) and busulfan (BUS).

METHODS

In the present study, we used 64 six- to eight-week-old ICR female mice to established mouse model. The mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 16/group): control, POI, POI + hUMSCs, and POI + PBS group. The premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of CTX and BUS for 7days, then, hUMSCs or PBS were respectively injected via the tail vein in POI + hUMSCs or POI + PBS group. Another 7days after injection, the mice were sacrificed to harvest the ovary tissue. The ovaries were immediately frozen with liquid nitrogen or fixed with 4% PFA for subsequent experiments. To screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we performed transcriptome sequencing of ovaries. Thereafter, a Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to predict the related biological functions. Retrieval of interacting genes for ECM-related DEGs was performed using the function of STRINGdb (version 2.6.5) to evaluate potential protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and IHC were performed to assess the differential expression of selected DEGs in control, damaged, hUMSCs-transplanted and non-transplanted ovaries.

RESULTS

Chemotherapy caused mouse ovarian follicular reserve depletion, and hUMSCs transplantation partially restored follicular development. Our results revealed that ECM-receptor interaction and ECM organization were both downregulated in the damaged ovaries. Further investigation showed that ECM-related genes were downregulated in the CTX and BUS treatment group and partially rescued in hUMSCs injection group but not in the PBS group. qRT-PCR and IHC verified the results: collagen IV and laminin gamma 3 were both expressed around follicle regions in normal ovaries, chemotherapy treatment disrupted their expression, and hUMSCs transplantation rescued their localization and expression to some extent.

CONCLUSION

Our data demonstrated that ECM-related genes participate in the regulation of ovarian reserve, hUMSCs treatment rescued abnormal expression and localization of collagen IV and laminin gamma 3 in the damaged ovaries. The results suggest that hUMSCs transplantation can maintain ECM-stable microenvironments, which is beneficial to follicular development.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes (HUCMSC-exos) recovery soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)-induced endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia is a unique multisystem disorder that affects 5-8% of pregnancies. A high level of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) is a hallmark of preeclampsia that causes endothelial dysfunction. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been indicated to improve endothelial performances by transporting signals to target cells. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from MSCs have potential effects against preeclampsia.

METHODS

We collected human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes (HUCMSC-exos) by ultracentrifugation. The size and morphology of the exosomes were examined using a transmission electron microscope and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Pregnant mice were injected with murine sFlt-1 adenovirus to build the preeclampsia-like mouse model and then treated with HUCMSC-exos. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were infected with lentiviruses expressing tet-on-sFlt-1 to obtain cells overexpressing sFlt-1. Cell proliferation and migration assays were used to measure the endothelial functions. The exosomes enriched proteins underlying mechanisms were explored by proteomic analysis.

RESULTS

In the current study, we successfully collected the cup-shaped HUCMSC-exos with diameters of 30-150 nm. In the sFlt-1-induced preeclampsia mouse model, HUCMSC-exos exhibited beneficial effects on adverse birth events by decreasing blood pressure and improving fetal birth weight. In addition, preeclamptic dams that were injected with HUCMSC-exos had rebuilt dense placental vascular networks. Furthermore, we observed that HUCMSC-exos partially rescued sFlt-1-induced HUVECs dysfunction in vitro. Proteomics analysis of HUCMSC-exos displayed functional enrichment in biological processes related to vesicle-mediated transport, cell communication, cell migration, and angiogenesis.

CONCLUSION

We propose that exosomes derived from HUCMSCs contain abundant Versican and play beneficial roles in the birth outcomes of sFlt-1-induced preeclamptic mice by promoting angiogenesis.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles improve ovarian function in rats with primary ovarian insufficiency by carrying miR-145-5p

OBJECTIVE

Stem cell/exosome therapy is a novel strategy for primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). This paper is to examine the role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hUCMSC-EVs) in POI.

METHODS

hUCMSC-EVs were extracted and identified. POI rats were induced by cyclophosphamide for 15 days and treated with EV or GW4869 every 5 days and euthanized 28 days later. Vaginal smears were observed for 21 days. Serum hormone levels (FSH/E2/AMH) were measured by ELISA. Ovarian morphology, follicle numbers, and granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis were observed by HE and TUNEL staining. GCs extracted from Swiss albino rats were cyclophosphamide-induced to establish the POI cell model, followed by oxidative injury and apoptosis evaluation with the help of DCF-DA fluorescence, ELISA, and flow cytometry. The relation between miR-145-5p and XBP1 was predicted on StarBase and validated by dual-luciferase assay. miR-145-5p and XBP1 levels were measured by RT-qPCR and Western blot.

RESULTS

EV treatment reduced irregular estrus cycle incidence since day 7, increased E2 and AMH levels and all-stage follicle numbers, reduced FSH level, GC apoptosis, and atretic follicle numbers in POI rats. EV treatment diminished GC oxidative injury and apoptosis in vitro. miR-145-5p knockdown in hUCMSC-EVs partly abolished hUCMSC-EV-mediated effects on GCs and ovarian function in vivo and on GC oxidative injury and apoptosis in vitro. Silencing XBP1 partially negated miR-145-5p knockdown-exerted effects on GCs in vitro.

CONCLUSION

miR-145-5p carried by hUCMSC-EVs attenuates GC oxidative injury and apoptosis and thus extenuates ovarian injury and improves ovarian function in POI rats.

Human UC-MSC-derived exosomes facilitate ovarian renovation in rats with chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian insufficiency

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) induced by chemotherapy is an intractable disorder with a considerable incidence that commonly results in insufficient fertility and concomitant complications in female patients. Due to limitations in the current progress in POI diagnosis and treatment, there is an urgent need to develop novel remedies to improve ovarian function and protect fertility. The ameliorative effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) and exosomes derived from them in POI treatment could be a new hope for patients. Herein, we identified exosomes from hUCMSCs (hUCMSC-Exos). Then, systematic infusion of hUCMSC-Exos was accomplished via tail intravenous injection to investigate the feasibility of the treatment of rats with chemotherapy-induced POI by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and busulfan (BUS). Ovarian functions in the indicated group were evaluated, including oestrous cycle, serum sex hormone levels, follicle counts, ovarian pathological changes, proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs), and reproductive ability testing. Furthermore, the potential influence of hUCMSC-Exos on ovarian tissues was illuminated by conducting RNA-seq and multifaceted bioinformatics analyses. POI rats with hUCMSC-Exos transplantation exhibited a decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and apoptosis of GCs but an increase in oestradiol (E2), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and the number of ovarian follicles and foetuses in the uterus. And the immunomodulation- and cellular vitality-associated gene sets in rats had also undergone moderate changes. Our data indicated the feasibility of hUCMSC-Exos in improving ovarian function and protecting fertility in chemotherapy-induced POI rats. HUCMSC-Exos can improve the local microenvironment of ovarian tissue in POI rats by participating in immune regulation, cellular viability, inflammation regulation, fibrosis and metabolism, and other related signal pathways.

Mesenchymal stem cells therapy improves ovarian function in premature ovarian failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on preclinical studies

Background

Studies have revealed that the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might be a potential star candidate for premature ovarian failure (POF) in animal experiments. However, individual studies with a small sample size cannot be used to draw a clear conclusion. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the potential of using MSCs in the treatment of POF in animals.

Methods

Seven databases were searched for studies exploring the effect of the transplantation of MSCs on POF in animal models. The PRISMA guideline was followed, and the methodological quality was ensured using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. RevMan 5.4 and STATA 12.0 software was performed to meta-analysis.

Results

In total, 37 studies involving 1,079 animals were included. Significant associations were found for MSCs with the levels of E2 (SMD 2.69 [95% CI 1.97, 3.41]), FSH (-2.02, [-2.74, -1.30]), primary follicles (2.04, [1.17, 2.92]), secondary follicles (1.93, [1.05, 2.81]), and primordial follicles (2.38, [1.19, 3.57]. Other outcomes, such as AMH, LH, INHB, antral follicles, growing follicles, mature follicles, and early antral were also found to be significant. There was no difference in FSH/LH, corpus leteum, follicles, and estruc cycle.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis result indicated that the transplantation of MSCs might exert therapeutic effects on animal models of POF, and these effects might be associated with improving the disorder of the sexual cycle, modulating serum hormone expressions to a better state, and restoring ovarian function.

miR-22-3p ameliorates the symptoms of premature ovarian failure in mice by inhibiting CMKLR1 expression

Premature ovarian failure (POF) affects many adult women less than 40 years of age and leads to infertility. This study was aimed at exploring the improving effects of miR-22-3p on the symptoms of POF in mice by inhibiting chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) expression. Female mice were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide to construct POF mice models. Lentiviral vectors containing miR-22-3p, short hairpin RNA (sh)-CMKLR1, and overexpression (oe)-CMKLR1, respectively, or in combination, were injected into the ovaries of both sides of POF mice. miR-22-3p and CMKLR1 expression in ovarian tissues of mice was assessed, and the targeting relationship between miR-22-3p and CMKLR1 was predicted and verified. Serum estradiol (E2), anti-Mullerian hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were assessed. Ovarian weight was weighed, and pathological changes and the number of primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, and atresia follicles were observed. Apoptosis of ovarian tissues was determined. In ovarian tissues of POF mice, miR-22-3p expression was decreased while CMKLR1 expression was increased. miR-22-3p up-regulation or CMKLR1 down-regulation restored sex hormone levels, improved ovarian weight and the number of primordial follicles, primary follicles, and secondary follicles, and reduced the number of atresia follicle and ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis in POF mice. miR-22-3p targeted CMKLR1, and overexpressing CMKLR1 reversed the ameliorative effects of miR-22-3p overexpression on POF mice. Our research highlights that overexpressed miR-22-3p down-regulates CMKLR1 to ameliorate the symptoms of POF in mice. Therefore, the miR-22-3p/CMKLR1 axis could improve the symptoms of POF.

Recent advances in pre-conditioned mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSCs) therapy in organ failure; a comprehensive review of preclinical studies

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-based therapy brings the reassuring capability to regenerative medicine through their self-renewal and multilineage potency. Also, they secret a diversity of mediators, which are complicated in moderation of deregulated immune responses, and yielding angiogenesis in vivo. Nonetheless, MSCs may lose biological performance after procurement and prolonged expansion in vitro. Also, following transplantation and migration to target tissue, they encounter a harsh milieu accompanied by death signals because of the lack of proper tensegrity structure between the cells and matrix. Accordingly, pre-conditioning of MSCs is strongly suggested to upgrade their performances in vivo, leading to more favored transplantation efficacy in regenerative medicine. Indeed, MSCs ex vivo pre-conditioning by hypoxia, inflammatory stimulus, or other factors/conditions may stimulate their survival, proliferation, migration, exosome secretion, and pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory characteristics in vivo. In this review, we deliver an overview of the pre-conditioning methods that are considered a strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in organ failures, in particular, renal, heart, lung, and liver.

Mechanisms of and Potential Medications for Oxidative Stress in Ovarian Granulosa Cells: A Review

Granulosa cells are essential for follicle initiation and development, and their abnormal function or apoptosis is a crucial factor leading to follicular atresia. A state of oxidative stress occurs when the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the regulation of the antioxidant system is disturbed. Oxidative stress is one of the most important causes of the abnormal function and apoptosis of granulosa cells. Oxidative stress in granulosa cells causes female reproductive system diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure. In recent years, studies have confirmed that the mechanism of oxidative stress in granulosa cells is closely linked to the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, FOXO axis, Nrf2 pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and mitophagy. It has been found that drugs such as sulforaphane, Periplaneta americana peptide, and resveratrol can mitigate the functional damage caused by oxidative stress on granulosa cells. This paper reviews some of the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress in granulosa cells and describes the mechanisms underlying the pharmacological treatment of oxidative stress in granulosa cells.

Comparison of the different animal modeling and therapy methods of premature ovarian failure in animal model

Incidence of premature ovarian failure (POF) is higher with the increase of the pace of life. The etiology of POF is very complex, which is closely related to genes, immune diseases, drugs, surgery, and psychological factors. Ideal animal models and evaluation indexes are essential for drug development and mechanism research. In our review, we firstly summarize the modeling methods of different POF animal models and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Recently, stem cells are widely studied for tumor treatment and tissue repair with low immunogenicity, high homing ability, high ability to divide and self-renew. Hence, we secondly reviewed recently published data on transplantation of stem cells in the POF animal model and analyzed the possible mechanism of their function. With the further insights of immunological and gene therapy, the combination of stem cells with other therapies should be actively explored to promote the treatment of POF in the future. Our article may provide guidance and insight for POF animal model selection and new drug development.

Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood reveals immune cell dysfunction in premature ovarian insufficiency

Background

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is one of the most common causes of female infertility and the etiology is highly heterogeneous. Most cases are idiopathic and the pathogenesis remains unclear. Previous studies proved that the immune system plays a crucial role in POI. However, the precise role of immune system remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with POI by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and to explore the potential involvement of immune response in idiopathic POI.

Methods

PBMC was collected from three normal subjects and three patients with POI. PBMC was subjected to scRNA-seq to identify cell clusters and differently expressed genes (DEGs). Enrichment analysis and cell-cell communication analysis were performed to explore the most active biological function in the immune cells of patients with POI.

Results

In total, 22 cell clusters and 10 cell types were identified in the two groups. Compared with normal subjects, the percentage of classical monocytes and NK cells was decreased, the abundance of plasma B cells was increased, and CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in POI. Furthermore, upregulation of IGKC, IFITM1, CD69, JUND and downregulation of LYZ, GNLY, VCAN, and S100A9 were identified, which were enriched in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antigen processing and presentation, and IL-17 signaling pathway. Among them, IGHM and LYZ were respectively the most significantly upregulated and downregulated genes among all cell clusters of POI. The strength of cell-cell communication differed between the healthy subjects and patients with POI, and multiple signaling pathways were assessed. The TNF pathway was found to be unique in POI with classical monocytes being the major target and source of TNF signaling.

Conclusions

Dysfunction of cellular immunity is related to idiopathic POI. Monocytes, NK cells, and B cells, and their enriched differential genes may play a role in the development of idiopathic POI. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight for understanding the pathogenesis of POI.

Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography in the evaluation of diminished ovarian reserve and premature ovarian failure

Objective

To explore the applicability of three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography (3D-TVS) in the evaluation of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and premature ovarian failure (POF).

Methods

One hundred and twenty female patients, who received 3D-TVS in our hospital from January 2020 to March 2022, were included in the study. Based on sex hormone examination, 25 cases were DOR (DOR-group), 32 cases were POF (POF-group) and 63 cases had normal ovarian function (Normal-group). The 3D-TVS quantitative examination results of the three groups of patients were analyzed and compared.

Results

There was no significant difference between the DOR-group and POF-group regarding antral follicles count (AFC), ovarian volume (OV), vascularization index (VI), vascularization flow index (VFI) and flow index (FI) of left and right ovaries (p>0.05). Compared with the Normal-group, the 3D-TVS examination indexes of the DOR-group and POF-group were significantly lower, and the 3D-TVS examination results of the POF-group were significantly lower than those of the DOR-group (p<0.05). Using sex hormone examination as the gold standard, the diagnostic specificity of 3D-TVS for DOR was 80%, and the sensitivity and accuracy were 90% and 88% respectively; The diagnostic specificity of POF was 87.5%, the sensitivity and accuracy were 95.8% and 93.8% respectively.

Conclusion

3D-TVS can provide scientific guidance for the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of DOR and POF.

The Therapeutic Potential of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Premature Ovarian Failure

Premature ovarian failure (POF) affects 1% of women under 40, leading to infertility. The clinical symptoms of the POF include hypoestrogenism, lack of mature follicles, hypergonadotropinism, and amenorrhea. POF can be caused due to genetic defects, autoimmune illnesses, and environmental factors. The conventional treatment of POF remains a limited success rate. Therefore, an innovative treatment strategy like the regeneration of premature ovaries by using human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) can be a choice. To summarize all the theoretical frameworks for additional research and clinical trials, this review article highlights all the results, pros, and cons of the hUC-MSCs used to treat POF. So far, the data shows promising results regarding the treatment of POF using hUC-MSCs. Several properties like relatively low immunogenicity, multipotency, multiple origins, affordability, convenience in production, high efficacy, and donor/recipient friendliness make hUC-MSCs a good choice for treating basic POF. It has been reported that hUC-MSCs impact and enhance all stages of injured tissue regeneration by concurrently stimulating numerous pathways in a paracrine manner, which are involved in the control of ovarian fibrosis, angiogenesis, immune system modulation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, some studies demonstrated that stem cell treatment could lead to hormone-level restoration, follicular activation, and functional restoration of the ovaries. Therefore, all the results in hand regarding the use of hUC-MSCs for the treatment of POF encourage researchers for further clinical trials, which will overcome the ongoing challenges and make this treatment strategy applicable to the clinic in the near future.

MicroRNA-22-3p in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosomes inhibits granulosa cell apoptosis by targeting KLF6 and ATF4-ATF3-CHOP pathway in POF mice

BACKGROUND

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs)-derived exosomes carrying microRNAs (miRNAs) have promising therapeutic potential in various disorders, including premature ovarian failure (POF). Previous evidence has revealed the low plasma level of miR-22-3p in POF patients. Nevertheless, exosomal miR-22-3p specific functions underlying POF progression are unclarified.

METHODS

A cisplatin induced POF mouse model and in vitro murine ovarian granulosa cell (mOGC) model were established. Exosomes derived from miR-22-3p-overexpressed hUCMSCs (Exos-miR-22-3p) were isolated. CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were utilized for measuring mOGC cell viability and apoptosis. RT-qPCR and western blotting were utilized for determining RNA and protein levels. The binding ability between exosomal miR-22-3p and Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) was verified using luciferase reporter assay. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, ELISA, and TUNEL staining were performed for examining the alteration of ovarian function in POF mice.

RESULTS

Exos-miR-22-3p enhanced mOGC viability and attenuated mOGC apoptosis under cisplatin treatment. miR-22-3p targeted KLF6 in mOGCs. Overexpressing KLF6 reversed the above effects of Exos-miR-22-3p. Exos-miR-22-3p ameliorated cisplatin-triggered ovarian injury in POF mice. Exos-miR-22-3p repressed ATF4-ATF3-CHOP pathway in POF mice and cisplatin-treated mOGCs.

CONCLUSION

Exosomal miR-22-3p from hUCMSCs alleviates OGC apoptosis and improves ovarian function in POF mouse models by targeting KLF6 and ATF4-ATF3-CHOP pathway.

Erxian decoction alleviates cisplatin-induced premature ovarian failure in rats by reducing oxidation levels in ovarian granulosa cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANT

Erxian Decoction (EXD) has been used empirically for more than 70 years to treat premature ovarian failure (POF), but more research is needed to understand how it works.

AIM OF THE RESEARCH

The study aims to ascertain both in vivo and in vitro rewards of EXD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

EXD is composed of Curculiginis Rhizoma, Epimedii Folium, Morindae Officinalis, Angelicae Sinensis, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. UPLC/MS analysis was used to investigate the components of EXD. Using a POF model created by administering cisplatin to rats intraperitoneally, the pharmacodynamic effects of EXD were investigated. Three dose groups of EXD were garaged into rats: high (15.6 g/kg), medium (7.8 g/kg), and low (3.9 g/kg). By using a vaginal smear, the impact of EXD on the rat estrous cycle was evaluated. An ELISA test was used to measure the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in the serum of rats. By using HE stains, pathological alterations in the ovaries may be seen. MDA and SOD levels in ovarian samples were used to measure the degree of ovarian oxidation. TUNEL labeling of ovarian sections was used to find apoptosis levels. By using ATP, energy production was evaluated. The relative expression of proteins connected to aging and the RAGE pathway was assessed using Western blot. Then, using H₂O₂, a model of senescent human ovarian granulosa cells (KGN) was created in vitro. The impact of EXD and H₂O₂ on cellular senescence was discovered using-galactosidase staining. Cell apoptosis levels were found using PI/Hoechest33342. By using DCFH-DA, intracellular ROS was examined. MDA and SOD concentrations were used to measure the degree of cellular oxidation. RAGE-related mRNA and protein expression were evaluated using RT-qPCR and western blotting.

RESULTS

Using UPLC/MS analysis, 39 chemicals in EXD were found. Rats' estrous cycles were enhanced by EXD, which increased ovarian index and follicle count and reduced the proportion of atretic follicles in the rats. EXD reduced LH and FSH output while restoring AMH and E2 secretion. In ovarian tissues, EXD reduced the amount of apoptosis and MDA while raising SOD activity and ATP levels. The protein levels of p16, p21, p53, and Lamin A/C were among the senescence-related proteins that EXD lowered, along with the levels of RAGE, PI3K, BAX, and CASPASE 3. Anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 was also raised in the RAGE pathway. Senescence, apoptosis, ROS, and MDA levels in the KGN cells were lowered in vitro by EXD. Additionally, EXD increased the anti-apoptotic potential by changing the expression of CAT, SOD2, and SIRT1. RAGE, BAX, BCL-2, CASPASE 3, and p38 expression levels were altered by EXD, enhancing its anti-apoptotic capability.

CONCLUSION

EXD boosted the ovary's antioxidant and anti-apoptotic capabilities while enhancing the estrous cycle and hormone output. These findings strongly suggested that EXD may contribute to the alleviation of POF and ovarian granulosa cells senescence.

The characterization and therapeutic applications of ovarian theca cells: An update

Theca cells perform a range of roles during folliculogenesis. So far, little is known about their recruitment process and function since early research has mainly focused on the interactions between granulosa cells and the oocyte, leaving theca cells unfairly forgotten in the understanding of ovarian physiology and pathogenesis. Given that research on theca cells has greatly emerged in recent years, this review of literature aims to discuss the established theoretical concepts with the most recent findings about theca cells' characterization and origins, in vitro culture applications as models for fertility preservation and pharmacological/toxicological studies, its importance in unraveling pathogenic pathways, and stem-cell-based bioengineering for hormonal replacement therapies. Isolation and in vitro culture techniques for theca cells have led to essential advancements in their characterization as a specific cell population. Unraveling the origins of theca cells during the in vivo differentiation process in the adult ovary will assist the development of hormonal replacement therapies, reestablishment of fertility, and treatments for diseases such as premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome, which seem to be directly influenced by theca cells.

Ovarian rescue in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: facts and fiction

The ovary has a comparatively short functional lifespan compared with other organs, and genetic and pathological injuries can further shorten its functional life. Thus, preserving ovarian function should be considered in the context of women with threats to ovarian reserve, such as ageing, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Indeed, one-third of women with POI retain resting follicles that can be reactivated to produce competent oocytes, as proved by the in-vitro activation of dormant follicles. This paper discusses mechanisms and clinical data relating to new therapeutic strategies using ovarian fragmentation, stem cells or platelet-rich plasma to regain ovarian function in women of older age (>38 years) or with POI or DOR. Follicle reactivation techniques show promising experimental outcomes and have been successful in some cases, when POI is established or DOR diagnosed; however, there is scarce clinical evidence to warrant their widespread clinical use. Beyond these contexts, also discussed is how new insights into the biological mechanisms governing follicular dynamics and oocyte competence may play a role in reversing ovarian damage, as no technique modifies oocyte quality. Additional studies should focus on increasing follicle number and quality. Finally, there is a small but important subgroup of women lacking residual follicles and requiring oocyte generation from stem cells.

Role of lncRNAs in the pathogenic mechanism of human decreased ovarian reserve

Decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) is defined as a decrease in the quality and quantity of oocytes, which reduces ovarian endocrine function and female fertility. The impaired follicular development and accelerated follicle atresia lead to a decrease in the number of follicles, while the decline of oocyte quality is related to the disorder of DNA damage-repair, oxidative stress, and the dysfunction of mitochondria. Although the mechanism of DOR is still unclear, recent studies have found that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) as a group of functional RNA molecules participate in the regulation of ovarian function, especially in the differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa cells in the ovary. LncRNAs participate in the occurrence of DOR by affecting follicular development and atresia, the synthesis and secretion of ovarian hormones. This review summarizes current research on lncRNAs associated with DOR and reveals the potential underlying mechanisms. The present study suggests that lncRNAs could be considered as prognostic markers and treatment targets for DOR.

Amniotic stem cells as a source of regenerative medicine to treat female infertility

Impaired reproductive health is a worldwide problem that affects the psychological well-being of a society. Despite the technological developments to treat infertility, the global infertility rate is increasing significantly. Many infertility conditions are currently treated using various advanced clinical approaches such as intrauterine semination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intracytoplasmic injection (ICSI). Nonetheless, clinical management of some conditions such as dysfunctional endometrium, premature ovarian failure, and ovarian physiological aging still pose significant challenges. Stem cells based therapeutic strategies have a long-standing history to treat many infertility conditions, but ethical restrictions do not allow the broad-scale utilization of adult mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). Easily accessible, placental derived or amniotic stem cells present an invaluable alternative source of non-immunogenic and non-tumorigenic stem cells that possess multilineage potential. Given these characteristics, placental or amniotic stem cells (ASCs) have been investigated for therapeutic purposes to address infertility in the last decade. This study aims to summarize the current standing and progress of human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAECs), amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs), and amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) in the field of reproductive medicine. The therapeutic potential of these cells to restore or enhance normal ovarian function and pregnancy outcomes are highlighted in this study.

Cysteine-rich 61(CYR61) alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced proliferation inhibition in ovarian granulosa cells via suppressing NLRP3/caspase1-mediated pyroptosis

BACKGROUND

We investigated the level of Cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61) in premature ovarian failure as well as its regulatory molecular mechanism in this study.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) was used to induce OGCs (rat ovarian granulosa cells) and rats to establish in vivo and in vitro premature ovarian failure models. H&E staining was used to detect the pathological changes of ovarian histopathology. Si-NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3) and si-CYR61 were transfected into OGCs using lipofectamine 3000. RT-qPCR and western blot were used to detect the expressions of CYR61 in ovarian tissue and OGCs. It showed that the expression of CYR61 was significantly down-regulated in premature ovarian failure model. Cell viability was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) kit. TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling) staining was used to detect the apoptosis. 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and SA-β-gal (senescence-associated β-galactosidase) staining were used to assess the proliferation and senescence. The expression of CYR61 in OGCs and ovarian tissues were detected by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Overexpression of CYR61 significantly promoted OGCs proliferation and inhibited pyroptosis and apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of p53 and p21 in OGCs. Flow cytometry was used to detect the pyroptosis. CYR61 overexpression inhibited the expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in CTX-induced OGCs according to western blot results. Moreover, we found that CYR61 overexpression down-regulated the protein expressions of p53 and p21 in CTX-induced OGCs.

CONCLUSION

CYR61 inhibited CTX-induced OGCs senescence, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of caspase-1/NLRP3-induced pyroptosis.

The exosome: a review of current therapeutic roles and capabilities in human reproduction

Exosomes are nano-vesicles (30-150 nm) which may be useful as therapeutic delivery vehicles and as diagnostic biomarkers. Exosomes are produced naturally within the human body and therefore are not prone to immunogenicity effects which would otherwise destroy unelicited foreign bodies. Clinically, they have been regarded as ideal candidates for applications relating to biomarker developments for the early detection of different diseases. Furthermore, exosomes may be of interest as potential drug delivery vehicles, which may improve factors such as bioavailability of loaded molecular cargo, side effect profiles, off-target effects, and pharmacokinetics of drug molecules. In this review, the therapeutic potential of exosomes and their use as clinical biomarkers for early diagnostics will be explored, alongside exosomes as therapeutic delivery vehicles. This review will evaluate techniques for cargo loading, and the capacity of loaded exosomes to improve various reproductive disease states. It becomes important, therefore, to consider factors such as loading efficiency, loading methods, cell viability, exosomal sources, exosome isolation, and the potential therapeutic benefits of exosomes. Issues related to targeted drug delivery will also be discussed. Finally, the variety of therapeutic cargo and the application of appropriate loading methods is explored, in the context of establishing clinical utility. Exosomes have more recently been widely accpeted as potential tools for disease diagnostics and the targeted delivery of certain therapeutic molecules-and in due time exosomes will be utilised more commonly within the clinical setting. Specifically, exosomal biomarkers can be identified and related to various detrimental conditions which occur during pregnancy. Considering, this review will explore the potential future of exosomes as both diagnostic tools and therapeutic delivery vehicles to treat related conditions, including the challenges which exist towards incorporating exosomes within the clinical environment to benefit patients.

Role of miRNAs interference on ovarian functions and premature ovarian failure

Premature ovarian failure is a to some extent unknown and intricate problem with diverse causes and clinical manifestations. The lack of ovarian sex hormones presumably is effective in the occurrence of ovarian failure. Our progress in this field has been very little despite undertaken scientific research endeavors; scholars still are trying to understand the explanation of this dilemmatic medical condition. In contrast, the practice of clinical medicine has made meaningful strides in providing assurance to the women with premature ovarian insufficiency that their quality of life as well as long-term health can be optimized through timely intervention. Very recently Scientists have investigated the regulating effects of small RNA molecules on steroidogenesis apoptosis, ovulation, gonadal, and corpus luteum development of ovaries. In this literature review, we tried to talk over the mechanisms of miRNAs in regulating gene expression after transcription in the ovary. Video abstract.

Human Umbilical Cord-Based Therapeutics: Stem Cells and Blood Derivatives for Female Reproductive Medicine

There are several conditions that lead to female infertility, where traditional or conventional treatments have limited efficacy. In these challenging scenarios, stem cell (SC) therapies have been investigated as alternative treatment strategies. Human umbilical cord (hUC) mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSC), along with their secreted paracrine factors, extracts, and biomolecules, have emerged as promising therapeutic alternatives in regenerative medicine, due to their remarkable potential to promote anti-inflammatory and regenerative processes more efficiently than other autologous treatments. Similarly, hUC blood derivatives, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), or isolated plasma elements, such as growth factors, have also demonstrated potential. This literature review aims to summarize the recent therapeutic advances based on hUC-MSCs, hUC blood, and/or other plasma derivatives (e.g., extracellular vesicles, hUC-PRP, and growth factors) in the context of female reproductive medicine. We present an in-depth analysis of the principal molecules mediating tissue regeneration, compiling the application of these therapies in preclinical and clinical studies, within the context of the human reproductive tract. Despite the recent advances in bioengineering strategies that sustain delivery and amplify the scope of the therapeutic benefits, further clinical trials are required prior to the wide implementation of these alternative therapies in reproductive medicine.

hucMSC-derived exosomes protect ovarian reserve and restore ovarian function in cisplatin treated mice

Anti-cancer therapy often causes premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility as the ovarian follicle reserve is extremely sensitive to chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin. Various fertility preservation methods have been explored for women, especially prepubertal girls undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy due to cancer. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) have been reported to play an important role in tissue repair and the treatment of various diseases. In the current study, we observed that human umbilical cord-derived MSC-exos (hucMSC-exos) after short-term culture improved follicular survival and development while receiving cisplatin treatment. Moreover, intravenous injection of hucMSC-exos improved ovarian function and ameliorated inflammatory environment within the ovary. The underlying mechanism of hucMSC-exos on fertility preservation was associated with the down-regulation of p53-related apoptosis and their anti-inflammatory function. Based on these findings, we propose that hucMSC-exos may be a potential approach to improve fertility in women diagnosed with cancer.

Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Infertility Due to Premature Ovarian Failure

Females belonging to the reproductive age group may face challenges regarding infertility or miscarriage due to conditions such as premature ovarian failure (POF). It is the condition that happens when a female's ovaries stop working before she is 40. The majority of the causes of POF cases are idiopathic. Other reasons include genetic disorders (Turner's syndrome, bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) mutation, galactosemia, mutation of forkhead box protein L2 (FOXL2), growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9), mutation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR), etc.), enzymatic mutation such as aromatase, autoimmune disorders (Addison's disease, vitiligo, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, etc.), vaccination, and environmental factors (cigarette smoking, toxins, and infections). Many attempts have been made to treat POF by various methods. Some of the methods of treatment include hormone replacement therapy (HRT), melatonin therapy, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) therapy, and stem cell therapy. Stem cell therapy has proven to be the most efficient form for treating POF as compared to all other options. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) are the best among the other sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of POF as they have a painless extraction procedure. They have a tremendous capacity for self-repair and regeneration, which helps them in restoring degenerated ovaries. This review includes information on the causes of POF, its efficacious therapeutic approaches, and the impact of transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) as an option for the therapy of POF. Numerous studies conducted on stem cell therapy prove that it is an effective approach for the treatment of sterility.

The Neural Multilineage Differentiation Capacity of Human Neural Precursors from the Umbilical Cord-Ready to Bench for Clinical Trials

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are promising for regenerative medicine as they have a vast differentiation capacity, immunomodulatory properties and can be isolated from different tissues. Among them, the umbilical cord is considered a good source of MSC, as its collection poses no risk to donors and is unrelated to ethical issues. Furthermore, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) can differentiate into several cell lines, including neural lineages that, in the future, may become an alternative in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This study used a natural functional biopolymer matrix (NFBX) as a membrane to differentiate UC-MSC into neurospheres and their Neural precursors without using neurogenic growth factors or gene transfection. Through the characterization of Neural precursors and differentiated cells, it was possible to demonstrate the broad potential for the differentiation of cells obtained through cultivation on this membrane. To demonstrate these Neural precursors' potential for future studies in neurodegenerative diseases, the Neural precursors from Wharton's jelly were differentiated into Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, cholinergic-, dopaminergic- and GABAergic-like neurons.

Ficoll density gradient sedimentation isolation of pelage hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells from adult mouse back skin: a novel method for hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells isolation

Background

Hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (HF-MSCs) have great potential for cell therapy. Traditional method to isolate whisker HF-MSC is time-consuming and few in cell numbers. How to quickly and conveniently obtain a large number of HF-MSC for experimental research is a problem worth exploring.

Methods

Two-step Ficoll Density Gradient Sedimentation (FDGS) was performed to isolate pelage HF-MSC from adult mice. The characteristic of the isolated cells was identified and compared with whisker HF-MSC by immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, three-lineage differentiation and hair follicle reconstruction. Pelage HF-MSC and exosomes were injected into the dorsal skin of mice as well as hair follicle organ culture to explore its role in promoting hair growth. The cells and exosomes distribution were located by immunofluorescence staining.

Results

Isolated pelage HF-MSC expressed similar markers (ALP, Versican, NCAM, Nestin), showed similar growth pattern, possessed similar mesenchymal stem cells function and hair follicle induction ability as whisker HF-MSC. A large number of cells can be obtained with fewer mice compared to traditional method. Injected pelage HF-MSC promoted hair growth by secreting exosomes.

Conclusion

A large number of Pelage HF-MSC can be isolated by FDGS, which can promote hair growth by secreting exosomes which may target the dermal papilla and hair matrix region of host hair follicle.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03051-3.

Human Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Inhibit Apoptosis in Ovarian Granulosa Cell via miR-369-3p/YAF2/PDCD5/p53 Pathway

Human amniotic fluid stem cell-derived exosome (HuAFSC-exosome) transplantation is considered a promising treatment for premature ovarian failure (POF). However, its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, exosomes were isolated and enriched from HuAFSC subsets of CD44+/CD105+, and the exosomes were transplanted into a POF model in vitro and in vivo. Our results confirmed that the exosomes produced by CD44+/CD105+ HuAFSCs could achieve therapeutic effects in a mouse POF model. Our research also showed that CD44+/CD105+ HuAFSC-exosomes carrying miR-369-3p could specifically downregulate the expression of YAF2, inhibit the stability of PDCD5/p53, and reduce the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (OGCs), thereby exerting therapeutic effects on POF. Knowledge of these mechanisms demonstrates that miRNAs carried by CD44+/CD105+ HuAFSC-exosomes are critical to the therapy of POF. This will be useful for the clinical application of stem cells.

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Premature Ovarian Failure through Cell Apoptosis of miR-100-5p/NOX4/NLRP3

Premature ovarian failure refers to a series of symptoms of perimenopausal hot flashes, night sweats, decreased libido, vaginal dryness, insomnia, reduced menstruation, sparse hair, even amenorrhea, and even infertility before the age of 40 due to the decline of ovarian function. Premature ovarian failure is a common and difficult disease in gynecology. Its prevalence is increasing gradually, and the trend is younger. The aim of this experiment was to elucidate the role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) in premature ovarian failure and its mechanism. HUCMSCs, KGN cells, and HEK293T cells were used in this experiment. Quantitative PCR and microarray analysis, ELISA inflammation and oxidative stress kits, RNA pull-down assay, luciferase reporter assay, proliferation assay, EDU staining, and Western blot analysis were used. In an in vitro model of premature ovarian failure, HUCMSCs attenuated inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. HUCMSCs ameliorated the premature ovarian failure model. The miR-100-5p expression was induced by HUCMSCs through methylation. miR-100-5p regulation influenced the role of HUCMSCs in an in vitro model of premature ovarian failure. HUCMSCs inhibited the in vitro expression of NOX4, NLRP3, and GSDMD proteins in the model. NOX4/NLRP3 signaling pathway affects the role of HUCMSCs in an in vitro model of premature ovarian failure through miR-100-5p. This experiment elucidated the role of HUCMSCs in premature ovarian failure and its mechanism, with a view to providing a clinical reference.